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50 kuichli:n^g *ojs^ rainfall and discharge of sewers.
TABLE No. 4.
Showing duration of the maximum intensity of the principal rainfalls
at Rochester, N. Y., from October 1st, 1887, to October 1st, 1888.
Date.
December 10th, 1887..
April 5tb, 1888
May 4th, 1838..
May 9th, 1888
^
May 12th, 18S8..
May 26th, 18S8. ,
-June 2a, 1888 ..
.June 24th, 1888.
JuDe 24th, 1888.
-June 28th, 1838.
July nth, 1888.
July 18th, 1888.
August 41h, 1888
August 16th, 1888....
August 17th, 1888....
August 2Cth, 1888....
September 16th, 1888.
0.310
0.240
0.300
1.31,?
to
0.348
0.300
1.000
0.400
1.600
2.620
0.800
0.760
0.730
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1 00
30
13
33
35
30
13
15
30
20
20
15
10
12
15
lU
14
Preceded by two hours' light rain and followed by
one and a half hours' light rain. L'uiformly
distributed.
Preceded and followed by light rain, lasting from
one hour to one and a half hours. Uniformly
distributed.
Pi'eceded by eight minutes' moderate rain and fol-
lowed by twenty minutes' drizzling rain. Uni-
formly distributed.
Sudden heavy shower, followed by drizzle last-
ing one hour. Direction from S. W. to N. E.
Not uniformly distributed. In extreme eastern
districts maximum intensity was only 0.35
inches per hour.
Preceded by twenty minutes' moderate rain, and
followed by ten minutes of light rain. Not
very uniform.
Preceded by short, heavy shower, and fifteen
minutes light rain, and followed by short,
light rain and drizzle. Uniformly distributed.
Sudden heavy shower, followed by fifty minutes'
light rain and drizzle. Was a little heavier
on west side.
Sudden heavy shower No. 1, followed by twenty-
seven minutes of light rain and drizzle. Ap-
parently uniform.
Sudden heavy shower No. 2, followed by twenty-
eight minutes of light rain. .\pi)arently uni-
form.
Preceded by sharp shower and forty-five minutes'
light and moderate rain, and followed by teu
minutes' light rain, and then by sharp shower.
Apparently evenly distributed.
Preceded by twenty minutes' moderate rain. Not
very uniform.
Preceded by twenty-five minutes' light rain, and
followed by forty-tive minutes' moderate rain.
Much heavier on west than east side.
Sudden heavy shower, followed by one hour's
moderate rain with light showers. Probably
not very uniform.
Sudden heavy shower, followed by fifteen minutes'
moderate lain ; throe hours' previously heavy
rain. Not uniform.
Sudden heavy shower, followed by one hour's
moderate rain. Kained some hours previously.
Apparently uniloim.
Sudden heavy i-hower with hail, followed by
ei^ht minutes' moderate rain. Fairly uni-
formly distributed. Deducting hail, rate would
be about 2.5 inches.
Sudden heavy rain, followed by twenty-flve
minutes' light rain. Had rained some hours
previously. Api)areutly uniform.
KUICHLTXG ON" RAINFALL AND DISCHARGE OF SEWERS. 51
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DISCUSSION OX RAINFALL AND DISCHARGE OF SEWERS. 57
n I S C U S S I O N .
By EuDOLPH Heeing, M. Am. Soc. C. E.
There is no doubt that all engineers who are engaged on muni-
cipal works are very much interested in the subject which has been so
ably treated by Mr. Kuichling. Its importance is clear from the fact
that if we make our sewers too large we spend more money than
necessary, and if in built up cities we make them too small they are apt
to cause considerable damage by flooding cellars. Therefore we are
very anxious to know as nearly as jjossible the maximiTin quantity
of rain-water for which provision is necessary. I have myself been
particularly interested iu the subject, and have often urged engineers
to make experiments regarding the amount of rainfall entering sewers.
Very little positive information is known about it either in our country
or in Europe. There seems to be difficulty in convincing some muni-
cijDal councilmen that the automatic rain-gauge, for instance, is any-
thing but a costly scientific play -thing; that was an objection I heard
made some years ago.
You will remember there was a committee appointed by the Society
last year to urge upon Congress the importance of having the Signal
Service Bureau use automatic rain-gauges in the principal cities, and a
communication was sent to Washington asking for an appropriation of
$2 000 for this purpose. This sum was not granted; but General Greeley
has been enabled from his other funds to have some of these gauges
erected, and I believe there are some working now.
He has also recently collected and published iu the "Weather
Review " the results of a large number of stray observations which
show what heavy rainfalls we have in a very short duration of time. I
thought before that a fall at the rate of 4 inches an hour was very rare,