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Briscoe, of Kent County, Maryland, there
was also issue. II. Matilda, married to
Mr. Harlan. III. Frances. IV. Delia,
married to Richard H. Keene, of Kentucky,



142



THE CROMWELLS OF AMERICA.



all of whom left descendants. His will,
which was proved October 12, 181 9, is
registered at Elkton (Lib. G. G., No. 7,
fo. 309). The old family house, which it
seems he had named " Success," he leaves
in succession to the Harlan family, and then
to Dr. John Cromwell Reynolds aforesaid.
It is still occupied by relatives; but as he



ing State of Kentucky (where, in fact, both
the brothers had acquired estates), settling
near Lexington, about 1793, where he died
in the same year as his brother, 181 9. By
his wife, Rachel Wilson, he had eleven
children, as follows :

I. John, born 1781, whose descendants
live in Ohio.




OLIVER CROMWELL OF KENTUCKY.



had no sons the name ot Cromwell has there
died out. One of his surviving representa-
tives is Mrs. Stacey, of Oswego, in New
York State, wife of Colonel M. H. Stacey, of
the U.S. army. Among other provisions of
his will, Mr. Cromwell frees his slaves.

Now, in respect of Vincent, the younger
brother of John Hammond Cromwell, he
appears to have moved into the neighbour-



II. Benjamin, born 1782. His children
are : 1, John ; 2, Oliver ; 3,
Alvin ; 4, William ; 5, Howard ; 6,
Vincent ; 7, Marcus ; 8, Caroline ;
9, Nancy. Of this group, John
was recently reported as living at
the age of eighty. Oliver, the
second son, must be the gentleman
who, a few years back, while pass-



THE CROMWELLS OF AMERICA.



M3



ing through Cape Town on a cos-
mopolitan tour, attracted so much
notice by his characteristic bearing
and physiognomy, that a resident
artist, Mr. Barnard, was happy to
secure several photographs from
him. These are now in England.
One of them we offer to the
reader.
III. Joseph, of Lexington, in Missouri,
where his descendants still nourish.
IV., V., VI. Joshua, Vincent, and Oliver ;
this last possibly identical with
the Oliver Cromwell of Carolina
who, in 1828, published a poem
entitled The Soldier's Wreath, in
celebration of General Jackson's
defence of New Orleans.
VII., VIII., IX., X., XI. Sarah, Rebecca,
Hannah, Rachel, and Mary. One
of these daughters was the mother
of the present Hon. Cromwell
Adair, of Kentucky. Hannah, the
third mentioned, married Nathaniel
Ford, whose daughter is the wife of
H. Hammond Randolph. Mrs.
Ford died in 1881, at the age of
ninety-two.
During the War of Independence, two
names, conspicuous on the American side,
were Captain William Cromwell and Major
Stephen Cromwell, both from the vicinity of
Baltimore City. A third member of the
family was John Cromwell who entertained
at his house near " Rye Pond," New York,
Generals Washington and Lafayette de-
scribed as a descendant of John, cousin of
the Protector, and son to Sir Oliver, of
Hinchinbroke.

Sidney Cromwell, in 1776, at New York,
published an essay entitled Political
Opinions.

Mrs. C. T. Cromwell, in 1849, was tne
author of Over the Ocean ; or, Glimpses of
Travel in Many Lands. New York.

A final notice may be taken of the name
of Hammond, which, it will have been
observed, is frequently found in connection
with the American Cromwells, as it had also
been in England. This ancient and knightly
family, Mark Noble observes, were greatly
divided in their religious and political
opinions. The most notable historical figure



among them is, perhaps, Robert Hamm ond
the guardian of Charles I. in the Isle of
Wight ; but there is no reason to conclude
that the Major-General John Hammond,
who held office in Maryland under Queen
Anne, was other than the descendant of a
Royalist. An entry in the register of St
Anne's, Annapolis, states that he was buried
by James Walton, the rector of that parish,
November 29, 1707, who describes him as
" the Honourable John Hammond, Esq.,
Major-General of the Province of Maryland,
Western Shore, and one of her Majesty's
Most Honourable Council, and Judge of the
High Court of Admiralty in the said pro-
vince." The funeral took place, not at
Annapolis, but on the Hammond estate,
three miles from that city, where the inscrip-
tion on his tombstone is still legible, and
states that he died in the sixty-fourth year of
his age. He married a daughter of Colonel
Greenberry, and left descendants at^Balti-
more, who were subsequently joined by other
English emigrants of the same name. One
of the race still living, viz., William A.
Hammond, M. D., Surgeon-General in the
army, is a name of great and deserved emi-
nence in the States.

For the gathering of the above facts I am
entirely indebted to the industrious courtesy
of P. S. P. Conner, Esq., of 126, South 18th
Street, Philadelphia, who has long been on
intimate terms with various members of the
Cromwell house ; and whose intelligent
interest in historical matters eminently quali-
fies him for the task of sifting evidence.
His principal informant was Mr. William H.
Corner, connected by marriage with the
Baltimore Cromwells. One of Mr. Corner's
friends, Mr. William Henry Cromwell, of
Philadelphia, deriving from the Cromwells
of Road, near Frome, in Somerset County,
England, bears an unmistakable resem-
blance to Oliver Protector ; and yet the
Somerset Cromwells do not derive from
Oliver direct, but rather from Sir Philip, his
uncle. There can be little doubt that the
early progenitors of this race must have been
distinguished by personal traits of a very pro-
nounced character ; and as it is a known fact
that ancestral resemblances, both mental and
physical, do occasionally crop up after pro-
tracted intervals, there is no reason why the



144



MODERN WELSH SURNAMES.



vera effigies of his Highness should not re-
appear amongst us from time to time. Sir
Walter Scott has made use of this physio-
logical tendency in his romance of Red-
gauntlet. Some have thought that the Pro-
tector's countenance is traceable in the
Addison family, of Soham, who descend
from him through Henry, the Lord-Lieu-
tenant of Ireland.

James Waylen,
Author of The House of Cromivell and the Story of
Dunkirk.



e^otiern mz\$h Surnames.




HE origin and mode of construction
of modern Welsh surnames is a
subject of which few Englishmen
understand anything. It is a sub-
ject also concerning which very inaccurate
notions prevail in Wales itself. Anyone,
nevertheless, may see these names actually
emerging, and familiarize himself with the
conditions under which they came into
existence, if he will examine carefully a series
of ancient assessment lists of Welsh parishes,
of deeds relating to estates in Wales which
have remained for several generations in the
same families, or of attested pedigrees of
those families. Not everybody, however, has
the opportunity or, indeed, the inclination for
such an investigation. The following re-
marks, therefore, by one who has had to do
a great deal of work of this kind, may not be
unwelcome :

Few Welsh surnames are of earlier date
than the sixteenth century, but they were
adopted during that century, and the first
quarter of the century following, by the
greater part of the gentry, by nearly all the
members of the learned professions, by most
of the merchants and richer tradesfolk, and
by many others. The mass of the people,
however, long clung to the older Welsh
system of personal nomenclature, or to a
modification of that system; and surnames, as
we now understand them, were not, in some
parts of Wales, definitely and exclusively
established until the beginning of the present
century.



The system of personal nomenclature now
in use (in which surnames are employed)
enables us not merely to distinguish a man
bearing a specific Christian name from other
men bearing the same name, but to indicate
at the same time, within certain limits, the
family to which he belongs. But by the older
Welsh system this double object was attained
in some respects still more effectively. A
man was called then, as now, Hugh, or David,
or Llewelyn, but if it was required to desig-
nate him still more exactly, this was done by
combining his own personal name with that
of his father, or if necessary with that of his
grandfather and great-grandfather as well.
Thus, Griffith the son of Meilir would be
called Griffith ap Meilir ; and if Griffith had
two sons Jenkin and Owen these would
be known as Jenkin ap Griffith) and Owen
ap Griffith; or, if these names were not dis-
tinctive enough, as Jenkin ap Griffith ap
Meilir, and Owen ap Griffith ap Meilir.
Griffith's daughter Gwen would similarly
be called Gwenferch Griffith (that is, Gwen
the daughter of Griffith), or, more fully, Gwen
ferch Griffith ap Meilir* Every Welshman
and Welshwoman had thus a name which,
short enough in its ordinary form, could be
made, by a recognised process of extension,
absolutely distinctive, and which contained,
in this extended form of it, a record of the
more recent ancestors of the men or of the
women who bore it.

If now we take a survey of modern Welsh
surnames, we observe that they may be
arranged, according to the mode in which
they arose, in five distinct groups.

I. The first group comprises those sur-
names which were at first merely personal
names, either personal names of purely Welsh
origin, such as Howel, Griffith, and Rees
(Rhys), or names of the same kind borrowed
from the English, such as Thomas, Richard,
and James. Now how did these personal
names become surnames ? This is a question
easily answered. It sometimes happened
that the name which a man bore embodied
a reference to his father in a form more
direct and familiar than that indicated above.
Thus we find that Hugh ap David, a small

* Ap or ab is a modification of mab=son; and
ferch a modification of mere A = daughter.



MODERN WELSH SURNAMES.



*45



freeholder of Wrexham, in the early part of
the seventeenth century, was otherwise known
as Hugh David. Now these two forms of
the name have substantially the same mean-
ing ; but the first is somewhat more cere-
monious than the other. " Hugh ap David "
means Hugh, son of David ; " Hugh David "
means David's Hugh* The form " Hugh
David " suggests a name of the modern type,
but that it was not really a name of this sort
is manifest from the fact that Richard, the
son of Hugh David, was called, not Richard
David, but Richard ap Hugh. If Hugh
David, however, had desired to adopt a sur-
name which his children could bear,
" David " would be that which he would pro-
bably have selected, no change in the form
of his own name being involved in that
selection. We know, in fact, from number-
less instances, that it was actually in this way
that surnames of the first group arose.

II. In the surnames of the second group
the word ap (before H and R), or ab (before
vowels), is blended with a personal name
following it. We know, as a fact, that in
colloquial Welsh, during the latter part of
the time when the use of ap and ab in per-
sonal names prevailed, the combination of
these words with the names following (when
those names began with H, R, or a vowel)
actually took place. Thus John ap Richard
was called John Prichard, and Jeffrey ap
Hugh, Jeffrey Pugh. Similarly Robert ab
Evan was known as Robert Bevan, and
Owen ab Ithel as Owen Bithel. When such
names as these last are reached, we might
almost suppose that definite surnames had
been at last attained, and we should experience
a slight shock when we found John, the son
of Robert Bevan, calling himself, not John
Bevan, but John Probert ; and Rowland, the
son of Owen Bithel, calling himself, not
Roland Bithel, but Roland Bowen. But we

* Very often into the names constructed on this
freer type the grandfather's name, as well as the
father's, is introduced. Thus " Nicholas John
Edward " means John Edward's Nicholas, or strictly
Edward's John's Nicholas ; Nicholas being the son of
John, and John the son of Edward. William and
Jonet, the son and daughter of Nicholas John Edward,
might then be called respectively William Nicholas
John, and Jonet Nicholas John. Threefold names
like these are common enough down to quite recent
times.



should presently remember that we are not
yet dealing with true surnames at all, but with
names which, however corrupted in pronun-
ciation, are still constructed according to the
old Welsh system of nomenclature. Never-
theless, when the use of surnames began to
be fashionable, men having, as appendages
to their Christian names, names blended in
the way just described, often took, we know,
these appended names as surnames. Their
names which, as wholes, conformed already in
appearance to names of the English type,
were thus made to conform to those names
in reality also. I give now a list of modern
Welsh surnames which have arisen in this
way, and which are composed of the words
ap or ab blended with a personal name
following it :



Prandle


= Ap Randal.


Price \
Preece/


= Ap Rhys.


Prichard


= Ap Richard.


Prodger


= Ap Roger.


Probert \
Probart/


= Ap Robert.


Probyn


= Ap Robin.


Prynallt


= Ap Reinallt.


Prosser


= Ap Rosser.


Prydderch"!




Pruthero J


- =s Ap Rhydderch.


Prothero J




Parbert


Ap Herbert.


Parry


= Ap Harry.


Palin


= Ap Heilin.


Penry


= Ap Henry.


Popkin


= Ap Hopkin.


Povah


= Ap Hwfa (Hovah).


Pumphrey


= Ap Humphrey.


Pugh


= Ap Hugh.


Puskin


= Ap Hoesgyn (Eng. Hoskin).


Powell


= Ap Howel.


Barthur


= Ab Arthur.


Batha \
Batho /


= Ab Adda (pronounced Atha).


Beevor


= Ab Ivor.


Beddoe


= Ab Edo.


Bellis


= Ab Elis.


Benion \
Beynon/


= Ab Einion.




Bevan


= Ab Evan.


Biolyn


= Ab Iolyn


Bithell


= Ab Ithel.


Boliver


= Ab Oliver.


Bowen


= Ab Owen.


Bunner


= Ab Ynyr.


Bedward


= Ab Edward.


III. Often


a man was distinguishe


without further particularization, by tl



i 4 6



MODERN WELSH SURNAMES.



attachment to his Christian name of an
epithet, founded on some quality of mind or
body which he possessed. Thus, long before
surnames were adopted in Wales we met with
names like the following : " Hywel Wyn "
(Howel the White), "Gruffydd Goch"
{Griffith the Red), " Evan Llwyd " {Evan the
Grey), " Madoc Vychan " {Madoc the Little),
and "Owen Sais " {Oiven the Englishman,
that is, the man able to speak English). Now
if we write these names according to the
English forms of them (LJoivell Wynn,
Griffith Gough, Evan Lloyd, Madoc Vaughan,
and Owen Sayce), we can hardly help taking
them for a minute as combinations of
Christian names and surnames, like those
which are in use to-day. They were, how-
ever, merely personal names with epithets
(which were not hereditary) attached. We
see this in the case of a gentleman called
Robert Wyn, who lived at Abenbury, at the
beginning of the seventeenth century. If
" Wynn " had been this gentleman's surname,
his son Humphrey would have borne it, but
this son, who succeeded him in his estate,
was always called, not LLumphrey Wynn, but
Humphrey ap Robert Wyn. Also, Robert
Wyn himself, on one occasion, when it was
necessary to make his identity absolutely
clear, called himself Robert ap William ap
Robert ap David ap Griffith ap Robert. But
if he had desired to adopt a surname, in the
name " Wynn " he had one already to his
hand, and this is the one he would almost
certainly have selected.

IV. In other cases a man was distinguished
from others of the same name by appending
to his Christian name, not an epithet, but the
name of his estate. Thus a little before the
time of the Robert Wyn of Abenbury, just
mentioned, there was living in the neighbour-
hood another Robert Wyn, who, from the
name of his house (Plas Sonlli, that is
Sontley Hall), was commonly called Robert
Wyn Sonlli, or, in English spelling, Robert
Wynn Sontley. Sontley was not at first his
surname (though his father before him had
been similarly distinguished), but he was
called Robert Wynn Sontley, just as we say
John Jones, High Street. Yet so necessary
was it to distinguish him from other Roberts,
and other Robert Wynns, that the addition



Sontley was nearly always connected with his
name. When, therefore, a surname was
wanted for his children, Sontley was that
which was naturally suggested, and which
was in fact taken. Other capital Welsh sur-
names Pennant, Trevor, Mostyn, Powys,
Yale, Glynne, Kyffyn, Tanat, and Nanney
arose in the same way, and it is a pity they
are not more numerous.

V. But perhaps three-fourths of the sur-
names of modern Wales, and all the most
common of them, belong to the fifth group.
In the sixteenth century, when surnames
began to be adopted wholesale in Wales,
some accepted method of immediately manu-
facturing them became necessary. Now there
was already recognised in England a method
whereby a man took the possessive case
of his father's personal name as his own sur-
name. The sons of the "country chuffs"
Hob and Hick got thus the surnames
Hobbs a-:d Llicks. When the Welsh of the
sixteenth century had clearly grasped this
method, they began at once to make, out of
their fathers' Christian names, the surnames
they required. Thomas ap David now called
himself Thomas Davies ; Hugh ab Evan, Hugh
Evans ; and John ap John John being then
pronounced Jone* John Jones. Names like
Hughes, Roberts, Edwards, and Williams
also arose in this way. It will be seen from
this explanation how ridiculous is the notion
so often entertained that all the Joneses, for
example, belong to one great clan. Jones is
the commonest of all surnames, simply
because John had become the commonest of
all Christian names. This method of form-
ing surnames was so simple, that it was soon
thoroughly understood, and surnames con-
structed by the use of it often displaced sur-
names already adopted that had been formed
on another plan. Thus Hugh Bedward and
Richard Pugh, inhabitants of Wrexham,
during the last century, came ultimately to be
called Hugh Edwards and Richard Hughes.

But when names like "Jones," "Davies,"
and " Edwards " had been once constructed,
so indifferent were Welshmen to the advan-

* Really pronounced Shone, as Jenkin was pro-
nounced Shenkin, the Welsh having at first great
difficulty in reproducing the sound of "j," which is a
letter that does not occur in the Welsh alphabet.



PROPOSED RESTORATION OF THE BAR WALLS, YORK.



i47



tages of surnames, that, over a great part of
Wales, these names, among the farming and
mining folk, were, down to the first quarter
of the present century, often treated, not as
true surnames, but merely as patronymics
which changed with every generation. Thus
Edward Probert, having become Edward
Roberts, his son William would call himself,
not William Roberts, but William Edwards,
and William Edwards' son John call himself,
not John Edwards, but John Williams. An
arrangement of this kind would be intelligible
and in nowise misleading, so long as it was
strictly adhered to. But cases like the follow-
ing were not uncommon : Evan Thomas
married Gwen Jones, and had by her three
sons, Howel, Hugh, and Owen. The eldest
definitely adopted his father's patronymic as
a true surname, and called himself Howel
Thomas ; the second made a patronymic for
himself out of his father's Christian name,
and called himself Hugh Evans ; while the
third took, as a true surname, the patronymic
of his mother, and called himself Owen
Jones.

From the foregoing remarks it will be evi-
dent that the study of Welsh surnames is a
curious one, and involves points well worthy
the special treatment that has been here
given them. Some readers of this paper may
also[herefrom gather that in the names they
bear lies the evidence of their own Welsh
descent.

Alfred Neobard Palmer.



IProposen iRestotation of t&e TBar
Oall0, gorfe, fcettoecn 15ootfr
am IBox ann #onk 15ar,




N connection with the restoration of
the portion of the City Walls ex-
tending from Bootham Bar to
Monk Bar, as resolved upon by
the Council at the Monthly Meeting in
September last, the Council have had under
consideration the interesting and valuable
letter of Mr. G. T. Clark on the cha-
racter of this section of the walls, and as



to the nature of the works required in the
restoration thereof. The following is a copy
of Mr. Clark's letter :

"The question under the consideration of
that body I understand to be the putting in
repair that portion of the City Walls facing
Gillygate, and extending from Bootham Bar
to the northern angle, and thence a short
distance towards Monk Bar, where the wall
faces the Lord Mayor's Walk ; the object
being to place the decayed wall in a good
state of repair, and the restoration of the
battlement, and of the rampart wall behind
it, technically the ' Allure,' so that the whole
circuit of the walls may be open to the
public.

" The division of the walls under consider-
ation possesses a peculiar interest, seeing that
it rests, generally, upon the line of so much
of the wall of the Roman Eboracum as
covered one quarter of the station, and con-
tained its northern angle. At two points,
near to Monk Bar and beyond it, the Roman
foundations have actually been laid open ;
elsewhere, if, as is most probable, in exist-
ence, they are covered up by the later earth-
bank, along the crest of which the still later
wall has been constructed.

" Of the precise age of this wall nothing is
certainly known, but the Conqueror attached
great importance to the defence of York, and
Norman work, though late in the style, may
be detected in the central part or core of the
Bars. Nothing, certainly, so old, has been
observed in the walls, which are, I believe,
attributed to the reign of Edward III., since
which time they have been much injured,
almost as much by restoration as by destruc-
tion.

" The curtain wall, from Bootham Bar to
the northern angle, varies in height from 12
to 15 feet, and in thickness from 3 to 4 or 5
feet. It is reinforced by five bastions that
is to say, mural towers not rising, or rising
but a foot or two, above the crest of the wall.
The two next to Bootham Bar are mere half-
hexagonal bays ; the other three are in plan,
about a quarter of a circle. Besides, and
between these, the curtain is stiffened by
twenty-nine buttresses, placed at unequal
distances upon its exterior face, of different
widths and projections, but all dying into the
wall at about the level of the base of the



148



PROPOSED RESTORATION OF THE BAR WALLS, YORK.



parapet. These buttresses, though fatal to
the defence of the curtain from the flanking
bastions, are nevertheless old, and some per-
haps original, and should they require re-
moval, the stones should be replaced and
reset.

" No doubt the whole upper part of the
wall that is, the parapet will have to be re-
newed; but the old stones should be pre-
served, and their weathered faces placed in
evidence. Part of the parapet towards Booth-
am Bar, though rotten, is old, and the em-
brasures have been walled up, and the whole
capped by a later coping. In other parts the
whole battlement has been replaced by a
plain parapet. This must be rebuilt, and of
course crenellated that is, notched with em-
brasures, and care should be taken to give
the embrasures the same depth, breadth, and
distance apart, with those still remaining,
though closed up.

" The bastions should be raised about 2 feet
above the wall level, so as to give greater
command for the flanking defence, and the
lower tier of loops should be clean cut and
restored to the old cruciform pattern, a plain
cross, with short cross arms, and oilettes at
the four extremities. Also, the merlons of
the bastions that is, the pieces of wall
between the embrasures should be pierced
with smaller loops of the same pattern.

" The bastion capping the north angle is
entirely gone, and its gorge, once open, is
walled up; but the plan. of 1756 shows this
bastion as a segment of a circle, and, though
by no means accurate, may so far be de-
pended upon. This bastion should be built
up from the ground as three-quarters of a
circle, but so as not to destroy the two ends
of the adjacent curtains, which are chamfered
to meet it. Perhaps it would be well to raise
this bastion 3 feet above the wall level. It-
should be quite plain with a chamfered
plinth, but without machicolations, or " tour-
elles," or pepper-boxes, or any similar
attempts at ornament.

" The curtain wall opposite Gillygate has at
present only a fragment of the rampart walk.



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