lishment of Clubs in Madrid, and other Revo-
lutionary Measures. — Legislative Measures. —
Meeting of the Cortes : its Composition. — Dis-
orders in the Provinces. — Murder of one of the
Body-guard, and Reward of the Murderers. —
Opening of the Cortes. — Report on the State of
the Army. — Majority of the Cortes : its Leaders.
— Suppression of the Jesuits, and Measures re-
garding Entails. — Financial Measures. — Tumult
at Madrid, and Dismissal of Riego. — Closing of
the Session, and Rupture with the King. — Re-
ception of the Decree against the Priests in Spain.
— illegal Appointment of General Carvajal by the
King. — Return of the King to Madrid. — Victory
of the Revolutionists. — New Society for Execu-
tion of Lynch Law. — Identity of recent History
of Spain and Portugal. — Revolution at Oporto. —
Which is followed by a Revolution at Lisbon. —
Establishment of a Joint Regency at Lisbon. —
Return of Marshal Beresford, who is forced to go
to England. — Effect of the Banishment of the
British. — Reaction, and Adoption of more Mod-
erate Measures. — Commencement of Reforms in
Italy. — Breach of the King's promise of a Consti-
tution. — Progressive but slight Reforms already
introduced. — Origin of Secret Societies. — Their
Origin and previous History. — Commencement of
the Neapolitan Revolution. — Defection of Gen-
eral Pepe and the Garrison of Naples. — The King
yields, and swears to the Constitution. — Causes
which prepared Revolution in Sicily. — Revolu-
tion in Palermo. — Frightful Massacre in Palermo.
— First Measures of the new Junta. — Failure of
the Negotiations with Naples. — Suppression of
the Insurrection in Palermo. — Renewal of Hos-
tilities. — Meeting of the Neapolitan Parliament.
— Insurrection of the Galley-slaves in Civita
Vecchia. — Commencement of the Revolution in
Piedmont. — Revolt in Alessandria and Turin. —
The King yields, and accepts the Constitution. —
Resignation of the King, and Proclamation of the
Prince of Carignan as Regent, and the Spanish
Constitution. — General Character of the Revolu-
tions of 1820. — What caused their speedy Over-
throw. — What should the Military do in such cir-
cumstances?
CHAPTER VIII.
RUSSIA AND POLAND, FROM THE PEACE OF 1815
TO THE ACCESSION OF NICHOLAS IN 1825.
Vast Growth and Extent of Russia, America, and
British India in recent Times. — Increase of Rus-
sia by the Treaties of 1814 and 1815. — Important
Acf|uisition of Russia in the Grand-duchy of
Warsaw. — .Statistics of the (irand-duchy of War-
saw. — Establishment of the Kingdom of Poland.
— Biography of the Grand Duke Con.stantine. —
His Character. — His first Acts of Administration,
and Training of the Army. — Great Advantage to
Poland from its Union with Russia. — Great In-
crease of its Military Strength. — Failure of the
Representative System in Poland. — Great Influ-
ence of Russia. — Great Wisdom of its External
Policy. — Their Unity of Purpose. — Statistics of
the Empire ; its Population. — (Jrcat Rapidity of
Increase of the Russian Population. — Great
Room for future Increase in its Inhabitants. —
Unity of Feeling in the whole Empire. — Reason
of this Unity. Their Asiatic Habits and Relig-
ious Feelings. — Unity of Interest in the Empire.
— General Insufiiciency of the Schools to produce
Enlightenment. — The Clergy. — Rank in Russia:
the I'chinn. — Great Power given by the Tchinn.
— Caste of the Nobles. — Of the Bourgeois and
Trading Classes. — The Serfs : their Number and
Condition. — Privileges and Advantages they en-
joy. — The Tieglo : its Advantages and EviJs. —
Way in which it is carried into Effect. — Con-
trast of English and Russian Cultivators. — Opin-
ion of M. Haxthausen on the Serfs and their
Enfranchisement. — Evils of the Russian Serf
System. — Foreign Conquest ever forced upon
Russia by its Climate. — Fear the universal Prin-
ciple of Government in Russia. — General use of
Corporal Chastisement. — Character which these
Circumstances have imprinted on the Russians.
— Causes which have led to this Character. —
Great Effect of the Distances in Russia. — Civil-
ization depends entirely on the Higher Ranks. —
Strong Imitative turn of the Russians. — Military
' Strength of Russia. — The Military Colonies. —
The Cossacks. — The admirable Discipline and*
Equipment of the Army. — Russian Navy. — Rev-
enue of Russia. — Positions of the principal Ar-
mies. — General Corruption in Russia. — Enor-
mous Abuses which prevail. — Striking Instances
of this Corruption. — Emigration in Russia is all
Internal. — Great Impulse to Agricultural Industry
in Russia from Free Trade. — What is the Destiny
of Russia? — Two different People in Russia. —
Liberal Ideas with which the Troops returned
from France and Germany. — First steps of Alex-
ander on his Return to Russia in 1814. — His
beneficent Measures. — Marriage of Alexander's
sister to the Prince of Orange, and of the Grand
Duke Nicholas to the Princess of Prussia. — In-
cessant Travels of Alexander from 1815 to 1825.
— Various beneficent Measures introduced by
him. — His arrival at Warsaw in 1818. — Alexan-
der's memorable Speech to the Diet.- — Journey of
Alexander to his Southern Provinces. — His Ef-
forts for the Enfranchisement of the Peasants. —
Transactions of 1819. — Expulsion of the Jesuits.
— Great Changes in the Emperor's mind from the
Revolution of 1820. — Violent Scene, and Dis-
solution of the Polish Diet. — Congress of Trop-
pau. — Congress of Troppau : its Resolutions. —
Congress of Laybach. — Reflections on the Divis-
ion among the Allied Powers. — Limits of the Right
of Intervention. — What Share had the Holy Alli-
ance in this? — Attitude taken by England on the
occasion. — War declared against the Revolution
in Naples. — Unresisted March of the Austrians
toward Naples. — Subjugation of Naples, and Re-
turn of the King. — Movement of the Insurgenio in
Piedmont. — Meeting of the Allies, and fresh Rev-
olution in Genoa. — Increasing Dillicultios of the
Insurgents. — Total Defeat of the Insurgents at
Agogna. — Submission of the Capital, and Termin-
ation of the War. — Violent Reaction in Italy. —
Reaction in Piedmont, and Treaty withAuslria.
— Revolt in a Regiment of Guards at St. Peters-
burg. — Ah^xander refuses to Sui)port the Grec ks.
— Extension of the Russian Empire in North
America. — Suppression of Freemasons and olher
Secret Societies. — General Failure of the JOm-
jieror's Philanthropic Projects. — Dreadful Flood
at St. Petersburg. — Description of the Situation of
St. Petersburg. — Great Inundation of Si. Peters-
burg. — Nobl(! Charity of the Emperor and Nobles.
— Internal Measures of 1824, and Settlement of
the Boundaries of Russian America. — The Em-
press of Russia : her Birth, Parentage, Marriage,
and Character. — Amours of the Czar. — Dealii of
Alexander's Natural Daughter. — Reconciliation
of the Emperor and Empress. — Solemn Service
in the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Kazan.— His
Departure from the Cathedral. — His Arrival at
Taganrog. — His last Illness. — And Death.— And
Funeral. — Death and Burial of the Empress.^
sil
CONTENTS.
II , —His FiiiliiK^s.— State of ihc Suc-
t-, , I'liixiuf. — L'oustuiitmo ri'liist's tlic
•J-;.,, i\ lliis Oiimc iibout. — Constimlmc's
prvviou!) Ki-minciiitioiiol his Ki^lit ol Siu-ccssion.
— Nii-hi>l;is rt'tust-s the Crown, luul proi-luiiiis
Con>iaiiliiu>.— Contest of (.ic-norositylwlwcen the
two Hrothers. anil Nichohis mounts the 'rUrone.
— Aei-oiint of the Consiuriiey jigainst him. — De-
tails on the Conspirney.— iTiformation given of the
Cons;.in«ev to Alexander.— riiuis of the Conspir-
ators.— A Revolt IS decided on by the Conspir-
ators.— Commencement of it.— Heroic Conduct
of Nicholas on the occasion.— Nicholas advances
ag.vnst the Kelu-ls.- Forces on both Sides, and
Irresolution of the Chiefs of tlie Revolt.— Death
of Milar.-idowitch.- The Archbishop also fails in
reducing the Mutineers.— The Emperor gains the
Victory.— Seizure of the Leaders ol tiic Conspir-
acy, and generous conduct of Nicholas to the
Privates. — Appointment of a Commission of In-
quiry. — Its Composition and Report. — Leaders
of the Revolt in the Army of the South. — And in
• thit of the West. — Arrest of the Mouravicds, and
Outbreak of the Conspiracy in the Army of Po-
land. — Its Suppression. — Sentences on the Con-
spirators. — Their conduct on the eve of Death.—
'1 heir Execution. — Reflections on this Event. —
Noble Conduct of the Princess Troubetzkoi and
the other Wives of the Convicts. — Condition of
the Exiles in Siberia. — Generous Conduct of the
Emperor to the Relatives of the Convicts. — Ex-
piatory Ceremony on the Place of the Senate. —
Great Reforms in all Departments introduced by
the Emperor. — Great legal Reforms of the Emper-
or. — Crime of the Insurgents. — Coronation of the
Emperor and Empress at Moscow. — Character
of tne Emperor Nicholas, and parallel between
him and Peter the Great. — He is essentially Rus-
sian. — His personal Appearance and Failings.
CHAPTER IX.
ROYALIST REACTION IN FRANCE.
FR.VNCE FROM THE COUP D'ET.iT OF 5TH MARCH,
1819, TO THE ACCESSIO.X OF THE PURELY ROY-
ALIST MINISTRY IN DECEMBER, 1821.
Great Evils of France at the Close of 1816. — Rapid
Flow of Prosperity which succeeded them in the
next Vear. — Brilliant appearance of Paris. — Ex-
ports, Imports, and Revenue of France during
this Period. — Thorough Establishment of Repre-
sentative Institutions in France. — Which have
no Effect in conciliating the Liberal Party. —
Popular Acts of the New Ministry. — Return of
Marat and many other of the Proscribed to France.
—Increasing Strength of the Liberals, and Re-
sistance to the Government. — Law regarding the
Press. — Debate on the Return of the Proscribed
Persons. — Speech of M. de Serres on the Sub-
ject. — Immense Sensation produced by this De-
bate. — Increasing Violence and Exasperation of
the Press. — Budget of 1819. — Preparations for the
Election of 1819. — Their Result : Election of the
Abbe Gregoire. — Biography of the Abbe Gregoire.
— General F"oy. — His Biography. — M. de Serres.
— His Character. — Conversation of Louis XV'III.
and the Count d'Artois on the Election. — Change
in the Ministry. — Violent Attacks on the new
Ministry by the Press. — King's Speech at Open-
ing the Session. — Comparative Strength of Par-
lies in the Chamber. — Designs of the Liberals in
Paris. — New Electoral Law proposed by the Gov-
ernment. — Electoral Law finally agreed on by the
Government. — Violent Opposition of the Liber-
als. — The Duke de Berri. — His Biography. —
Louvel, his Assassin. — Assassination of the Duke
de Berri. — His last Moments. — His Death. — Im-
mense Sensation which it produced. — Chateau-
briand's Words on the Occasioa — General Indig-
nation against 1\I. Dccazcs. — The King resolve*
to supi)ort him. — He at length agrees to his Dis-
missal. — Resignation of M. Docazes, and the
Duke de Richelieu sent for. — The King's In-
clination for Platonic attachments. — The Count-
ess l)u Cayla. — Her first Interview with Louis,
w)iich proves successful. — Character of M. De-
cazcs. — Merits of his Measures as a Statesman.
— Division of Parties in the Assembly after M.
Decazes' fall — Funeral ofthe Duke de Berri, and
Execution of Louvel. — Ministerial Measures of
the Session: Argument against the First. — •
Answer by the Government. — Censorship of the
Press : Argument against it by the Opposition.
— Answer by the Ministerialists. — Result ofthe
Debate. — Reflections on this Subject. — Alarming
State ofthe Country, and defensive Measures of
Government. — Denunciation of the Secret Gov-
ernment. — Ministerial Project of anew Electoral
Law. — Argument against it by the Opposition. —
Answer by the Ministerialists. — CainiUe-Jour-
dan's Amendment carried. — The Amendment of
M. Boin is carried by Government. — Disturb-
ances in Paris. — Which become serious. — Loud
declamation on the Subject in the Chamber of
Deputies. — Their Suppression. — The Budget. —
Military Conspiracy, headed by Lafayette. —
Their Designs, and Efforts to corrupt the Troops.
— Which fails by Accident. — Lenity shown in the
Prosecutions. — Birth of the Duke of Bordeaux.
— Universal Transports in France. — Congratula-
tions from the European powers, and Promotions
in France. — Rupture with the Doctrinaires.—
Views ofthe Doctrinaires. — Views ofthe Royal-
ists. — Disturbances in the Provinces. — Internal
Measures of the Government. — Changes in the
Household, — New Organization of the Army. —
Ordonnance regarding Public Instruction. — The
King's Circular to the Electors. — Result of the
Elections favorable to the Royalists.- — Effect of
the Change in the Assembly. — Accession of V'il-
Idle, &c., to the Ministry. — Speech of the King,
and Answer of the Chambers. — Measures of the
Session, fixing the Boundaries of the Electoral
Districts. — Law for additional Ecclesiastical En-
dowments. — Modifications in the Corn-laws. —
Law for the Indemnity ofthe Imperial donataries.
— Law regarding the Censorship of the Press. —
Speech of M. Pasquier on the Occasion. — In-
creasing Irritation of Parties, and Difficulties of
the Ministry. — Rupture with the Royalists, and
Fall ol the Richelieu Ministry. — The new Min-
istry. — Reflections on this Event. — Great Effects
of the Change in the Electoral Law. — Defects
of the Representative System in France. — Un-
due Ascendency of the Parti-Pretre. — Cause of
the Reaction against Liberal Institutions. — Death
of Napoleon. — Reflections on his Captivity. —
Great Exaggeration regarding the English Treat-
ment of him. — Lamartine's Account of his Exile.
— Irritation between him and Sir Hudson Lowe.
— All Parties were wrong regarding his Treat-
ment at St. Helena. — Change on Napoleon before
his Death. — His Death. — His Funeral. — Im-
mense sensation it excited in Europe. — He was
the last of the Men who Rule their Age.
CHAPTER X.
DOMESTIC HISTORY OF ENGLAND, FROM THE PASS-
ING OF THE CURRENCY ACT OF 1819 TO THE
DEATH OF LORD LONDONDERRY IN 1822.
Difference of the Objects of the Liberal Party in
France and England. — Difference in the Causes
which produced Discontent in the Two Coun-
tries. — Great Effects ofthe Change in the Mone-
tary Laws. — Mr. Smith's Views on this Subject.
— Great Effects of any Variation in the Value of
the Standard of Value. — Examples of this from
former Times. — Discovery and wonderful Effects
CONTENTS.
of a Paper Currency. — Advantages of a Paper
Circulation, duly limited. — What is the Standard
of Value? — Vast Effect of V^ariations in the
Currency. — When this Effect takes place. — Vast
Importance of an inconvertible Currency as a
Regulator of Prices. — A Currency based on the
precious Metals is always liable to Fluctuations.
— Concurring Causes which brought about the
Bill of 1819. — Danger of a Currency entirely rest-
ed on a Metallic Basis. — True System. — Peculiar
Dangers with which the Resumption of Cash Pay-
ments was attended. — Strain on the Money Mar-
ket, from the immense Loans on the Continent. —
Great Prosperity of England in End of 1818 and
Spring of 1819, from Extension of its Currency.
— Great Internal Prosperity of the Country. —
Disastrous Contraction of the Currency. — Its Ef-
fects on the Bank Issues. — And on Prices of all
Commodities. — Rapid Increase of Disaffection in
the Country. — Meeting at Peterloo. — Great Ex-
citement, and Objects of the Meeting.— Its Dis-
persion by the Military. — Noble Conduct of Lord
Sidmouth on the Occasion. — Result of Hunt's
Trial. — Reflections on the Im[)olicy of allowing
such Meetings. — And on the Conduct of the Mag-
istrates. — Seditious Meetings in other Quarters.
— Augmentation of the Chelsea Pensioners. —
Meeting of Parliament, and Measures of Govern-
ment. — Lord Sidmouth's Acts of Parliament. —
Impression Lord Sidmouth and Lord Castlereagh
made on the Radicals. — Death of the Duke of
Kent. — Death of George III. — Deep Impression
which his Death made on the Country.— Birth of
Queen Victoria.— Alarming Illness of George IV.
— Ominous Questions regarding the Omission of
Queen Caroline's Name in the Liturgy. — Re-
markalile Speech of Mr. Brougham. — Cato Street
Conspiracy.^ — -Thistlewood's previous Life. — De-
sign of the Conspirators. — Their final Plans. —
Conflict in the dark in the Cato Street Loft. —
Execution of the Conspirators. — Disturbances in
Scotland and North of England. — Insurrection in
Scotland. — Outbreak of the Insurrection, and its
Suppression. — Death and Character of Mr.
Grattan. — His Character as a Statesman and
Orator. — Increase of the Yeomanry Force. — The
Budget for 1820. — Important Subjects of Debate
in this Session. — Statistics on Education in En-
gland and Wales by Mr. Brougham.— Difficulties
of this Subject, and Necessity of an Assessment.
■— Its Difficulties, and Attempts at their Solution.
— Probable mode of solving it. — What is to be
done with the Educated Classes? — Effect of
Education in leading to the Dispersion of Man-
kind. — Disfranchisement of Grampound, and
transfer of its Members to Yorkshire. — Rise of
Free-trade Ideas among the Merchants, and Lord
Lansdowne's Declaration on the Subject. — Lord
Liverpool's memorable Speech in reply. — Ap-
pointment of a Committee to Inquire into Agri-
cultural Distress. — Opinion of Mr. Brougham on
this Subject. — Answer by Mr. Ricardo. — Addi-
tional Facts since discovered on this Subject. —
Commencement of iheTroubles about the Queen.
— Sketch of her Life prior to this Period. — Her
Conduct abroad, and Proceedings in consequence
of it. — Omission of the Qiieen's Name in the Lit-
urgy, and her Return to England. — Her Landing
in England, and enthusiastic Reception. — Views
of the Radical Leaders on the Occasion. — En-
thusiastic Reception of the Queen at Dover and
in London. — I'ailurc of the Negotiations, and
Commencement of the Inquiry. — Scene which
ensued on the Trial. — Progress of the Trial, and
its Difficulties. — Peroration of Mr. Brougham's
Defense. — Queen's Defense, and Failure of the
Bill. — General Transports of the Peojde. — Rapid
Rcactio7i of Public Opinion. — Consternation of
the Ministry, who resolve to remain at their Posts.
— Return of Popularity of Ciovernment, and
Causes of h. — Meeting of Parliament, and first
Proceedings. — Debates on Foreign Affairs. — Sir
James Mackintosh's Efforts to Improve the Crim-
inal Law. — Mr. Canning's striking Speech on
Catholic Emancipation. — Answer by Mr. Peel. — â–
Which is earned m the Commons, and lost in the
Peers. — Lord John Russell's Motion for Parlia-
mentary Reform. — Appointment of a Committee
to Inquire into Agrici^tural Distress. — Bank Cash
Payment Bill. — Mr. Baring's Speech on the Sub-
ject. — Vehement Demand for a Reduction of Tax-
ation. — Agricultural Committee Reports, and
State of tlie Consumption of Articles of Luxury.
— Increase of the desire for Reform among the
Agriculturists. — Coronation of George IV. — Cer-
emony on the Occasion. — Aspect of Wellington,
Londonderry, and George IV. — The Queen is re-
fused Admittance : her Death. — King's Visit to
Ireland. — Funeral of the Queen. — Dismissal of
Sir R. Wilson from the Army. — Changes in the
Cabinet. — Retirement of Lord Sidmouth, who is
succeeded by Mr. Peel as Home Secretary. —
Lord Wellesley appointed Viceroy of Ireland, and
Change in the Government there. — Cause of the
Wretchedness of Ireland. — What would have re-
lieved the Country, and its Neglect. — Ruinous
Effect of the Contraction of the Currency upon
Ireland. — Progress of the Agrarian Disturbances
in Ireland. — Lord W'ellesley's able Conduct and
Impartiality. — Dreadful Examples in the Disturb-
ed Districts. ^ — Dreadful Famine in the South and
West of Ireland. — Suspension of the Habeas
Corpus Act, and Insurrection Act. — Divisions on
the Catholic Claims. — Increasing Strength of the
Minority on Parliamentary Reform.— Peroration
of Mr. Canning's Speech. — Sir James Mackin-
tosh's Motion regarding the Criminal Law. —
Great fall in the Price of all sorts of Produce. —
Measures lur the Relief of the Agricultural Class-
es. — Detailed Measures of Government for the
Relief of the Agriculturists. — Motion of Mr.
Western on the Currency. — Mr. Huskisson's Ar-
guments in Support of the Existing System. —
Reply by Mr. Attwood. — Repeated Defeats of
Ministers in the House of Commons. — Great Re-
ductions of Taxation introduced by Ministers. —
The Budget. — Reduction of the 5 per cents. —
Equalization of the Dead W'eight, and Military
and Naval Pensions.— Details of the Measure. — â–
Important Small Notes Bill. — Its Provisions. — â–
Six Acts relating to Commerce and Navigation.
— Visit of the King to Edinburgh. — Particulars of
the Royal Visit. — Death of Lord Londonderry. —
His Character. — Its indomitable Firmness. — His
Policy m Domestic Affairs. — Political Changes
in progress, from the Resumption of Cash Pay-
ments. — Internal Changes arising from the same
Cause. — Lord Londonderry was the last of the
real Rulers of England. — Increased ascendant of
the Rulers of Thought. — Simultaneous Outlireak
of the Revolutionary Spirit in Different Coun-
tries. — Different Characters of the Revolts in the
different States.
CHAPTER XI.
ENGL.\ND, FRANCE, AND SPAIN, FROM THE ACCES-
SION OF VILLELE IN 1819 TO THE CONOUESS OP
VERONA IN 1822.'
Divergence of Franco and England in regard to ihn
Spanish Revolution. — Peculiar Causes which
augmented this Divergence. — Character of Mr.
Canning. — His peculiar Style of Eloquence. —
His Defects. — Viscount Chateaubriand. — His
Merits as an Orator. — His Character as a States
man. — His Defects. — M. de Villelo. — His pecu-
liar Turn of Mind, and Course of Policy. — M.
de Corbierc, M. Mathieu de Montmorency, M. dc
Peyronnet, Victor. — Law regarding the Press. —
Its Stringent Provisions. — Discussion on it. —
Rise of the Carbonari and Secret Societies in
C O N T E N T S.
France. — Rur of C'arK^nnrismiu Franco. — Ahort-
ivf fonspiracv M Hflorl— Ucrtou's I'oiispiniiv
,,. r,.:i.s r.Misinracy at l
I ,1 K\. .iiiion. — Killi'clioiis on tlicse
[ . Iii>urr.'.-tu>ns at (.'oliuar, Marsi'illos,
. il.Mi — lliulgrl ol lf<-i*.— Kavoralile Utsiilt
l.lfilious lo the Royalists. — tjlate ol Pub-
Alttinptcil Ki-storaliouolllie Koyal
V Mmlrul. — Opiiiliisolllii'Uorles.and
1 liio Miiusurs. — (Jomlucl ot tlic Cor-
t. , ..M>i Vi>i'»iiiiim'Ut Ola Now Ministry .—ElVect
pr..'l i.-.-.l in Spun l>y iho Crushing ot the Rev-
o! 11 .n in Italy. —Kxtraordinary Outbreak ol Rev-
..I li Ki.iry Kury iii the East ol Spain.— Revolu-
ti.iiv L.1W.S passed by the Cortes.— Barbarous
M ir br ol'tho Priest Vinuesa.— Institution of the
Or i r of the Hammer.— insurrection in Navarre,
a:i i Ai
>intmentof.Murillo at Madrid.— Proceed-
ings of the Cortes.— Deplorable State of the Fi-
nances, and Measures regarding them.— Fresh
Tumults in Madrid. — Resignation of General
Murillo. — The Secret Societies, or Communcros.
— Rioio's Plot at Saragossa, and his Arrest. —
Sujipression of the Tumults thence arising at
Madrid. — Yellow Fever at Barcelona. — Fresh
Agitation. — Refusal of Cadiz and Seville to re-
ceive the King's Governors, and Revolt at Corun-
na. — Opening of an E.xtraordinary Cortes. — Con-
tradictory Resolutions of the Cortes. — Irresolute
Canduct of the King, and Royalist Insurrection
in the North. — Proposed Laws against the Press
and Patriotic Societies. — Riots in Madrid on the
pi-ssing of a Bill against the Press. — Composition
of the new Cortes. — New Ministry. — Opening of