the frightful spectacle. The memorable reverse
of fortune, from being the adored chief of the
revolution to becoming thus reviled and reject-
ed, for a moment subdued the angry passions.
Arrived at the foot of the scaffold, which was
constructed upon an eminence in the Plaza de
la Cebaba, forty feet high, so as to be seen from
a great distance, he received absolution for his
crimes, and was lifted up, still bound,
2M 'ae/" V^^^ ^°*i attenuated, already half
Ann. Hist, dead, to thetop of the scaffold, where
vi. 463 ; Mo- the fatal cord was passed round his
ll'Tbas^"^ neck, and he was launched into etern-
' it}'.* A monster i:i the human form
gave a buffet to his countenance after death;'*
a shudder ran through the crowd, Avhich was
soon drowned in cries of "Viva el Rey 1 \'iva
el Rey Assoluto 1"'
The King and Queen of Spain made their
triumphal entry into Madrid six
days after that melancholy execu- Entry of
tiou, amidst an immense crowd of tliekingand
spectators, and surrounded by every queen into
demonstration of joy. Their niajes- iv;"y'^'j3
ties Were seated on an antique and
gigantic chariot, twenty-five feet high, which
was drawn b}- a hundred J'oung men elegantly
attired, surrounded by groups of dancers of
both sexes, in the most splendid theatrical cos-
tumes, whose operatic display elicited bound-
less applause from the spectators. The spirit
of faction appeared to be dead ; one only feel-
ing seemed to animate every breast, which was
joy at the termination of the revolution. But
it soon appeared that, if the convulsions had
ceased, the passions it had called forth were far
from being appeased. The long-wished-for am-
nesty, so solemnly promised b\' the king before
his liberation at Cadiz, and which would have
closed in so worthy a spirit the wounds of the
revolution, had not j'et been promulgated, and
it was looked for with speechless anxiety by
the numerous relatives and friends of the per-
sons compromised. For several days after the
king's arrival in the capital it did not make its
appearance, and meanwhile arrests continued
daily, and were multiplied to such a degree
that the prisons were soon overflowing. At
length the public anxiety became so great that
the Government were compelled to publish the
amnesty on the 19th. It contained, ..
however, so many exceptions, that it
was rather a declaration of war against the
adverse party than a healing and pacific meas-
ure. It excepted all the persons who had taken
a leading part in the late disturbance, and their
number was so great that it was evident it laid
the foundation of interminable discords and
certain reaction. On the 2d December, ^
the list of the new Ministry appeared,
constructed, as might have been expected, from
amongst the persons who had been most instru-
mental in promoting the return to the ancient
regime. f The Duke del Infantado was dismiss-
ed from the presidency of the Privy Council,
which was bestowed on Don Ignace Martinez
de la Rosa ; and the council itself was com-
posed of ten persons, all devoted Royalists. At
the same time, however, on the urgent repre-
sentation of Count Pozzo di Borgo, who bore a
holograph letter of the Emperor of Russia ou
the subject, a pledge was given of an intention
to revert to more moderate councils, iMoniteur,
by the dismissal of Don Victor Laez, Dec. 10,
the organ of the violent apostolic ^.^f^g'us'^''"
party,fromtheimportantofficeofcon- 213; Ann.
fessoV to the king, who was succeeded Hist. vi.
by a priest of mor e reasonable views.' ^^^' ^^^-
* The same thing was done to the beautiful head of
Charlotte Corday after she had been guiUotined. - See
History of Europe, former series, chap. xii. ^ 76. How
identical is the passion of pany and the spirit of venge-
ance in all ages and countries !
t Marquis Casa-Irugo, Premier and Foreign Affairs ;
Don Narcisso de Hondia, Minister of Grace and Justice ;
Don Jos6 de la Crux, War ; Don Luis Lopez-Ballasteros,
Finances ; Don Luis-Maria Salazar, Marine and Colonics
— Annuaire tli-tjriquc, vi. 464.
1S23.]
HISTORY OF EUROPE.
431
The revolution was now closed, and the royal
government re-established in Spain,
Distracted supP'^rted by ninety thousand French
and miser- soldiers, in possession of its principal
able state fortresses, and so disposed as to be
of Spaia. ^^^q at once to crush any fresh rev-
olutionary outbreak. But it is not by the
mere cessation of hostilities that the passions
of revolution are extinguished, or its disastrous
eiTects obliterated. Deplorable to the last de-
gree was the condition of Spain on the termin-
ation of the civil war, and deep and unap-
peasable the thirst of vengeance with which
the different parties were animated against
each other. Tlie finances, as usual in such
eases, gave woeful proof of the magnitude of
the general disorder, and the extent to which
it had sapped the foundations alike of public
and private prosperity. In the greater part of
the provinces the collection of revenue had en-
tirely ceased ; where it was still gathered, it
came in so slowly as not to deserve the name
of a national revenue. The 5 per cents were
down at IG ; loans attempted to be opened in
every capital of Europe found no subscribers.
The effects of the clergy, the revenues of the
kingdom offered in security of advances, failed
to overcome the terrors of capitalists. Recog-
nition of the loans of the Cortes was every
where stated as the first condition of further
accommodation, and this the disastrous state
of the finances rendered impossible, for they
were wholly inadequate to meet the interest of
these. The only activity displayed in the king-
dom was in the mutual arrest of their enemies
by the different parties ; the only energy, in
preparing the means of wreaking vengeance on
each other. But for the presence of the French
army, they would have flown at each other's
throats, and civil war would in many places
^ ,„ have been renewed. Peace and protec-
Dec. 18. ,. 1-1
tioa were every where experienced
under the white flag; and so general was the
sense of the absolute necessity of its shelter,
that no opposition was made any
vi. 487 '^ where to a convention by which it
488 ; Lam. was stipulated that for a year longer
vii, 204 ; thirty-five thousand French troops
211^213' should remain in possession of the
principal Spanish fortresses.'
Portugal has in recent times so entirely fol-
97. lowed the political changes of S])ain,
.State of that in reading the account of the
rortucal Qjjg yo^ -would imagine vou are pe-
flunng this • •' .1 i cii iP hm i-
year. Roy- rusing tliat ot tlie other. ihe])arties
alist insur- were the same, tiio objects of conten-
rection. i\q^ ^Jjq game, tlieir alternate tri-
umphs and disastei's the same. In the early
part of the year the Cortes were still uU-pow-
erful, and a long lease of power was ])resaged
for tlie constitutional government. When the
French invasion of Spain appeared certain, an
army of observation was formed on the fronlicr
without opposition. lint civil war noon appear-
ed. On the 2.'5d ]''ebniary, the Conde
Feb. 23. d'Amarante, at Villa-Ileal. raisc
standard of insurrection, and ](ublished a pro-
clamation, in which ho called on all loyal suli-
jects to unite with him in "dc^livering tlie coun-
try from the yoke of the Corf es, tlie scourge of
revolution, the religion of their enemies), and
to rescue the king from captivity." The pro-
clamation was received with enthusiasm ; in a
few daj's the whole province of Tras-os-Montes
was in arms, several regular regiments joined
the Royalist standard, and in the beginning of
March a formidable force appeared on the banks
of the Douro. There, however, they were met
by the Constitutional generals at the head of
eight thousand men ; and after a variety of con-
flicts with various success, in the course of which
the Conde d'Amarante was often worsted, the
Royalists were driven back into Tras-
os-Montes with considerable loss, from
whence Amarante was fain to escape into Spain,
where he joined the curate Merino, who had
hoisted the white flag, with four thousand men
in the neighborhood of Valladolid. The insur-
rection seemed subdued, and tlie ses- ^pj.ji 4
sion of the Cortes concluded amidst 1 Ann. Hist.
lo Pceans and congratulatory ad- vi. 498, 501 ;
dresses on the part of the Constitu- Ann. Keg.
tionalists.1 1""^^' ^"_''-
But these transports were of short duration ;
the French invasion speedily altered
the aspect of aftairs, not less in I'ortu- loyalist
gal than in Spain. On the 27tli May, counter-
one of the regiments in the army of revolution,
observation on the frontier raised the ''J ' ' •
cry of "Viva el Rey!" and on the following
night the lufont Doxi'Migvel, the acknowledged
head of the royalist party, escaped from Lisbon,
and joined the revolted corps at Villa-Franea.
The prince immediately published a proclama-
tion, in which he declared that his object was
to free the nation from the shameful ydka which
had been imposed on it, to liberate the king,
and give the people a constitution exempt alike
from despotism and license. A great number
of influential persons immediately joined him,
and the Court at Villa-Franca became a rival
to that at Lisbon. On the 29th, Scpulveda,
with part of the garrison of Lisbon, declared
for the royal cause ; and the Cortes, which had
assembled, was thrown into the utmost conster-
nation by the same cry being repeated in vari-
ous quarters of tlie city. At length the
infection spread to the royal guard ; ''^
cries of "Viva el Rey Assohitoj" broke from
their ranks; the cockades of the Constitution
were every where torn off and tram])lcd un
foot, and the king himself, who had come out
to appease the tumtdt, was obliged to jdin in
the same cry, and to detach the Constitutional
cockade from his breast. In the evening a pro-
clamation was published, dated from the roy-
alist head-qtiarters, in which he announced a
change of government and modification of the
constitution. The Cort^'s was dissolved , „
on the 2d of June; on the same day a
proclamation was juibli.-ihed, denouncing in se-
vere terms the vices of the revolutionary sys-
tem ; and two days after the counter-revolution
was rendered irrevocable by the king moving
to the Royalist head-quarters at Villa-Franca.
Three days after, he returned in trreat ,
, :'. , , , ^. â– , June 5.
pomp to Lisbon, where he was received
with universal acclamations; the Ministry was
changed; the Infant l>om Miguel wjis declared
generalissimo of the army, the Count de I*al-
mella appointed Premier and Minister of For-
eign Affair.'*, and the whole Cabinet composeil
of royalist chiefs. I'^very thing immediately re-
4SS
HISTORY OF EUROPE.
[Cn.vr. XII.
said, the
I An. Reg.
i>-i3. ITS,
I'JO; Ann.
Hist. vi.
SlH, M-2.
tiirnoil into tho oKloliiuiiuls; the rovoluticnnry
niitlioritit'j all eonl in tlioir luilu'siuii or woro
di>iuissed: aiul to the honor of rortuiial be it
eoiinter-revohitiou was completed
without lilood.^hed, and no severer
penalties than the exile from Lisbon
of thirty of the most violent members
of the Cortes, and the loss of office by
a few of the Liberal chiefs.'
The return of the Duke d'Angoulome, and the
90. iireater part of his army, after this
Triuinphant memorable campaign, was a contin-
J?'V."'i""'"^ ual triumph. It was no wonder it
Eouionie to ^^'"^ ^^' '^ ^^^^ proved one of the
Pans. most remarkable recorded in his-
Dee. 2. tory. In less than six months, with
the loss of onl}- four thousand men, as well by
sickness as the sword, with an expenditure of
only 200.000,000 francs (£8,000,000), they had
subdued and pacified Spain, delivered the king,
arrested the march of revolution, and stopped
the convulsions of Europe. The campaigns of
Jvapoleon have no triumphs so bloodless to re-
count. Great preparations had been made in
Paris to receive them in a manner worth}' of
the occasion. On the 2d December, the anni-
versary of the battle of Austerlitz, the prince
made his triumphal entry into Paris on horse-
back, at the head of the elite of his troop.s, sur-
rounded by a splendid staff, among whom were
to be seen Marshals Oudinot, Marmont, and
Lauriston, General Bordesoult, the Duke de
Guiche, and Count de la Kochejaquelein. The
aspect of the troops, their martial air and
bronzed viz::ges, recalled the most brilliant
military spectacles of the Empire. They pass-
ed under the magnificent triumphal arch of
Keuilly, finished for the occasion, and thence
through the Champs Elysees to the Tuileries,
through a double line oV national guards, and
an immense crowd of spectators, who rent tlie
air with their acclamations. The municipality
and chief public bodies of Paris met the prince
at the barrier de I'Etoile, and addressed him in
terms of warm but not undeserved congratula-
tion on his glorious exploits.* The prince,
modestly bowing almost to his charger's neck,
replied, " I rejoice that I have accomplished the
mission which the king intrusted to me, re-es-
tablished peace and shown that nothing is im-
possible at the head of a French army." Ar-
rived at the Tuileries, he dismounted, and has-
tened to the king, who stood in great pomp
to receive him. "My son," said the monarch
with solemnity, "I am satisfied with you;"
* " ' Nos vtBux vous suivaient a votre depart,' lui dit le
prefetde Paris, ' nos acclamations vous attendaient a votre
heureux retour. Depuis yente ans, le nom de guerre
n'etait (lU'un cri d'ellroi, qu'un signal de calamiliJs pour
les peuples ; la population des etals envahis, cornme celle
des etats comjuerants, se precipitant I'une sur I'autre, of-
fraient aux yeux du sago, un spectacle lamentable. Au-
jourd"hui la guerre releve les nations abattue.s sur tous les
points d"un vaste empire. EUe apparait humaine, protcc-
trice tt gtnercuse, guerriere sans peur, conqueraiite sans
vengeance. Votre vaillante epee, a la voix d'un puissant
Monarque, vient de consacrer le noble et le legitime emploi
de la valeur et des armes. Les trophees de la guerre, de-
venus la consolation d'un peuple opprime, le volcan de !a
Revolution fermc pour jamais, la reconciliation de notre
patrie cimentee aux yeux du monde, la victoire rendue a
nos marins comrne a nos guerriers, et la gloire de tous les
enfanls de la France confondue dans un nouveau faisceau ;
tcis sont, Monseigneur, les resultats de cette campagne,
telb est I'ceuvre que vous avcz accomplie.''' — Moniteur,
Dec. 3, 1823.
and, taking him by tho hand, he led him to
the balfonv, where an immense , , ..
crowd, with redoubled acclamations, 207, 270;
testified their sympathy with the Ann. Hist,
scene.' 'â– â– '^^' *^^-
This triumphant career of the French army
in S|>ain was viewed with very dif-
ferent eyes by the powers in Europe offer of as-
most interested in the issue. The sistance by
Em]>eror of Russia, who had warmly Russia to
supported the project of the interven- France rc-
tion at Veroim, and anxiously watch-
ed the progress of the enterprise, offered to move
forward his troops from the Vistula to the Rhine,
and to cover the eastern frontier of France with
his armed masses. Mr. Canning, justly alarmed
at so open an assertion of a right of protectorate
over Europe, strongly opposed the proposal.
"France," said he, " conceiving her safety men.
aced, and her interests compromised, by the ex-
isting state of things in the Peninsula, we have
not opposed her right to intervene; but she
should only act singly, and the strictest neu-
trality should be observed by the other pow-
ers. If, in defiance of all stipulations, the Eu-
ropean cabinets should act otherwise, England
would feel herself constrained to enforce the
observance of existing engagements, and would
at once consider the cause of Spain as her own."
M. de Chateaubriand cordially seconded these
remonstrances, and respectfully declined the
proffered succor —
"Non tali auxilio, nee defensoribus istis."
The armed intervention of Russia was thus
averted by the union of the two western
powers; and as the revolution of Portugal
threatened the influence of England in that
country, Mr. Canning and the Prince de Polig-
nac, the French embassador in London, came
to an understanding that France was ^
not to interfere between the Cabinet 209^ 214."
of St. James's and its ancient ally.'
It was with undisguised vexation that Mr.
Canning beheld the triumphant pro- joi.
gress of the French arms in Spain; Views of Mr.
and deeming,with reason, the throne Canning in
of the Bourbons greatly strength- [herepublics
ened, and the influence of France on of South
the Continent in a great degree re- America,
established by the successful issue of the cam- ^
paign, he resolved upon a measure which H
should re-establish the balance, and at the
same time, as he hoped, materially benefit the
commercial interests of England. This was the
Recognition of the Republics of South America.
His intention in this respect had been long be-
fore divined by the able diplomatist who con-
ducted the French interests in London ;* and
* " II est temps de jeter un regard serieux sur I'avenir,
et sur le dangereux ministre qui est venu se placer a la
tete des destinees de I'Angleterre. 11 nous faut sa chute
ou sa conversion. 11 ne tombera pas ; ses ennemis n'ont
pu lexiler sur le trone des Indes. M. Peel, jeune, forme,
et populaire, s'avance sans impatience vers le ministere,
fiui ne pent lui manquer un jour. Lord Wellington,
guerrier peu redoutable sur le champ de I'intrigue, a du
ceder aux talents et a I'habilite de M. Canning. II ne
tombera pas ; il faut done pour nous qu'il change de con-
duce, et que de Briton qu'il est, il se fasse Europeen ;
faltes rcluire a ses yeux I'eclat d'une grandc gloire diplo-
matique : assemblez un nouveau congres, qu'il vienne y
traiter, a son tour, des intertts de I'Orient, des colnnirs
Americainrs, denos quatre dernieres revolutions cteintes
en deu\ ans. la Grece, I'ltalie, le Portugal, TEspacne I
Que I'Europe le couvre de faveurs I Inaccessible a lor.
1823.]
HISTORY OF EUROPE.
43S
â– we now possess the historj^ of his views from
the best of all sources — his own recorded state-
ment. "When the French armj-," said he,
"was on the point of entering Spain, we did
all we could to prevent it; we resisted it by
all means short of war. "We did not go to war,
because we felt that, if we did so, whatever the
result might be, it would not lead to the evacu-
ation of Spain by the French troops. In a war
against France at that time, as at any other,
you might perhaps have acquired military
glory ; you might perhaps have extended your
colonial possessions; 3-ou might even have
achieved, at a great loss of blood and treasure,
an honorable peace; but as to getting the
French out of Spain, that is the one object
which you would certainly not have accom-
plished. Again, is the Spain of the present day
the Spain whose puissance was expected to
shake England from her sphere? No, sir; it
was quite another Spain : it was the Spain
within whose dominions the sun never sets; it
was 'Spain tvith the Indies' that excited the
jealousies and alarmed the imagination of our
ancestors. When the French ai*my entered
Spain, the balance of power was disturbed, and
we might, if we chose, have resisted or resented
that measure by war. But were there no other
means but war for restoring the balance of
power? Is the balance of power a fixed and
invariable standard ; or is it not a standard
perpetually varying as civilization advances,
and new nations spring up to take their place
among established political communities?
"To look to the policy of Europe in the time
of William and Anne, for the purpose
Continued ^^ regulating the balance of power in
Europe at the present day, is to dis-
regard the progress of events, and to confuse
dates and facts, which throw a reciprocal light
upon each other. It would be disingenuous
not to admit that the entry of the French army
into Spain was, in a certain sense, a disparage-
ment—an affront to the pride, a blow to the
feelings, of England; and it can hardly be sup-
posed that the Government did not sympathize
on that occasion with the feelings of the people.
But, questionable or unquestionable as the act
might be, it was not one which necessarily
called for our direct and hostile opposition.
Was nothing then to be done? — was there no
other mode of resistance but by a direct attack
upon ?'rance, or by a war undertaken on the
soil of Spain ? What if tiie possession of Spain
might b(! rciidcreil harmless in rival liands —
ll ne Test pan a la louaiii^c : eiilin reconciliez-le avcc hos
ancicnncs opinions nioriarchiques, ct pardoiinci-moi si,
malgrc mon joune a^e, jo parlo 8i librcnienl avec vouHdcH
plus hauls intunils do inon pays." — M. Marc-ei.i.us a M.
DE CuATEAUnniAND, I'lli Ucccmbcr, Ibi!2. " No comp-
tez pas sur I'Anglcterre. Ello se rofuscra a toule mcsurc
merne paciliqud, et cactinra sous I'apparenou de (|iiolijues
dcmandes sans force rcelle, son indillcronre profondc dcs
intcrets purermml rontincntaux. Ce systciiiu d(! separa-
tion ou d'cKoisino Kst impose a M. (banning par scs amis,
<;t surtout par son intcrcH. Cet inlonH iiiunio pent U;
pousscr a dcs conrcssions d'opinion personnrllc, f/tt'on
n' cut jamais nbtnnws du Man/uimlr Lonilondtrry. Ainsi
on le verra rcr.o7i,naitre la t'oloinhte. pour gagncT le cmn-
merce, 6pousor la cause dcs Noirs pour plain: au I'arlc-
ment, puis suspcmlrt; son action juscjii'ici f'avorablo a la
reforme calliolKjui-. Enlin il fcra lout pour accroitre ccui;
popularity a la
doit .son elevation. "—M. Marckli.us a M. de ('hatead-
HRIAND, Londres, 3 Octobrc, 1832; Marcellus, Poli-
/â– r/iir de. la Rrslnurntion. 'JO; and LamaRTI.''E, Htstoire
dc la Ilr.ttaiiration, vii 222.
Vol. '.— Ei-;
harmless as regarded us, and valueless to the
possessors? Might not compensation for dis-
paragement be obtained, and the policy of our
ancestors vindicated, by means better adapted
to the present time ? If France occupied Spain,
was it necessar}', in order to avoid the conse-
quences of that occupation, that we should
blockade Cadiz? No: I looked another way;
I sought materials for compensation in another
hemisphere. Contemplating Spain such as our
ancestors had known her, I resolved that, if
France had Spain, it should not be Spain ' with
the Indies.' / called the New World i parl. Dei.
into existence, to redress the balance xvi. 394,
of the Old." ' 3^^-
It is one of the most curious truths apparent
from history, how identical arc the j^g
impulses of the human mind, at all Mr. canning
times and in all countries, in similar did not give
circumstances, and how insensible '"'^^^"i'J;,,,,,
,' , , if eneetobouth
men are to the moral character ot America, but
actions when pursued for their own only ac-
benefit, to which they are sensibly knowledged
alive when undertaken for the ad-
vantage of others. The English had loudly
exclaimed against the iniquity of the Northern
powers in pretending to preserve the balance
of power in the east of Europe, by dividing tha
spoils of Poland among each otiier; and they
dwelt on the selfishness of Austria, in after
times, which held out the Russian acquisition
of Wallachia and Moldavia a sufficient ground
for giving them a claim to Scrvia and Bosnia ;
but they thought there was nothing unjusti-
fiable in our upholding the balance of power
in the West, not by defending Spain against
France, but by sharing in its spoils, and loudly
applauded the minister who proposed to seek
compensation for the French invasion of the
Peninsula, by carving for British profit inde-
pendent republics out of the Spanish dominions
in South America, at the very time wlicn lie
professed the warmest interest in its independ-
ence. But be the intervention of England in
South America justifiable or unjustifiable, no-
thing is more certain than that neitiier it.^
merit nor its demerit properly belongs to Mr.
Canning. Tlic independence of Columbia was
decided by a charge of Englisli baj'onets on the
field of Carabobo, on 14th June, 1821, more
tlian a year before Mr. Canning was called to
the Foreign Office.^ It was the ten 2 mst. of
thousand British auxiliaries, most of Europe, c.
them veterans of Wellington, who '•''^■"- * "•*•
sailed from tlio Tiiames, the Mersey, and the
Clyde, under the e3-e of Lord Castlereagh, in
1818, 1819, and 1820, who really accomplished
the emancipation of South America. Mr. Can-