the mutual exasperation proceed that it reach-
ed and infected the royal guard itself, which
was nearly as much divided and inflamed; and



nos affaires dornestiques, que la Nation n'est pas dans le
ca.s de recevoir des lois ; qu'elle a des forces et des res-
sources pour se faire respecter, et que si elle a su defendre
son independance et son roi avec gloire. c'est avec la nieme
gloire et avec de plus grands efforts encore qu'elle saura
toujours defendre son roi et sa liberie. "' — Adrcsse des
Cortes au Roi, 24th .Mav, 1822 ; Ann. Hist., v. 433, 434.



* The entire debt of Spain m 1822 was thus disposed
of by the finance committee of this session ofthe Cortes:

Reals. £.

Total Debt 14,020,572,^91 .. 140,205,725

Extinguished by confisca-
tion of church and char-
itable funds by decrees
of the Cortes 8,459,896,260 . . 84,598.962

Remained 5,560,076,331 . . 55,606,7f3

Of which bore no interest. 2,069,333,613.. £0,G93.3i6

Remained bearing interest. 3,491,342,718 .. 34,913.427
— Finance Commissioners' Report, June 21, 1P22; Annu-
aire Historique, v. 440, 441.



HISTORY OF EUROPE.



1822.]

as Landabiira, an officer of tlio gnaivl, of de-
1 A irn '-■'^'^'^^ Liberal feelings, endeavored to
V. 41-2, 445; appease the tumult among his men,
Mariiijiiac, he was shot in the breast, and in-
i. 410, 417. stantly expired.^

This atrocious murder, for such it really was,

P3 though disguised under the name

Commence- of a homicide in rixa, excited the

m„-at of ili3 most violent feelings of indignation

sir.ff be- among the Liberals of all classes in

twei'il the ,,,?',.. . n- i

puard and Madrid ; tor However willing to ex-
tiii garrison, cuse such crimes when committed
June 30. ^^^ they were by no means equally
tolerant of them when perpetrated on, them-
selves. The whole city was immediately in a
tumult ; the militia of its own accord
" ^ ■ turned out, the troops of the line and
artillery joined them; the municipality declared
its sitting permanent, and every thing presaged
an immediate and violent collision between the
Court and royal guard on the one side, and the
Cortes, soldiers of the line, and militia, on the
other. The night passed in mutual suspense,
botli parties being afraid to strike the first
blow; and next day nothing was done, except
an order on the part of the king to have the
murderers of Landabura punished, and a decree
settling a pension on his widow. Meanwhile
tile royal guard, against which the public feel-
ing in the metropolis was so violently excited,
remained without orders, and knew not how to
act. Being more numerous and better disci-
plined than the regiments in the garrison, and
ia possession of all the principal posts, it might
witli ease have made itself master of the park
of artillery in the arsenal — an acquisition which
would iiave rendered it the undisputed master
of the city. Uad Napoleon been at its head,
he would at once have done so : the seizure of
the [)ark of artillery near Paris by Murat, under
liis orders, on occasion of the revolt of the Sec-
tions in October, 1795, determined the contest
2l[i.stoi'Eu- there in favor of the Directory.^
rope, chap. But there was no Napoleon in Spain ;
xi-t. t) GO. and the indecision of the Govern-
ment, by leaving the guard without orders, ex-
3 ^j^j^ jjjgj posed them to destruction, and lost
V. 444J 445 ; the fairest opportunity that ever oc-
Martignac.i. curred of reinstating, Arithout for-
41S, 419. gjgij jjjj^ j^jjQ royal authority.^
Two of the six battalions of wliich tlie guard

was conqiosed were on service at the
Departure ^'"^'^ palace ; tiie remaining four
of the royal were in barracks, detached from each
guard from other, in the city. Fearful of being

shut up there by the troops of th(!

line and militia, they took the reso-
lution, of their own accoril, of leaving the cap-
ital and encanq)ing in the neigliboriiood — a
resolution which was carried into effect, wilh-
out tumult or opposition, at niglitfall on the
1st Jul3'. Meanwliilo tlie most energetic pre-
parations were made by the inunici|)ality to
meet the crisis wliich was apjjroachiiig, niid a
fi-e.sh corps, called the '•Sacred JJattalion," was
formed of volunteer.s, consisting for tlie most
part of the most desperate and energetic revo-
lutionary characters, who tlireatened to be even
more formidable to their friends tlian their
enemies. The Government and permanent de-
putation of tlie Cortes were in consternation,
and fearing alike the success of either of tiie



395



Madrid
July 1



extreme parties now arrayed against each
other, they sought only to temporize, and if
possible effect an accommodation between them.
Murillo, who, as captain-general of New Castile,
liad the entire command of the military and
militia in the province, was the natural chief
upon whom it devolved to make head against
the insurrection. He was distracted by oppo-
site feelings and duties, for, in addition to his
other appointments, the king had recently
named him commander of the guard ; and it
was hard to say whether ho should i An. llist.
attendtohis public duties, as the head v. 446, 447;
of the armed force in the capital, or ^^'^"^''"g^g''-
the whisperings of his secret inclina- ^^^^ Reo-.'
tions, which led him to devote himself 1822, 241,
to the personal service of the king.' 242.

Riego was clear to attack the guards instant-
ly, and in person urged that advice 55.
on Murillo. "Who are you?" asked Progress of
the general, with an ironical expres- ihenegotia-
° <.T 1)1 1- J ,i..\ 1 tions with

sion. "lam, he replied, ' the uep- {ijg j^gur.

uty Riego." " In that case," replied gents,
the general, "you may return to the Ju'V 1-"
congress; you have nothing to do here." Six
days passed in fruitless negotiations, in the
course of which, however, the Liberals gained
a decided advantage ; for the Sacred Battalion,
during the night of the 3d, got possession of
the park of artilleiy at St. Gol, which proved
of the utmost importance in the contest which
ensued. The roj'al treasury, meanwhile, was
emptj', and so low had the credit of the Gov-
ernment fallen that no one in Madrid would
advance it a real. Public anxiety was much
increased, during this period of suspense, by
the intelligence that a regiment of carabineers
had revolted in Andalusia, that several corps
of militia had joined it, and that their united
force was advancing into La Mancha, to join
the insurgent guards in the capital, amidst
cries of "Viva "el Rey Assoluto." Meanwhile
the opposite forces were in presence of each
other in the neighborhood of the Royalist camp,
and frequent discharges of musket-shots from
the outposts at each other kept the public in
an agony of apprehension, fiom the belief that
the impending conflict had commenced. In ef-
fect, a combined movement was soon found to
be in preparation ; for early on the morning of
the 7th, while it was yet dark, the guards
broke up in silence and the best order, and ad-
vanced rapidly to the capital. They ellVcte.l
their entrance, without ditliculty, l)y a l>arrier
wliich was not guarded, and wlien within the
city divided into three columns. Tiio 2 Martig-
first advanced to take possession of nac. i. 427,
the park of artillery i)osted at the jj^,^'/)""-
gate of St. Vincent, the second to the 454^ 455 ;
I'uerta del Sol, the third to the Place Ann. Keg.
of tlie Constitution.^' '^^a, 242.

From the secrecy with which this movement
was executed, and the success witli f,o.
wiiicli in the first instance it was Attack of
attended, it was evident that it was J,','," ^""frld
the result of a well-laid design ; and „,„) jjy jg!
if it had Ix'cii carried through with liat.
as much resolution as it was planned -'"'y 7.
with ability, it would in all probability have
met with success, and might liavc altereil tho
whole course of the revolution. But one of
tliojc panics so frequent in nocturnal enter-



S'JG



HISTORY OF EUROPE.



[CuAi-. XL



jirisos eoizeil two of the columns when tlicy
oamo ill contnot with the ononiy, and caused
the whole uiulertakiiii; to teriniiinto in disaster.
The corps directed to attack the jiark of artil-
lery never reached its destination. Assailed
by a few musket-shots from the Sacred Battal-
ion as they approached the gate of St. Vincent,
they turned about, iltd out of the town, and
disbanded in the wood of La Monda. Tiic
second column was more successful ; it gained
possession of the I'uerta del Sol, after a vigor-
ous resistance from a body of cavalry stationed
there to guard tiie entrance. But instead of
moving on to the general point of rendezvous
in the Place of the Constitution, it marched to
the palace to rally the two battalions of the
guard stationed there. The third reached the
Place of the Constitution without opposition ;
but there they found Murillo, Lallasteros,
Iliego, and Alava, at the head of the militia,
and two guns. Though met by a brisk fire,
both from the troops and the .artiller}', they
replied by a vigorous and well-sustained dis-
charge of musketry, and forced their way into
the square, where they maintained themselves
for some time with great resolution. But at
length, hearing of the rout of the corps des-
tined for the attack of the artillery', and dis-
couraged by the non-arrival of the corps which
had gained the Puerta del Sol, but gone on in-
stead to the palace to obtain the aid of the
battalions in guard there, who were under arms
ready to succor them, they broke their ranks
and retreated in disorder toward the palace,
closely followed by Ballasteros, who with his
guns kept up a destructive fire on their ranks.
At length the whole guard, with the exception
of the corps which had disbanded, found itself
united in front of the palace, but in a state of
extreme discouragement, and in great confusion.
There they were speedily assailed by ten thou-
sand militia, with a large train of artillery,
who with loud shouts and vehement cries
1 An. Ilist. crowded in on all sides, and had al-
V. 454, 455 ; ready pointed their guns from all the
^gqg' l^^-,^' adjacent streets on the confused mass,
243 ;' iMa'r- ■^'hen the white flag was hoisted, and
tignac, i. intelligence was received that the
429, 431. guard had surrendered.'

This ill-conducted attempt to reinstate the
g- royal authority had the usual effect

Destruction of all such efforts when terminating
of the royal in miscarriage : it utterly destroyed
f^fy^'l.- it. The 7tirjuly, 1822, was as fatal

to the crown in Spain as the 10th
August, 1792, had been to that of Louis in
France. The fjermanent committee of the
Cortes, which had been entirely unconnected
with these events, immediately took the direc-
tion, and tacitly, without opposition, usurped
the entire powers of Government. Their first
care was that of the guards, who had laid
down their arms without any regular capitula-
tion. The committee compelled the king to
impose upon the four battalions which had
combated the hard condition of a surrender at
discretion ; the two at the palace, which had
not fought, were to retire from Madrid with
their arms, but without ammunition, to distant
quarters assigned them, after delivering up the
murderers of Landabura. The two last battal-
ions departed in silence, armed and dowp.cas' ;



but the four others, foreseeing in a surrcndir
at discretion only a snare to involve them in
destruction, adopted at the eleventh hour the
desperate resolution of resistance. Doterniined
to sell their lives dearly, they opened a geneiul
voile}' on the corps of militia which advanced
to disarm them, and, instantl}' leveling bayo-
nets, charged in close column down the street
leading to the nearest gate of the city. AH
opposition was quickly overthrown, and the
entire column succeeded in forcing its way out
of the town, closely pursued, however, bv- two
squadrons of the regiment of Almanza, some
companies of militia, the Sacred Battalion, and
a few guns. They sustained great loss during
the pursuit, which was continued until night-
fall without intermission. A considerable body
of them scaled the walls of the Casa del Cavipo,
a country palace of the king, and for some time
resisted the pursuers ; but being destitute of
provisions, they were obliged to surrendei', to
the number of 360 men and 9 officers, at two
on the following morning. Such of the re-
mainder as were unwounded escaped. The
entire loss of the guard in these disastrous
daj's was 371 killed, 700 wounded, and 600 pris-
oners ; and the brilliant corps which a few
daj's before seemed to hold the destinies of Spain
in their bands, disappeared forever i An. Hist,
from its annals. Conducted with v. 457, 459;
more skill, led with greater cour- ■^""- ^^S-
age, they might, with half the loss, 244' Mar-
have re-established the monarchy tignac, i.
and averted the French invasion.* ^31, 433.

The same day which witnessed the destruc-
tion of the royal guard at Madrid,
was marked by the suppression of ppj- [ „<•
the military revolt in the south of the insur-
Spain. The Royalist carabineers gents in
and their adherents were attacked Andalusia
in the neighborhood of Montero by
General O'Donoghu, at the head of a greatly
superior body of Constitutional troops, and
completely routed. The fugitives escaped to
the vicinity of Ciudad Real, where they were
again attacked on the 16th, and obliged
to surrender. About the same time a ^^
conspiracy of a totallj' different character was
discovereci and defeated at Cadiz. This had
been set on foot by Don Alphonso Gueriera, Don
Ramon Ceruti, and a number of others, the chiefs
of the ultra-revolutionary party in that city, the
object of which was to depose all the constitu-
ted authorities, proclaim a republic, and divide
among themselves all its places and emoluments.
The civil and military authorities in the island
of Leon, having received intelligence
of the plot, and having put the gar- j^"^"' ^|^'
rison and militia under arms, appre- Ann! Hist,
heuded the whole conspirators with- v. 459,460 .
out opposition on the night of the ^^^"'^"?^
9th July.^

These repeated successes utterly prostrated
the roj-al authority in Madrid, and
deprived the king of the shadow change of
of respect which had hitherto be- Ministry, and
longed to him. The violent party, complete tri-
supported by the clubs, the press, J'J^P|>,°^^'^^,3.
and the secret societies, became
omnipotent. For some days the king remained
sliut up in his palace wfthout ministers; his
:'i)rnitr ones liad resigned, and no one in such



1822.]



HISTORY OF EUROPE.



397



a crisis was -willing to incur the danger of be-
coming their successors. At length the abso-
lute necessity of having some government pre-
vailed over the terrors of those offered the ap-
pointments, and a new ministry was appointed,
consisting, as might be expected in such cir-
cumstances, entirely of the leaders of the ex-
treme Liberal party. The king, wholly power-
less, agreed to every thing demanded of him.
provided he were allowed to leave Madrid, and
take up his residence at St. Ildefonso, whieli
was agreed to. San Miguel, formerly ciiief of
tlie staff to Riego during the revolution in the
island of Leon, was made Minister of Foreign
Affairs, with the lead in the Cabinet ; Lopez-
Banos, another chief of the Isle of Leon, was
iippointed Minister at War; and M. Gasco,
one of the nftost violent members of the Oppo-
sition, in the last Cortes, of the Interior; M.
Benicio Navarro, another deputy of the same
stamp, received the portfolio of Justice; and
31. Mariano, Egoa, and Cassaj% of the Finances
,,, . and the Marine respectively. The

i 436 437- triumph oi tlie extreme Liberals
Ann. Hist, was complete; their adherents, and
V. 4aO;Ann. those of the most determined kind,

246!' ^^^~' ^^^^"^ ^^^ ^^1*^ offices ^^ Govern-
ment.'
The first care of the new Cabinet was to
^^ make an entire change in the I'oyal

Tha new household, and to banish, or de-

Ministry, and prive of t!ieir commands, all the
l)rorincial ap- leadinar men of the country whose
pointments. .• ^ , . • •' j

' sentiments were not in accordance

with their own. Murillo, notwithstanding the
determined stand he had made at the head of
the Constitutional troops against the ro3'al guard,
was deprived of his offices of Captain-general
and Political Chief at Madrid, which were be-
stowed ou General Copons, a stanch revolution-
ist ; Quiroga was made Captain-general of Ga-
licia, and Mina of Catalonia. The Duke del In-
fantado, the Marquis las Amarillas, General Lon-
ga, and several other noblemen, who, altliough
Liberals, were known to belong to tlie Moderate
party, were exiled, some to Ceuta, some to the
Canaries; and in the palace an entire change
took place. The Uukc do Montemart, Major
d'Uomo, Count Torcno, and tiie Duke do Bel-
gide, were dismissed ; and the Marquis do Santa-
Cruz, General Palafox, and Count Onate, sub-
stituted in their room. In a word, the extreme
party was every where triumphant; tlie Jaco-
*Ann. Ilist '^'"^ of tlie Revolution, as is usually
V. 461,402; the case wlien the malady is not
Martifsnac, checked, had supidanted tlie Giron-

It soon appeared wliat the new Government
7]_ was to be, and whether the Jacobins
Murder of of Spain wei'c to be behind tlieir pre-
Geoi(reu.x. decessors of Franco in their thirst for
blood. The soldiers of the guard wlio had been
implicated in tlie murder of Laiidabiira Iiad al-
ready been condemned \6 dealh, init tiie revolu-
tionists demanded, witli loud cries, tli(! head of
Colonel Geoiffeu.v, an officer of the guard, and
who, although neith-^r connected with the
death of that man, nor the revolt of the guards,
as he was with the two battalions which re-
mained at the palace, was known to entertain
decided Royalist sentiments, and as such was
selected as the object of popular indignation.



He was arrested accordingly at Butrago, when
on his way back to France, of which he was a
native. When taken, his name was not known,
and a falsehood might have saved him; but
when asked who he was, he at once answered,
'' Geoiffeux, first-lieutenant in the guard." He
was immediately brought back to Madrid,
taken before a court-martial, and condemned
to death. His character, however, was gener-
all}^ esteemed, his innocence known. His cour-
age on his trial excited universal admiration ;
sj'nipathy was warmly excited in his behalf,
and even the revolutionary municipality was
preparing a petition in his favor. The anarch-
ists feared lest their victim should escape ; the
clubs, the press, the mob in the street, were
jHit in motion, and the innocent victim was led
out to death. His courage on the scaffold made
even his enemies blush with shame, and shed a
lustre on the cause for which he suffered. Gen-
eral Copons, who, as military commander at
Madrid, had confirmed the sentence, soon after-
ward gave the clearest proof of its illegality
by declaring the tribunal which had tried him
incompetent in the case of some other officers
charged with a similar offense, who were not
marked out for destruction ; a decision which

excited so great a clamor in refer- , .,„„.

4. i\ e i • 1 *i i. 1 Martignac,

ence to the lormer trial, that lie i. 440, 441;

was obliged to resign his appoint- Ann. Hist,
ment' "■ '^'^^■

Elio was the next victim. This distinguished
general and ii.trepid man had been ^„

three years in prison, charged with Second trial
alleged offenses committed when in and execu-
command at Valencia; but though t'O'i "f Elio.
convicted by the revolutionary tribunal, he had
never been executed: so flagrant and obvious
was the iniquity of punishing a military com-
mander for acts done in direct obedience to the
orders of Government. The cry for his blood,
however, was now so vehement that he was again
brought to trial, not on the former charges, but
for alleged accession to the riot of oUtli May,
when an attempt, as already mentioned, had been
made by a Royali.>;t mob to effect his libei'ation
from prison. The absurdity of charging him with
participation iu that affray, when at the time
he was a close pri.soner, carefully watched un-
der military guard in the citadel, made as little
impression on his iniquitous accusers as did his
jiatriotic services and glorious career. Is'osmall
difficulty was experienced in iiiuling military
officers who would descend to the infaiu}' of
becoming his judicial murderers. The Count
d'Almodavar, the Captain-general, resigned his
office to avoid it; Baron d'Andilla, aj)pointed
in his stead, feigned sickness to escape. Kone
of the generals or colonels in Valencia would
sit on the commission; and they were at last
obliged to take for its president a lieutenant-
coloiu'l, named Valterra. I'A'ery effort was
made to suljorn or falsify evidence, but in vain.
The cannoiieers accused of being concerned in
the jilot for his liberation were offered their
lives if they would declare tlu-y had hcc.u iii-
stigat on such terms. An alleged letter was ])ro(liiced
by the general to liis sister, avowing his j^'ir-
ticipation in the offense; it was ])roved
he liad no itixter. The acnnised had no
counsel, but he defended himself with courago



Sv>9



HISTORY OF F.UROrE.



[Cuxv. XT.



niul spirit for two hours. Kvoii Vulterrft lonij
lu-sitatotl to siirn ii conviction wholly uiisiip-
iH>rtcd bv oviilcnco, but the revolutionists were
inoxorablo. Tlio inunicii>iility thrciitoneil to
inako Vultcrrn rc.onsiblc with his head if lie
did not instantly siirn the conviction; the clubs
resounded with declamations; a furious mob
surrounded the court house; he trembled and
obeyed. Klio was led out to the scatl'old, erect-
ed on a public promenade with which he had
embellished Valencia during his gov-
v*Vo3- \i'in.' ernment. He died with the courage
Reg.'lV'Ji!, which had marked his life, firm in
247; Mariig- his religious and politieal principles,
413 ' ^^'' ""^^ praying for tlie forgiveness of his
murderers.'
Meanwhile, the civil war in the northern pro-
vinces assumed a more regular and
Civu'war in systematic aspect, by the solemn in-
the northern stallation of a regency at Sec d'Urgel
provinces, on the 14th September, consisting of
August 14. ^jjjj Archbishop of Tarragona and
the Baron d'Erolles, which appointed minis-
ters to all the offices of state, and professed to
administer the government of the state in the
name of Ferdinand VII. during his captivity. It
soon found itselfat the head of an imposing force:
a considerable park of field artillery had been
collected, uniforms and arms in great quantities
purchased, officers for a powerful army had re-
paired to the royal standard, and twenty thou-
sand men were enrolled under their banners.
Ko less than four hundred and fifty towns and
villages in the northern provinces had over-
turned the pillar of the constitution. Already,
on the 23d July, Mequinenza had been
■ " ■ carried, and the garrison, four hundred
strong, massacred with savage cruelty, in re-
venge for the slaughter at Cervera. Lerida and
Yich were threatened, and the whole of Cata-
lonia, with the exception of the fortresses, had
fallen into the hands of the Eoyalists. In JS'a-
. varre, Quesada had been defeated by-

Lopez-Banos, who surprised bis troops
by a nocturnal attack ; but he retreated to Ron-
cesvalles, where his dispersed men rejoined his
standard ; reinforcements poured in from Biscay,
and he was soon in a situation to resume the
offensive, and establish himself in a fortified
camp at Irali, where he maintained himself dur-
ing the whole remainder of the campaign. The
regency issued proclamations in the name of
the king, in which they declared null all his
acts since he had been constrained to accept
J the Constitution of 1812, called on

V. 405 466- ^^^^ troops to abandon the standard
Ann. keg. ' of treason, and engaged to establish
1822, 246 ; a constitutional monarchy based on
443"^^"^' ^^^^ ancient laws and customs of the
' ' state. ^*



* The proclamation of the Baron d'Erolles bore : "AVe,
too, wish for a constitution, a fi.xed law to govern the
stale ; but we do not wish it to serve as a pretext for
license, or to take crime for its ally. After the example
of their ancestors, the people, legally assembled, shall en-
act laws adapted to iheir manners and to the times in which
they live. The Spanish name shall recover its ancient
glory, and we shall live, not the vile slaves of factious
anarchists, but subject to the laws which we ourselves

1  ...  113  

114

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