population wag as follows :

Freee Whites. Slave* Total.

Camden 234 70 3"4

Glynn 193 21.'v 4uS

Liberty 1,303 4,023 5.328

Chatham '2,456 .2U1 10,667

Effingham 1,674 750 2.424

Richmond 7,162 4,116 11,278

Burke 7,l>64 2392 9..j:.fi

Washington 3,856 ti'.M 4,5.'>0

Wilkes 24,05'i V.2HS 31,320

Franklin 885 156 1.041

Greene 4,020 1.377 b,W~



53,797 20.164 82,163

Columbia county was created out of Richmond by an Act of 10th of Decem-
ber, 1790, but was not organized when the census was taken. Wilkes had then
undergone no subdivision, but still retained all her vast pre-revolutionary ter-
ritory which accounts for the numerousness of her population.

Mr. Gibbons, in his advanced years, following a fashion formerly not un-
common among Savannah families rich enough to afford it, had a Northern
summer residence which was at Elizabethtown. in New Jersey. This circum-
stance led to a very noted, if not the most noted, thing in his life a thing
which caused his name to become notorious and familiar all over the United
States both in conversation and in print. Disbelieving in the constitutionality
of the law of New York conferring on a chartered company and its assignees
the exclusive right of navigating the waters of that State by steam vessels, he
commenced running in 1818 a line oi steamboats of his own between Eli/.a-
bethtown Point and New York City in violation of the exclusive chartered
right. As was foreseen, Ogden, the company's assignee for that route, resorted
at once to law to stop Gibbons' boats. He filed a bill before Chancellor Kent
for a present and perpetual injunction against Gibbons, which the Chancellor
granted, 'holding the New York law constitutional. Gibbons carried the case



<U:M:KALS JACKSOX AND WAYNE. 13

The Congress to which Gen. Wayne was returned as-
s.-mbled on the 24th of October, 1791. At the end of a
week from that d&te we iind him in his seat as a member,
where he hud been but a fortnight when he was disturbed by
Gen. Jackson appearing and contesting his right to that
seat. The contest lasted several months, Gen. Wayne re-
maining in his seat and exercising (nil Representative func-
tions all the while. The investigations were thorough ami
brought out abundant proof that the General's election was
illegal but none whatever implicating the General himself
in any of the illegal means by which it had been effected.
Nor was there ever any imputation against him personally
in connection with the election. It was the not uncommon
case of a candidate's partizaus without his participation or

up to the highest tribunal in New York, the Court of Errors, where the deci-
sion rendered against him in the Court of Chancery was sustained and affirmed.
Whereupon an appeal was taken by him to the Supreme Court of the United StaN-.,
which upon full argument and consideration reversed the New York decision
and pronounced the New York law unconstitutional, thereby throwing open all
(lie waters oi the United States to free navigation by steam. The case, through-
out its long pendency was regarded as one of immense public, political and
commercial importance, and excited, consequently, a strong and unusual in-
terest, and Mr. Gibbons himself, came to be everywhere viewed as the cham-
pion of free trade between the States, and indeed somewhat in the light of a
great public bent-factor by having taken upon himself the burden of this mag-
nificent, costly and finally victorious litigation. In 1824, not long after Mr.
Gibbons' triumph in the Supreme Court of the United States, I heard Judge
Berrien say in conversing with some gentlemen about it, that Mr. Gibbons,
whilst the case was yet pending, made his will and appropriated $40,000 to
carrying on the suit in case it should not be ended before his death. Upon
some one present expressing surprise, Judge Berrien remarked that Mr. Gibbons
was a very able lawyer and felt great pride in having his opinion on the con-
stitutional question sustained. Mr. Spalding, in his letter from which 1 have
already quoted, mentions that he was a law student of Mr. Gibbons, and speaki
of him as a great lawyer and a man of most determined character. Cornelius
Vanderbilt, more familiarly known as Commodore Vanderbilt, now renowned
among the men of New York, great by being rich, was one of Mr. Gibbons'
steamboat captains, and was in the course of the litigation actually brought
before Chancellor Kent once, charged with a contempt in disobeying the injunc-
tion against Gibbons' boats.

In the matter of Vanderbilt, 4 Johnson's Chan. R. 57. Ogden vs. Gibbons,
Ib. 150. Gibboni vs. Ogden, 17 Johnson's R. 488. Gibbons vs. Ogden, 9-
Wheaton's R. 1.



14 GENERALS JACKSON AND WAYNE.

privity doing wrong things and going criminal lengths for
him from which he himself would have revolted. No final
action was reached by the House till late in March when
a decision was pronounced setting aside both the contestants,
declaring a vacancy arid calling for a new election, at which
Mr. Miltedge was chosen, neither Gen. Wayne or Gen.
Jackson entering the lists as a candidate, and so both
these very eminent and meritorious men were sent into re-
tirement.

But their exile was short and more than compensated by
their being each soon called to a more exalted and import-
ant sphere of public employment. Gen. Wayne, than
whom no truer son of Mars ever intensified the splendor of the
American arms, being solicited by Washington, almost im-
mediately resumed the sword and went at once to that
inveterate theatre of Indian hostilities and British tamper-
ings on the Lake frontier where our armies had for years been
so unlucky, and there in August, 1794, at the great battle
of the Miami of the Lakes, the greatest and most memo-
rable in all our annals of Indian warfare, repaired the dis-
asters of Harmar and St. Clair and by a bloody arbitra-
ment opened the way to that permanent Indian peace in
the North- West which Washington was, as we have seen here-
tofore,* successful, by peaceful, diplomatic means in bringing
about in the South and South- West. This signal and price-
less triumph of Wayne's generalship shone the more
brilliantly under the dark contrast of the defeat of his pred-
ecessors and it may be regarded, too, somewhat as a death-
halo settling on his brow, as it was the last fighting exploit
of a life that was not to last much longer. For he survived
but two years more, dying in the service and at his post on
the Indian frontier, Commander-in-Chief of the Army of
the United States. So it is inscribed on the monument
erected to him at his birthplace in Chester, Pennsylvania,
by his brethren of the Society of the Cincinnati.

And he died also still a citizen and a cherished adopted

* In the article on the Oconee War, Part I.



GENERALS JACKSON AND WAYNE. 15

son of Georgia. For in passing from her service into that of
the United States, he passed not from her embrace nor lost his
domicil, at once trihute of gratitude and memorial of honor,
on her soil. He thoroughly won her devotion when as
second in command to Gen. Greene* in the South, he had
wrought out the full deliverance of the State from the
enemy towards the close of the Revolution. And in tact the
successes of Greene and Wayne in the extreme South had
nearly as much to do in bringing the war to a close as the-
more impressive and celebrated triumph of Washington over
Cornwallis in Virginia. As a consequence of these great
Southern services, Wayne as well as Greene was remem-
bered .by Georgia when peace came, and she acknowledged
her heavy debt to him by bestowing on him a fine estate
near Savannah on the soil he had rescued. And hence like
Gen. Greene he was led to make Georgia his home. The
precise time of his coming I have no means of fixing, but
it was certainly later than the year 1787, for we find him
in the last months of that year still a citizen of Pennsylva-
nia, and serving as a delegate in her Convention called to
ratify the new Federal Constitution. That he should have
become Gen. Jackson's opponent for Congress was un-
doubtedly a circumstance of a nature to inspire regret at the
time of its occurrence, and for a long while afterwards. For
it was just one of those contests in which our grief over the
party that should be defeated was incapable of compensa-
tion by any joy that we could feel at the success of his rival.
That grief too was in this case not a little exasperated and
tinctured with resentment on account of the reprehensible
means by which success had been achieved. But here again
we take comfort, for that General Wayne was personally
untouched by the foul arts employed in his behalf and stands
clear of reproach alike from the public and his own con-
science and his wronged and irritated competitor. And now
at this remote day looking back on the whole affair and see-
ing how it proved eventually harmless alike to the two

* See his speech on Mrs. Greene's Claims, I. Vol. Benton's Abr. 335-6.



16 GENERALS JACKSON AND WAYNE.

Generals and the country, it cannot be otherwise than that
the present generation of the people of Georgia, filially av-
aricious of every ray of honor that can be counted to her
brow, must feel pride at such a spectacle in her history as
Anthony Wayne attracted by her generous love and grati-
tude to become one of her citizens, and as such suing for her
suffrages as a candidate for Congress and actually serving
her for nearly five months as a Representative in Congress,
blameless himself in being there, however great the blame
of others for the means used to put him there.

He was born early in the year 1745, which made him old-
er than Gen. Jackson by more than a dozen years. Like
Jackson he was of good ancestry, of superior soldierly stock
particularly, his grandfather having fought with reputation
as the commander of a squadron under King William III
at the Battle of the Boyne, in 1690, and his father having
been distinguished as well in expeditions against the In-
dians as in civil affairs in Pennsylvania in the Colonial
times. And that he inherited the martial temper and
bravery and the strong military bent of his race was mani-
fest not only by all his actions and career, but is strik-
ingly visible in his very looks and lineaments, heroic and
spirited in the highest degree, as they have come down to
us on canvass. His early advantages were of a high order
and were so well improved that we may set him down as
having had an education ample for the purposes of a life of
activity and distinction either in peace or war. It is not
surprising that these advantages aided by family and con-
nexion, by superior endowments of mind and person, by
the winning power of a promising, aspiring young manhood
and by his noble ardor and forwardness from the very first
in the cause of the uprising colonies, should have obtained
for him at the beginning of the war a position which the
youthful and orphan Jackson with all his merits did not
succeed in reaching till near its end, that of a Colonelcy.
In this grade, however, though so honorable to a man of
only thirty-one years, Wayne did not linger long. Febru-



GENERALS JACKSON AND WAYXE. 17

ary, 1777. saw him a Brigadier-General, in which rank it
was that he made his name resplendent and immortal, cover-
ing it with a Revolutionary glory second only to what was
earned by Washington himself and by Gen. Greene. He
became a Major-General not until 1792, when Washington
sent him, as we have just seen, at the head of the army to
conquer a peace and which, in the very teeth of British in-
trusion and instigation, he did most triumphantly succeed in
conquering not from one, two or three Indian N.itious only,
but from all the North- Western tribes combined.

Whilst Gen. Wayne was thus reaping for himself and
his country an overflowing recompense for the loss of his
seat in the Hou.se of Representatives, Gen. Jackson also soon
saw himself made more than whole by a proud amends. The
very next Legislature after his exclusion from the Lower
House conferred upon him a seat in the Senate of the Uni-
ted States for a full terra commencing on the 4th of March,
1793. When he had been in that elevation but two years,
he heeded the cry of the people calling upon him to disrobe
himself and come down at once to thetr help against the Ya-
zoo Fraud. His ready obedience gave the country example
of a resignation the noblest on record, and inculcated a les-
son which noble natures only will be ever quick to feel and
imbibe, that there are some occasions discernible by such
natures which render humility a sublime practical virtue,
and make it more glorious to descend with a magnanimous
alacrity to the lowlier posts of public service than to cling
with tenacious pride and self-love to the higher and more
shining ones. What he had to do in the matter for
which he resigned and how he acquitted himself there-
in, we have already sufficiently seen, and seen also how after
finishing that task, he otherwise faithfully and ably served
Georgia at home until the time came when she sent him once
more to represent her in the National Senate contemporane-
ously with Mr. Jefferson's accession to the Presidency. Death
found him in that position and at his post on the 19th of
March, 1806. All that was mortal of him is still inhumed



18 GENERALS JACKSON AND WAYNE.

at the Federal capital, and the citizen of Georgia who would
look upon his grave and the simple stone that marks it can
to this day only do so by a pilgrimage to the Congressional
burying ground at Washington City. By no monument,
statue or even portrait has Georgia ever done homage to the
man who from his dawn of youth to his death served her
with so much devotion and brought her so much honor and
benefit, and whose name on the whole sheds more lustre on
her history than any other on its page a lustre which is
destined to brighten under the test of time and contemplation
a man, too, who loved her so intensely as to cause him
to exclaim that if, when he died, his heart should be open-
ed and examined, her name would be found imprinted
there.* Yet happily his likeness remains to us and those
who yearn to know what manner oi man he was to the eye,
need but to turn to the American Portrait Gallery in order I
to gaze upon the noble, intellectual, spiritudle countenance
and the thinking, high. -Ved, cultured looks and expression
that belonged to him.

In estimating Gen. Jackson and awarding him the pre-
eminence among the proud names which are the especial
growth of Georgia, regard should be had to him as a whole.
We must study him in all his elements, qualities and rela-
tions, in all his actions and situations. In some particulars
there may be named those whom he cau;ui{ be said to sur-
pass or even equal. But then there is to be seen belonging
to him a signal felicity in which he stands alone, a felicity
consisting in his tout ensemble of virtue*, talents and merits,
moral and intellectual, martial and political, heroic, civic,
chivalrous, conferring on him a glory composite alike of
peace and war, and which rises to the beautiml and sublime
in both, though in what it derives from peace it is more for-
tunate even than in what it owes to war, in that its peace-
ful part furnishes an impressive, ever-speaking example and
lesson to his countrymen, exhorting to purity, rectitude and
true wisdom in public affairs, and urging relentlessly to the

White's Statistics. Title Jackson County.



GENKRALS JACKSON AND WAYNB. 19

undoing, crushing and preventing of all public turpitude
and profligacy. Even now in Georgia that example and
lesson start up to view and challenge a thoughtful remem-
brance, warning our people that if they would protect the
coffers of the State from legalized robbery, their Legislators
from the contaminating approaches of a bribery and corrup-
tion outstripping the Yazoo infamy and themselves and
their posterity from an iniquitous taxation at once disgrace-
ful, oppressive and blighting, a taxation to carry out, sanc-
tion and reward the villanies of Bullock and his crew, they
must pursue the course and act on the principles of Gen.
Jackson and his compatriots, and erect an insurmountable
constitutional barrier against the payment of Bullock's
fraudulent bonds, just as Jackson and his co-workers in the
convention of 1798, not leaving such a matter as another
possible Yazoo enormity within the Legislative competency,
erected an insuperable constitutional barrier against any
more sales whatever of Indian lands by the Legislature ex-
cept to the Government of the United States, and thereby
madefurever impossible auy more Yazoo frauds in Georgia.
Gen. Jackson was not the only one of his blood and name
that crossed the ocean to cast his lot in Georgia. Long af-
ter him and when he had attained to great eminence, subse-
quently to the Revolutionary war, a gifted younger brother
came, still in his boyhood, who under his fraternal care and
guidance grew up to be a n admirable, meritorious, accom-
plished man, useful and honored in his day, though moving
in a more confined and unambitous sphere than that illus-
trated by the General himself. All who are familiar
with the history of Franklin College during its slow re-
nfjiwance and hard struggle for a new life after the war of
1812, will know at once that Dr. Henry Jackson, Professor
of Natural Philosophy in that Institution fifty-odd years
ago, is the person to whom I am now alluding. Among
the felicities incidental to my Law studentship in Athens,
under Judge Clayton, in 1821, I have always felt it a
chief one that by means of it I came to see and know Dr.



20 GENERALS JACKSON AND WAYNE.

, Jackson and Dr. Waddell, the then President of the Col-
lege, Dr. Jackson having, however, at that time resigned
his professorship and gone into retirement, though still con-
tinuing to reside in Athens. But quite a number of the
brilliant and nohle-minded young men who had pat under
his instructions were still in the college or otherwise resi-
dent in Athens, and 1 became socially almost as one of
themselves. I was struck by the manner in which they in-
variably spoke of Dr. Jackson. Their conversation about
him literally glowed with admiration. They exulted at
his talents, character and acquirements and his faculty of
winning the interested attention of the young and inspiring
tLeir minds. More fortunate than most of the learned men
whose destiny it is to fill the chairs of colleges, he was more
than a mere man of books and of the closet. He had also seen
the world and been a man of the world in the highest, best and
most enlarging sense, and the advantages he had enjoyed as
such had been to him as seed sown on good ground. It was,
according to the published records of the College, as far back
as 1811, that he was first called to the Professorship. But he
had hardly filled it a twelvemonth when the collapse of the
college caused by the war, opened hia way, without a resig-
nation, to another and to him a most attractive career. In
]813 he was invited by that great man, William II. Craw-
ford, then just appointed Minister to France, to accompany
him in the capacity of Secretary of Legation. He remained
in Europe several years, continuing there for some time af-
ter Mr. Crawford's return, a studious, enlightened observer
of the mighty and tangled mass of events that had in that
quarter of the globe been for many years drifting fearfully
through seas of hlood to a conclusion now in full view the
universal calm of a despotism joyful after the long, convul-
sive storms through which it had passed. All the while
too he was profiting- diligently by the splendid opportunities
that lay around him for enlarged scientific acquisitions
and varied mental culture and enrichment. The result was
that he returned home a man of rare and manifold accom- i

i



GENERALS JACKSON AND WAYNE. 21

plishments and was justly entitled to the extraordinary es-
timation in which he was immediately held.

But though anxiously expected, as I remetnher to have
read in a Life of President Finley published many years
ago and not now within my reach, he did not get back to
his Professorial post in time to co-operate, in setting the
College anew on its feet, with that greatly-beloved and
deeply-lamented gentleman ; who coming from New Jer-
sey a stranger among us, but bringing with him to the
headship of the College great advantages of character and
prestige, was received with general delight and was success-
ful by his opening labors and exertions in making a most
happy impression throughout the State. Public expecta-
tion in regard to him rose to a very high pitch, 8<on to be
dashed however, by his premature death in the fall of 1817,
filling all Georgia with grief ere the first year of his Presi-
dency had expired. His successor was Dr. Moses Waddell,
the father of classical education in our up-country, the school-
master of Crawford, Calhoun,McDuffie,Pettigrew,Longstreet,
and many others whose after lives and distinction reflected
honor on his name. Dr. Jackson returned soon enough to
give his valuable aid to this grand, solid, beneficent veteran
in finally rehabilitating the college and launching it upon
that long career of prosperity which it maintains to this day.

Why, when he saw the college once more securely under
way arid free from danger of relapse and himself, too, at
once an idol and an ornament there, he so soon withdrew
from his connection with it and went into absolute retire-
ment, I have never known or heard. I have not, however,
been able to help divining somewhat of the cause :
For that conversant during his years of absence with the
most distinguished social, scientific and political circles of
the world and accustomed, consequently, to high and stimu-
lating intellectual habits, he found himself averse probably
after his return, to drudging in a perpetual round of things in
science and philosophy iamiliar and rudimen^al to him, al-
though ever so new, fresh and interesting to his successive



22 GENERALS JACKSON AND WAYNE.

new classes of pupils. His retirement bordered on that
of a recluse. Rarely seen abroad, a glimpse of him was
sometimes to be had in the cool of a summer evening prom-
enading meditatively the grounds within his own curtilige,
conscious of the pure clime that environed him, the soft,
aerial summit of the far off Currihee just not sunken from
his view and the fair earth and fairer Heavens serene and
sympathetic above and around him.



Note to page 4, from WHITE'S HISTOHICAL SKETCH};-) OP GEORGIA, pagt 634.

Hon. Thomas Spalding was born at Fredenca. on the Island of St. Simon's,
Glynn county, on the 26th March, 1774, and was o! Scottish descent. He was
the son of James Spalding. Esq .who married the eldest daughter of Colonel
William Mclntosh, the latter being the same person who. when a lad, with his
younger brother, I.achlan. (afterwards General Mcliilosh, of the Revolutionary
War,) followed their father, John More Mclntosh, a Highland chieftain, when,
with a band of intrepid Highlanders, he accompanied General Oglethorpe to
the wilds of Georgia, in 1736, and from whom sprang many of that name, who
periled their all for the independence of their country during our Revolution-
ary contest.

Mr. Spaltiing's father was a gentleman of line abilities, and a great reader
of men and of books, the advantages of which he seamed to have early and
indelibly impressed upon the mind of his son, who read everything, and whose
surprisingly tenacious memory, retaining all that he read, made him as a living
book and depositary of literary treasures, especially those of historic intere&t.

For those gentle and benevolent traits which he so liberally practiced in
mature manhood, he was indebted to the influence and example of his excellent
and venerated mother, of whom he ever spoke with the most filial tenderness.
He was their only child. At the time of his father's decease he was a student
of law, in the office of Thomas Gibbons, E^q., of Savannah, whose practice
was extensive and profitable; and had circumstances at this period permitted
Mr. Spalding to pursue the profession of his choice, he doubtless would have
been eminent in it ; but his fortune being ample, and requiring his personal
attention, he declined to proceed in the practice. He married the daughter and
only child of Richard Leake, Esq.. which union added much to his already
comfortable estale.

About, this time, though very young, he was elected to the Legislature, and
shortly after, with his family, visited Europe, and took up his residence in