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A HISTORY OF ENGLAND

IN SIX VOLUMES
General Editor: C. W. C. OMAN, M.A.

VOLUME IV

ENGLAND UNDER THE TUDORS



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A HISTORY OF ENGLAND

IN SIX VOLUMES
EDITED BY C W. C. OMAN

I. From the Beginning to 1066. By Professor
Oman.

II. England under the Normans. By H. W. C.
Davis, Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College,
formerly Fellow of All Souls, Author of ** Charle-
nuigne .

III. From 1272-1485. By Owen Edwards, Fellow
and Tutor of Lincoln College, Oxford, Author
of " A History of Wales," etc

rv. England under the Tudors. By Arthur D.
Innes, Author of ** Britain and her Rivals,"
** A Short History of the British in India," etc.

V. England under the Stuarts. By G. M. Tre-
VELYAN, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge,
Author of " The Age of Wycliffe ".

VI. From 1714-1815. By C. Grant Robertson,
Fellow of All Souls, formerly Lecturer in History
to Exeter Colle|[e, Examiner in the School of
Modem History m the University of Oxford.



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ENGLAND
UNDER THE TUDORS



BY

ARTHUR D. INNES

tOMBTIMI SCHOLAR OF ORIBL COLLBOB, OXFORD



METHUEN & CO.

36 ESSEX STREET W.C.

LONDON



I 1



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Fifd PublUhtd in igqs



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GRANVILLE SHARP

OLIM
PRBCEPTORI

!>• D* D.

DI8CIPULU8

HAUD IICMBMOR

A, D. 1.



UNIV. OF MICH.
CJ.ASS LIBRARY

EKGLiSa HISTOIT.



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INTRODUCTORY NOTE

BY THE GENERAL EDITOR

IN England, as in France and Grcnnany, the main
characteristic of the last twenty years, from the
point of view of the student of history, has been that
new material has been accmnulating much hster than
it can be assimilated or absorbed. The standard his-
tories of the last generation need to be revised, or even
to be put aside as obsolete, in the light of the new
information that is coming in so rapidly and in such
vast bulk. But the students and researchers of to-day
have shown little enthusiasm as yet for the task of re-
writing history on a large scale. We see issuing from
the press hundreds of monographs, biographies, editions
of old texts, selections from correspondence, or collections
of statistics, mediaeval and modem. But the writers
who (like the late Bishop Stubbs or Professor Samuel
Gardiner) undertake to tell over again the history of
a long period, with the aid of all the newly discovered
material, are few indeed. It is comparatively easy to
write a monograph on the life of an individual or a
short episode of history. But the modem student,
knowing well the mass of material that he has to collate,
and dreading lest he may make a slip through over-



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viii INTRODUCTORY NOTE

^ looking some obscure or newly discovered source, dislikes
stirring beyond the boundary of the subject, or the short
period, on which he has made himself a specialist

Meanwhile the general reading public continues to
ask for standard histories, and discovers, only too often,
that it can find nothing between school manuals at one
end of the scale and minute monographs at the other.
The series of which this volume forms a part is^intended
to do sonaethmg^ towaa"(J& meeting. thi& demand His-
torians will not sit down, as once they were wont, to
write twenty-volume works in the style of Hume or
Lingard, embracing a dozen centuries of annals. It is
not to be desired that they should — ^the writer who is
most satisfEictory in dealing with Anglo-Saxon antiquities
is not likely to be the one who will best discuss the
antecedents of the Reformation, or the constitutional
history of the Stuart period. But something can be
done by judicious co-operation : it is not necessary that
a genuine student should refiise to touch any subject
that embraces an epoch longer than a score of years,
nor need history be written as if it were an encyclopaedia,
and cut up into small fragments dealt with by different
hands.

It is hoped that the present series may strike the
happy mean, by dividing up English history into periods
that are.jieither too Iob^ to be dealt with by a single »
competent specialist, nor so short as to tempt the writer •
to indulge in that over-abundance of unimportant detail \
which-irepels Hie general reader. They are intended to J
give something more than a mere outline of oiur national I
annals, but they have no space for controversy or the j:
discussion of sources. There is, however, a bibliography \
annexed to each volume, which will show the inquirer ^



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INTRODUCTORY NOTE ix

where information of the more special kind is to be
sou^t Moreover, a number of maps are to be fomid
at the end of each volume which, as it is hoped, will
make it unnecessary for the reader to be continually
referring to large historical atlases — ^tomes which (as
we must confess with regret) are not to be found in
every private library.

C. OMAN
Oxford, 1^ September, 1904



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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

PAOt

THE TUDOR PERIOD, 1485-1603 i

An era of Rerolutions— The Intdlectaal Movement— The Reformation and
Counter-Reformation— The New World— The Constitution— Nobility,
Clergy, and Gentry — ^International Relations.

CHAPTER I

HENRY VII fi), 1485.149a— THE NEW DYNASTY .... 9

X485. Henry's Title to the Crown — Measures to strengthen the Title —
i486. Marriage — ^The King and his Advisers — Henry's enemies 1487.
Lambert Simnel— The State of Europe— France and Brittany— 1488.
Henry intervenes cautiously — England and Spain — 1489. Preparations
for war with France — Spanish treaty of Medina del Campo— The
Allies inert — 149a Object of Henry's Foreign Policy— 1491. Apparent
Delieat— 1492. Henry's bellicose Attitude— Treaty of Etaples.

^ CHAPTER II

HENRY VII (u), 1493-1499— PERKIN WARBECK . . . . ai

Ireland ; 1485—1487-1492. The Earl of Kildare— 1491. Perldn Warbeck's
Appearance — Riddle of his imposture^i492-5. Perkin and Margaret
of Burgundy — Diplomatic Intrigues — Ireland : Poynings, 1494-6—1495.
Survey of the Situation — Perkin attempts Invasion — Success of Henry's
Diplomacy — 1496. Perkin and the King of Soots — A Scottish Incursion
— 1497. The Cornish rising — Its suppression — Perldn's final effort
and £ulure— The Scottish Truce— The End of Perkin Warbeck : 1497-9
— 1498. The situation.

CHAPTER III

NRY VII (Ui), 1498.1509-THE DYNASTY ASSURED ... 33
Scotland and England — Henry's Scottish Policy— France and Scotland —
Relations in 1498 — Marriage Negotiations; 1498.1503 — Marriage of
James IV. and Margaret, 1503 — Spain and England; Marriage



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xii CONTENTS



Negotiations, 1488-1499— France, 1499— Spain ; Marriage Negotiations,
1499-X50X — 150Z ; the Spanish Marriage— 1502. New Marriage Schemes
—1504. The Papal Dispensation— The Earl of Suffolk; Z499-X505—
1505. Henrjr's Position — Schemes for Re-marriage — 1506: The Arch-
duke Philip in England— Philip's Death — 1507-8. Matrimonial Projects
— ^The League of Cambrai — Wolsey— 1509. Death of Henry.

CHAPTER IV

HENRY VII (iv), 1485.1509— ASPECTS OF THE REIGN ... 45
1485 ; Henry's Position — Studied Legality — Policy of Lenity — Repression of
the Nobles— The Star-Chamber — Henry's Use of Parliament — Financial
Exactions — Sources of Revenue — Henry's Ecomonics — ^Trade Theories
—Commercial Policy— The Netherlands Trade— The Hansa— The
Navigation Acts — ^Voyages of Discovery — ^The Rural Revolution — The
Church — Henry and Rome — ^Learning and Letters — ^Appreciation.

CHAPTER V

HENRY VIII (i), 1509-1527— EGO ET REX MEUS .... 59

Europe in 1509 — England's Position — ^The New King — Inauguration of the
reign — Henry and the Powers — 15x2. Dorset's Expedition — Rise of
Wolsey— 15x3. The French War— Scotland (X499- 15x3)— The Flodden
Campaign— The Battle— Its Effect— Recovery of English Prestige—
15 14. Fweign Intrigues — ^The French Alliance and Marriage-^X5I5.
Francis I. — Marignano— 1516-7. European changes — X5i8-9. Wolsey's
Success — 15 19. Charles V. — The Imperial Election — 1520. Wolsey's
Triumph— Rival Policies— Field of the Cloth of Gold— Wolsey's Aims
— Charles V. and Francis I. — Scotland: 1513-1520— 1520-x. Affairs
Abroad — X521. Buckingham — Wolsey's Diplomacy — 1522. A Papal
Election — War with France — Scotland — 1523. Progress of the War
—Election of Clement VII. — X524. Wolsey's difficulties— Intrigues
in Scotland — X525. Pavia — ^The Amicable Loan — ^A Diplomatic struggle
— 1526-7. Wolsey's success— A new Factor.

CHAPTER VI

HENRY VUI fii), X509-1532— BIRTH OF THE REFORMATION . . 86
Thi Reformation in England — Its true Character — Religious Decadence—
The Scholar-Reformers — Ecclesiastical Demoralisation — Monastic Cor-
ruption — ^The Proofs — Corruption of Doctrine — Evidence from Colet and
More — Later Evidence — Dean Colet — His Sermon: 15 12 — Erasmus —
The Utopia : X5 16— Exaggerated attacks — Clerical Privileges— Tentative
Reforms — ^The Educational Movement— Wolsey and the Reformation — i
Thi Lutheran Revolt : 1517— Luther's Defiance— The Diet of Worms ; I
152X — ^The German Peasants' Revolt; X524 — Its Effect in England — )
X525. The Empire and the Papacy — The Sack of Rome, X527 — Diet of H



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CONTENTS xiii

PAOt

AagBborg, 1530— The Swiss Reformers ; 1520-1530— English Heretics
\ abroad— Contrasted Aims.

i

CHAPTER VII

■ HBNRY VIII (iii), 1527-1529— THE FALL OF WOLSEY . . .105
I "The King's Aflfair "—Story of the Marriage— Anne Boleyn— 1527. The
I King prepares— Theoretical Excuses— The Need of an Heir— The Plea

of Invalidity — Conjunction of Incentives — The Orleans Betrothal — Con-
clusions—The first Plan— The second Plan— Knight's Mission— Its
failure — The Pope and the Cardinal — 1528. Gardiner's Mission —
Wolsey's Critical Position— Campeggio and Wolsey — Henry's Attitude
— 1529. The Trial— The storm gathers— The storm breaks— Wolsey's
foil — 1530. Wolsey's Death — His Achievement — Appreciation of
Wolsey.

CHAPTER VIII

HENRY VIII (iv), 1529.1533— THE BREACH WITH ROME . 119

1529. No Revolt yet — Growth of Anti-clericalism — ^Thomas Cranmer —

Appeal to the Universities— The New Parliament — Thomas Cromwell
^ — Pope, Clergy, and King — Double Campaign opens — 1530. Answer of

Universities — Preoccupation of the Clergy — Menace of Praemunire —

X531. "Only Supreme Head" — Proceedings in Parliament — 1532.

Parliament — Supplication against the Ordinaries — Resistance of Clergy
I — "Submission of the Clergy "—Mortmain, Benefit of Clergy, and

Annate&— The Powers and the Divorce— The turn of the Year — 1533,

The Crisis — Restraint of Appeals — Cranmer Archbishop— The decisive

Breach.

CHAPTER IX

^ HENRY VIII (v), 1533.1540— MALLEUS MONACHORUM . .132

1533. Ecclesiastical Parties — Pope or King? — 1534. Confirmatory Acts —

The Pope's Last Word— The Nun of Kent— The Act of Succession—
I The Oath refused— The "Bishop of Rome "—Parliament— Treasons

Act — 1529-1534 : The New Policy — ^Thomas Cromwell — 1535. More and

Fisher— Cromwell Vicar-General — ^The German Lutherans — Overtures
I — ^Visitation of the Monasteries — 1536. Suppression of Lesser Houses—

\ The Evidence— The Black Book — The consequent Commission — The

. Policy — ^Anne Boleyn threatened — Her Condemnation and Death — The

I ] Succession — ^Punishment of Heresy — ^The Progressive Movement — ^The

[ Ten Articles — ^The Lincolnshire Rising — ^The Pilgrimage of Grace —

f Aske beguiled — 1537. Suppression of the Rising— Turned to account

— Scotland, 1533-6 — 1536-7. Naval measures — 1537. An Heir — 1538,
[ Diplomatic moves — ^The Exeter Conspiracy — 1539. Cromwell strikes —

^ Menace of Invasion — ^The King and Lutheranism — The Six Articles —

Final Suppression of Monasteries— Ro3ral Proclamations Act — ^Anne of

Cleves— 1540. The Marriage— Fall of Cromwell.



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xiv CONTENTS

CHAPTER X

PAOK

HENRY VIII (vi), 1540-1547— HENRY'S LAST YEARS . . .155

1540. Katharine Howard — The King hia own Minister — ^England and the
Powers — Scotland and England ; 1541 — Cardinal Beton — 154a — Solway
Moss— 1543. Henry's Scottish Policy—Alliance with Charles V. —
French War — 1544. Domestic Affgurs — ^Intrigues in Scotland — Sack of
Edinburgh — French War — Peace of Cripy — 1545. Ancram Moor — A
French Annada~z546. Peace concluded — 1530-1549. £i<r0/#— Lutherans
and the Papacy — Conference of Ratitbon — Council of Trent : first stages
— ^Death of Luther — Charles and the League of Schmalkald — ^The
Jesuit Order — Calvin — England: the Ecclesiastical Revolution — Pro-
gressives and Reactionaries— 1543. The King's Book — 1546. Surrey —
1547. Death of Henry.

CHAPTER XI

HENRY VIII (vii), 1509-1547— ASPECTS OF HENRTS REIGN . . 171
Inland: 1509-1520 — Surrey in Ireland, 1520— Irish Policy, 1520-1534 —
Fitzgerald's Revolt — 1535- 1540: Lord Leonard Grey — 1540: St Leger
— **King of Ireland"— En^^oiui: Wolse/s work— The Army- The
Navy— The New World— Absolutism— The Parliamentary Sanction —
Depression of the Nobles — Parliament and the Purse— -Finance — The
Land— Learning and Letters — ^The XJtopia — Surrey and Wyatt—
Afpreciation of Henry VIII, : Morals and Character — ^Abilities and
Achievement— Dominant Personality— Conclusions.

CHAPTER Xn

EDWARD VI (i), 1547-1549— THE PROTECTOR SOMERSET . . 187
1547. The New Government — Relations with France and Scotland — ^with
Charles V.— Somerset's Scottish Policy— Pinkie— The Advanced Re-
formers — Benevolent Legislation — Ecclesiastical Legislation — 1548.
Progress of the Reformation — Somerset's Ideas — The French in
Scotland — ^The Augsburg Interim — Parliament — 1549. A New Liturgy
— The Treason of the Lord Admiral: 1547-9— 1549. Troubles in the
Provinces — ^The Western Rising — Ket's Insurrection — The Protector's
Attitude — ^The Council attacks him — His Fall — Ireland: St Leger and
Bellingham.

CHAPTER XIII

EDWARD VI (u), 1549-1553— THE DUDLEY ASCENDANCY . . 203
1549. Foreign Relations — State of England — 1550. Terms with France — '
Protestsmt seal of Warwick — ^Treasons Act — Protestsmt Fanaticism —
1551. The Council and Charles V. — ^His Difficulties — Groups among
the Reformers — Somerset — His final overthrow — 1552. Execution of
Somerset— Pacification of Passau— English Neutrality— The Refor-



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CONTENTS XV



matiOD : its Limits hitherto— Revision of the Litnrgjr— Nonconiofinity^
Padtament— 1555. A New PaiUament— Northmnberlaiid's Progr amm t
— ^Plot to change the Suooession— Adhesion of King and Council—
Death of Edward VI.— WiUoughby and Chancellor.

r

CHAPTER XIV

MARY (i), 1553.1555— THE SPANISH MARRIAGE .... 3x7

The Marian Tragedies — 1553. Proclamation of Qneen Jane— The People
support Mary — Collapse ot the Plot — Mar]r's Leniency— Cause of the
Pt^ular Loyalty — Problems: Marriage and the Reformation-rrPossible
Chumants — ^Moderate Reaction — Proposed Spanish Match — Parliament :
RepesU of Edward's Legislation — 1554. Wyatt's Rebellion and the
Lady Elizabeth— Subsequent Severities— The Marriage Treaty— Pole,
Renard, and Gardiner — Public Tension — Parliament: Reconciliation
with Rome— Reaction consummated, 1555.

CHAPTER XV

MARY (u), 1555-1558— THE PERSECUTION 329

Mary's early Policy — The Persecution — ^Who was Responsit>le ? — Com-
parison with other Persecutions — Some Characteristic Features—
1555. The First Martyrs— Trial of Cranmer— Ridley and Latimer— Fate
of Cranmer — His Record and Character — Policy of Philip— Paul IV. —
Mary disappointed of an Heir — ^A New Parliament — Gardiner's Death
and Character — Mary's Difficulties — 1556. The Dudley Conspiracy — /^ ^
Foreign Complications — 1557. War with France — 1558. Loss of Calais ^

— ^National Depression — Mar/s Death and Character. Ju, -'/



CHAPTER XVI






ELIZABETH (i*). x«8.i56i^A PASSAGE PERILOUS . . . .243
1558. Accession — Mkry Stewart's Claim — Strength of Elizabeth's Position
—Sir William Cecil— Finance— Philip II. and Elizabeth's Marriage—
The Religious Question — ^A Protestant Policy — 1559. Parliament : Act
ofSupremacy— The Prayer-Book— France and Peace— State of Scotland ) ^ 'J

— Arran and Elizabeth— The Archduke Charles— Wynter in the Forth— I C C

156a Difficulties of France— Vacillations of Elizabeth— Siege of Leith J~^ ^- -

—Treaty of Edinburgh— Elizabeth's Methods— The Dudley Imbroglio 3 ~^

—The Huguenots— The Pope— 1561. Return of Mary to Scotland.

CHAPTER XVII

ELIZABETH 09, 1561-1568— QUEENS AND SUITORS • . .259

X561. The Situation— Council of Trent—France ; Sute of Parties— 1561-8.
France : Catholics and Huguenots— The Netherlands : Philip's Policy—



].,



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xvi CONTENTS

PAOB

Prelude to War— 1561. The Queens* snitort— 156a. Mary in Scotland—
X563-3. Elisabeth and the Huguenots— The English Succession — 1564.
Damley and Others — 1565. The Damley Marriage — ^Mary and Murray
—1566. The Murder of Rixsio— 1567. Kirk o* Field— The Bothwdl
Marriage — ^Mary at Loch Leven — Murray Regent — 1568. Langside,
and the Flight to En^^d— 1562-8. Protestantism of Elisabeth's
Government— Religious Parties — 1566*7. Parliament and the Queen's
Marriage— The Queen and the Archduke.

CHAPTER XVIII

ELIZABETH (iii), 15681572— THE CATHOLIC CHALLENGE . , 276
1568. Mary in England — ^A Commission of Enquiry — Proceedings at York
— ^Attitude of Philip— The Commission at Westminster — Comment
on the Enquiry — Seisure of Spanish Treasure — 1569. The Incident
passed over — ^The Northern Rebellion — 1570. Murder of Murray— The
Bull of Deposition— The Anjou Match— 1570-1. The Ridolfi Plot—
157Z. Parliament— Collapse of the Anjou Match— The Ridolfi Plot
Develops— 1572. Parliament and Mary Stewart — Lepanto— The Nether-
lands Revolt — ^The Alen^on Match — St Bartholomew.



CHAPTER XIX

ELIZABETH (iv), 1572-1578— VARIUM ET MUTABILE ... 289

Elizabeth's Diplomacy — The Queen's Subjects — Development of Pro-
testantism — 1572. Katharine de Medici — The Aim of Elizabeth —
England and the Massacre — Spain seeks Amity— 1573. A Spanish
Alliimce — Scotland: End of the Marian Party — ^The Netherlands,
France, and Spain— The Netherlands, England, and Spain — 1574.
Amicable Relations of England and Spain — 1575. A Deadlock — 1576.
Attitude of the Nation — ^The Queen evades War — ^Alen9on and the
Huguenot»— The Netherlands and Don John — ^Elizabeth's Attitude—
1577. The Political Kaleidoscope— The Archduke Matthias — 1578.
Mendoza — Orange and Alen9on — Death of Don John — ^Notb: The
Portuguese Succession.

CHAPTER XX

ELIZABETH (v), 1558-1578— IRISH AND ENGLISH .... 304
X549.58 — 1558. Shan O'Neill— The Antrim Scots— 1560-1. Shan and the
Government — 1562. Shan in England — 1563-5. Shan's supremacy in
Ulster recognised — 1566. Sir Henry Sidney Deputy — Overthrow of
O'Neill— Catholicism in Irish Politics— 1568. The Colonising of Munster
— 1569. Insurrection in Munster — Ireland and Philip— Experimental
Presidencies— 1573-4. Essex in Ulster — 1576-8. Sidney's second De-
putyship.

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CONTENTS xrii

CHAPTER XXI

PAOB

ELIZABETH (vi), 1578-1583— THE PAPAL ATTACK .... 315
1579. The Union of Utrecht — 1578. The Matrimonial Juggle — Alen9on*8

wooing — 1579. Popular Hostility to the Match — ^Loyalty to Elizabeth ^^
— ^Yea and Nay— The Papal Plan of Campaign — 158a Philip annexes
Portugal — Irtland : 1579 ; the Desmond Rising — 1580 : Fire and Sword
— Development of the Rebellion -«Smerwick: and after — Scotland:
1579-1581 — England: 1580 — The Jesuit Mission — Walsingham at
Work — 1581. An Anti-papal Parliament — ^Alen9on redivivus — His visit
to England — 1582. Alen9on in the Netherland8^z583. Exit Alen9on
—Scotland.

CHAPTER XXII

B' T^ALLIH (vii). 1583-1587— THE END OF QUEEN MARY . . 328
1583. Throgmorton's Conspiracy — Catlxriics abroad sanguine— Division in
their Counsels — ^The Plot discovered — 1584. Assassination of Orange
— The **Associati<m" — 1585. Its Ratification — France : The Holy
League — Elizabeth's agreement with the States — Drake's Cartagena
Raid— Elisabeth's Intrigues— 1586. Leicester in the Netherlands— The
Trapping of Mary— Babington's Plot— Trial of the Queen of Scots-
Elisabeth and Mary — 1587. Execution of Mary.



CHAPTER XXIII

ELIZABETH (viii), 1558.1587— THE SEAMEN 340

The New World— The English Marine before Elizabeth— The Royal Navy
— Privateering — "Piracy" — Reprisal — ^The Explorers — Spain in America