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Theatrum Majorum.
The Cambridge of 1776:
Wherein is fet forth an Account of the Town, and of the
Events it Witneffed :
WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED
THE DIARY OF DOROTHY DUDLEY,
Ncm firjl piiblijii d ;
Together with an Hijioricall Sketch ; Severall Appropriate
Poems; Numerous Anecdotes, patriotick, weighty,
indifferent, and diverting ; Many Refer-
ences to the Renowned University ;
and Defc7'iptions of the People
of the Olden Time.
All of which is adapted to the furtherance of Good Maimers,
Virtue, Piety, Intelligence, Love of Coiintry, and
ADMIRATION OF CAMBRIDGE.
Done by Divers Eminent Hands, and
Edited for the
Ladies Centennial Committee by A. G.
Hie tnanits, oh patriam pitgnando viilnera pajji
Qitigue pii vates, el Phcebo digna loaiti :
Inventas ant qui vitam excoliiere per artes,
Qiiiqite fui meinores alios feccre nierendo. — Virg.
QncB fugiunt, celeri carpite poma inanii. — OviD.
^If0nirif tot'tl) €\\Xi anti a ^ap.
CAMBRIDGE .
Pointed on the Site of Fort Nninber One : Over againjl the
Toivn of Brighton, on the River's Side. To be fold in Bos-
ton by Lockwood, Brooks, and Company, on Wafliington and
Bromfield Streets.
M D CCC LXX VI.
371133
â– 3
.3.
L
The Ladies find that the Latin title of this Vohime contains an Litiniation
that the Book is a Sdij^c' on which our Ancestors (those who have " gone over to tlie
Majority") are tiie Actors.
The Quotation from Virgil proves to have been taken from a Description of E/y-
sium, and is therefore eminently appropriate in its i)lace. One learned in tongues
translates it thus : " Here is a Company of Heroes who were wounded fighting for
their Countrv ; of pious Bards who sung in strains worthy of Apollo; of those who
have improved human Life by the Arts they have invented ; and those who have
bv their services made other men cherish their memory."
The Line from Ovid convevs the following admonition : "Pluck with quick Hand
the Fruit that is passing away."
Orgiwization of the Ladies' Centennial Couimittee, of Ca^nbridge, Mass.
Mrs. Thom.\s P. James, Chairman.
Mrs. J. Gardner White, Treasjirer.
Miss Alice M. Longfellow, Secretary.
Mrs. Anson Burlingame. Mrs. George Livermore.
Mrs. Henry Dexter. Mrs. Henry W. Paine.
Miss Mary Feltox. Miss Mary L. Parmenter
Mrs. John M. Fiske. Mrs. Samuel B. Rindge.
Mus. C. L. Harding. Mrs. George P. Sanger.
Mrs. Henry O. Houghton. Mrs. Emory Washburn.
Editor for tlie Committee, ARTHUR GILMAN, ^L A.
Copyright, 1875,
By Mary Williams Greely.
Advertisement to the Reader,
For the better Illustration and Understanding of this Book.
GENTLE READER: — This little Book is the Fruit of a Labour
of Love, for which the Writers receive no Reward but that filial
Satisfaction which must fill the virtuous Heart after having made an
earnest Effort to do Honour to the Metnory of the Fathers, and to
depict the Nobility they displayed in the Struggle for Liberty.
The plan of commemorating our venerated Ancestors in this way
(and of drawing a few Dollars into the Treasury of the Ladies' Cen-
tennial Committee of Cambridge), first suggested itself to Mrs. George
Livermorc. It was promptly adopted by the Committee, and the Work
was delegated to the present Editor. He was gratified to find a gen-
eral Interest in the Project, and the Papers comprising this Volume
were obtained within a few Weeks.
The wish of the Editor, and his Co-laborers, has been to present a
Picture of The Cambridge cf i^T^; putting the Reader in Possession
of such Facts as would enable him to realize the Feelings of our
Fathers ; to see the Streets they trod, the Churches in which they
worshipped, the Houses in which they dwelt ; and, in some Measure,
to appreciate the Trials they wiflinchingly endured.
It is thought that this little Book will be found verv pleasant for all
the People of Cambridge to read, and most necessary to remember.
What, indeed, would we not give for such a Volume written by our
Fathers of 1776, about their Fathers of 1676? What will tempt our
Children of 1976 to part with the Copies which (after committing their
Contents to Memory) we shall bestow in our Atticks to await the Morn
of their hundredth Year ?
But the Editor believes that this Memoir of the Olden Tinie will
possess an Interest for many Thousands beyond the Limits of Cam-
iv Advertiseinciit to the Reader.
bridge, whose Ancestors fought in the Revolution, as well as for all
who rejoice in the Liberty then made sure. Can Words or Figures
express the Value of a true Record of a Town famed as the first Camp-
groiind of the Revolution ; renowned for its ancient University ; and
known the world over for its Poets, Historians, Novelists, Men of
Science, and of State-craft, — its Winthrops, Vassalls, Brattles, Bel-
chers ; its Kirkland, Sparks, Everett, Felton, Agassiz ; its Longfellow,^
Lowell, Holmes, Howells ; its Peabody, Abbot, Child; — men who
will ever wear Laurels that cannot fade ?
It can be said of our beloved Home that its every natural Trait has
been celebrated in Prose or Verse, Not to enter into Detail, it may
be mentioned that ATr. Lonf^fellow has immortalized its Village Smithy,
and its Head- quarters of Washington ; Dr. Holmes and Mr. Lowell
have celebrated its Graveyard, its Marshes, its River, its Sidewalks
and Trees, even the very Dust of its Streets,^ and Mr. Howells sends
its Horse-cars down the Track of the Ages to the perpetual Delec-
tation of our Children's Children.
When Sa?tiHeI Fnrehas, Master of Arts, set forth his Book entitled,
"A Theatre of Politicall Flying Insects, accompanied by Three Cent-
uries of Observations Theologicall and Morall, drawn from the Nature,
the Worth, the Work and the Wonder of the Bee,^'' he used Words Avhich
the present Editor adopts as his own. '"'Embroiderers,''' said Purchas,
'"'' of Threds of divers Colors make a costly and delij^hfful Hanging: So
Writers out of a Thousand Parcels, an 7iniforni and agreeing Body ;
whom I have labored to imitate. Where I have failed pardon my Weak-
ness, and accept my good will.''''
The Ladies and their Servant, the Editor, desire to express their
cordial Thanks
To President Eliot; Messrs. F. O. Vaille and H. A. Clarke, Editors
of the " Harvard Book ; " Mr. S. A. Drake ; Messrs. J. R. Osgood
& Co., and Messrs. H. O. Hougliton & Co., for the free l^se of the
Cuts with which the Volume is adorned ;
To Mr. Sibley, for Courtesies received at the College Library ;
' " Lonp days be his, niul each as lusty-sweet.
As gracious natures find his song to be ;
May Age steal on with softly<adenced feet,
Faring in music, as for time were meet.
Whose choicest verse is harsher-toned than he'.'' — I.oiueil.
* See r^gc no.
Advertise7ne)it to the Reader. v
To the Librarian of the Essex Institute, at Salem, for similar kind
Attentions ;
To Mrs. M, C. Sparks, Miss C. L. Donnison, Miss Mary Howe,
and Others for the Use of valuable Letters ;
To the present Occupants of the ancient Houses, for Permission to
visit and describe them ;
7o Mr. Longfellow, Mr. Lowell, and Dr. Holmes, for their kind
Permission to use the Extracts from their Poems, which are to be
found in the Volume ;
To Dr. Peabody, Mr, Howells, Mr. John Holmes, Mr. Scudder, Mr.
Haskins, Mr. Lathrop, Mrs. Folsom, and Mrs. James, for their Con-
tributions ;
To Miss Mary Williams Greely, for the untiring Diligence, and sym-
pathetic Zeal with which she has laboured in consulting historical Au-
thorities and in verifying all the Details of the entertaining Diary
of Dorothy Dudley, and in preparing it for the Press ;
To Mr. Charles Deane, for his valuable Aid in the Verification of
important Facts and Dates, and in the Examination of a large Portion
of the Manuscript of this Book ;
To Mr. Justin A. Jacobs, the long-time City clerk, for valuable Aid ;
To the Reverend Lucius R. Paige, for Information and Sugges-
tions ; '
To Miss Mary Isabella James, for collating Authorities, and prepar-
ing the Map which illustrates the Volume ; and
To Messrs. Lockwood, Brooks, & Co., Booksellers in Boston, for
kindly offering to sell this Book without the usual Commissions.
It only remains to add that this Memoir is
Dedicated
To THE People of Cambridge
Of 1976.
Cambridge, Thanksgiving Day, 1875.
' The Editor understands that Mr. Paige has for Years had in Preparation a History of Cambridge,
the Appearance of which is looked for with much Interest.
The Table
Of the Contents of this Book.
PAGE
I. Sonnet. — Dorothy Dudley. By IVilliam D. How ells .... i
II. Sketch of the History of Cambridge from its Settlement in 1631
to 1776. By David Greene Haskins, Jr. 3
III. Tlie Influence of Cambridge in the Formation of the A'atioti.
By Andrew P. Peabody, D. D 12
IV. Extracts from the Diary of Dorothy Dudley, from April i8th,
1775. i^^ 7"(y 19^^^ 1776.
TAe Battle of Lexington, /. 18 — The Army gathers on Cambridge
Common, p. 20 — Citizens leave Boston, p. 21 — Ticonderoga, p. 22 —
Gage offers Pardon to all but Adams and Hancock, p. 23 — Battle of
Bunker Hill 24
Washington appointed Commanderdn-chief, p. 25 — His Appearance
in Cambridge, p. 26 — Fast Day, p- 21 — Aaron Bun Letter to Miss
Livingstone, p. 28 — Cambridge described, p. 29 — Dr. Appleton and his
poultry, p. 31 — fohn Hancock and Dorolliy Quincy, p. 32 — The
Vassall Houses, p. 34 — The Expedition to Qucl'ec, p. 36 — Dr. Franl;-
lin in Cambridge, p. 37 — The Traitor Church 38
Kaisiiig a neiv Army, p. 40 — British Ships captured, p. 41 — Mrs.
"John Adams in Cambridge — Society at Major Mifflin's, p. 42 — Gen.
Lee and his Dog — Crime in Catnp — Letter f-om Washington, p. 43 —
Mrs. Washington arrives in Cambridge — Distress of the Army ... 44
Sketch of Han'ard College, pp. 44-48 — The first Graduate, /• 44 —
Eaton, and his Misdeeds, p. 45 — President Dunster, p. 45 — A'ules of
the College — Library increased, ^6 — The College visited in 1680,/.
47 — Other Presidents — Harvard Hall biu-ned 48
Christ Church opened for Sei-vice,p. 49 — The Congregation of former
Days described, 50 — Union Flag raised on Prospect Hill, p. ^\ — The
Colonists more than ever united, p. 52 — Faneidl Hall desecrated —
Friendly Indians in Cambridge, p. 63 — Paine' s "■Co7nmon Sense"
issued 54
The unsuccessful Expedition to Quebec, p. 55 — A reception by Mrs.
Washington — Original letter of Washington, p. 56 — Gaines of Chance
Table of Contents.
prohibited by Washington, p. 57 — The Soldiers' Rations — Desire of
Washington to attack Boston, p. 58 — Dorchester Heights occupied —
Fast Ddy appointed, p. 59 — Boston evacuated />y Gen. Howe — Boston
open to All, p. 60 — Washington congratulated by Congress, /. 61 — Ne
attends the " Thursday Lecture " — Leaves Cambridge 62
]\Iiss Dudley visits Boston, p. 63 — The Hancock House, p. 64 —
King's Chapel— North Church, p. 6$ — Copp's Hill — Gov. tintchin-
soit's Mansion, p. 66 — People of A^ote in Cambridge in 1776, /. 67 —
Affairs in Boston, again, p. 70 — Dr. Byles 71
A drive through Cambridge, p. 72 — The Meeting- House, Court-
House, p. 73 — President's House, Wigglestoorth House, Butlo's Hill,
Inman House, p. 74 — Phipps House, B radish Tavern, Bi-attle House,
p. 75 — 7he five College Buildings, Hastings House, The Whitefield
Elm, p. 76 — Church or Tory Noia, Belcher House, Vassall House,
p. 77 — Sewall House, Lee House, p. 78 — Ruggles or Fayeriueather
House, Oliver House 70
■Cambridge anticipates the Declaration of Independence, p. 80 — B7-it-
ish Fleet leaves Boston, p. 81 — Students return from Concord, p. 82 —
July- T,d, 1776,/. 83 — Letters of Edmund Quincy, p. 84 — Independ-
ence declared 87
V. The Guests at Head-Quarters. By H. E. Scitdder ... 89
VI. Tlie Batchelder House, and its Oiuners. By Mrs. Isabella Jaiiies 93
VII. Eiiglisli Letter describing the Battle of Le.vingtoti. Contributed
by Mrs. M. C. Sparks 103
VIII. Letters of Edmund Quincy. Contributed by Miss Donnison . . 106
IX. Verses on the Scenery of Cambridge. By Mr. Lozuell and Dr.
Holmes 110
X. The Old Court House. By John Holmes in
XI. Lament of the Weathercock of \']'](y. By Mrs. Charles Foho)n . 115
XII. Praise of the Past. By George Parsons Lathrop 117
XIII. Partial IJst of Authorities consulted in Preparing this Book . .119
XIV. Index . 121
ilfe'^r«3bf
List of Illustrations.
— ♦ —
I. Th: H. 11 vard Square of I'Jid Frontispiece.
II. Map of i/ie Cambridge of 1776 2
III. The Congregational Chnrch 11
IV. The IVasJiington Elm â– 13
V. The Old Presidents House 16
VI. Portrait of General yoseph Warren 19
VII. The Old Parsonage, built in 1670 30
VIII. Portrait of Samuel Adams 33
IX. Cannon used before Boston 41
X. Hessian Flag , 52
XI. Second Harvard Hall, built in 1766 54
XII. Hollis Hall, completed in 1763 61
XIII. The IVigglesivorth Hoiise ']'}i
XIV. Holden Chapel 76
XV. The Sewall-Riedesel Mansion 78
XVI. Stoughton Hall. {Taken down in 1780) 81
XVII. The Prattle Arms 90
XVIII. The Belcher Arms 95
tOcirotbn HDublcn
dfatr maiflrn, tofjom a Ijunlfrrtf summer^ Seep
jTorcfacr srbcntrni, aulr toljn^c Uarfe larfe^
'^vz tDljitrncU oulu fi-0m tijc potDOrr^ioy,
^ftrr tljosE maun totuter^: oit tijr strrp
e^f Ijifllj-'ljcclrli sI)0C£f, anlf tottlj tTjc s'irfeni stocrp
C9f quaint firDraUc, antr an arc!) smtlc tl^at morfe^
^t Ctmc'^ irr^jpt'tc, tijy lobcln demilance hjallt^,
CljtiS wear, flur C0iittncnt from Ifrrp to Ircrp
^t mtrnftrrlcsiS Ccntrnntal Cra-|3arttjr^,
amt't]^ cljtrfefn - ^alair, roffrr, rljDcoIate,
jTor rrtro^pccttfatr ^autt), toljo^c io^om^ stDcIl
auSijcit tIjEj) ficljanr rtjcp anir tijn plca^ins UtiQfyU
Wiit\) laiic of romttrw, aittr raclj patriot ^crsi
Ci)y cl)arm in all tljat tl30tt Oost rTjronicIc.
mi. B. I^oSdcIIs.
THE CAMBRIDGE OF 1-776.
SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF CAMBRIDGE FROM ITS
SETTLEMENT IN 1631 TO 1776.
BY DAVID GREENE HASKINS, JR.
IN the year 1630, under the auspices of the Massachusetts Bay Company,
a large fleet of English ships spread its sails for the shores of New
England ; and about one thousand colonists, with John Winthrop, the Gov-
ernor, and Thomas Dudley, the Deputy-Governor of tlie Company, and
other gentlemen of respectability and of influence in its councils, settled
at Dorchester, Charlestown, Boston, Watertown, Roxbury, Medford, and
Lynn.i 'Pl^ig hitherto struggling Colony was thus placed on a secure founda-
tion. After providing shelter for the vvinter, one of the earliest objects of
care was to select a site for a fortified capital city, where the settlers might
be safe from the attacks of their Indian neighbors and of possible foreign
invaders. After many consultations, a spot was at last chosen near the
Charles river, about a mile below Watertown, and on the 28th of Decem-
ber the Governor, Deputy- Governor, and all but two of the assistants, bound
themselves to build houses there in the spring and to remove thither their
"ordnance and munition." Under such favorable auspices, early in 1631
the " Newe Towne " was begun. Houses were erected and a canal was
made to connect the town with the river. But this prosperity was soon par-
tially Highted. Amicable relations having been established with the neigh-
boring Indians, the need of a fortified town was no longer strongly felt ;
most of the assistants failed to perform their agreement ; and before winter
the Governor, without consulting his associates, removed the frame of his
unfinished house from Newtown to Boston, whose commercial facilities were
greater, and whose people were anxious to retain him amongst them. Dud-
ley resented this conduct, and it was probably one of the reasons which,
^ Dudley's Letter to the Countess of Lincoln.
4 Sketch of the History of Cambridge.
the next year, induced him to tender a resignation of his office ; but he was
finally reconciled to the Governor through the efforts ot several of the min-
isters.
Boston became the capital, but Newtown was not abandoned, though
Dudley and Bradstreet alone of the magistrates adhered to their agreement
to settle there. The town was surrounded, in 1632, at the common expense,
with a palisade and fosse about a mile and a half in length, ^ running along
the north side of the present Cambridge Common, and enclosing over a
thousand acres. Traces of the fosse were visible at the beginning of this
century.'^
In August, a small band of colonists from the vicinity of Braintree, Essex
County, England, by order of the Court, removed to Newtown from Mount
Wollaston, where they had begun to settle. A church was built with a bell,
which afterwards gave place for a time to a drum as a means of summoning
the people ; but the town had no settled minister until the arrival of the
Rev. Thomas Hooker. This eminent divine, at the earnest solicitation of
the Braintree people, his friends and former hearers, had left his church in
Holland, whither he had fled from persecution for non-conformity in Eng-
land. Passing through the latter country at considerable personal risk,
he succeeded in eluding pursuit, and sailed for America, where he arrived
September 4, 1633, on the ship Griffin, together with his friend, the Rev.
Samuel Stone, and the wealthy John Haynes. Mr. Hooker had been a
preacher of great note at Chelmsford, near Braintree, in Essex, and fully
sustained his reputation in this country, being styled by Cotton Matlier,
"the light of the Western churches." October 11, 1633, he and Mr. Stone
•were solemnly ordained pastor and teacher of the Newtown church, the
eighth which was gathered in the Colony. It may be feared that his popu-
larity might have been less, had he lived in a later age, for we read that on a
Sunday afternoon, before Governor Winthrop and a very large congregation,
he preached over two hours " to very good jnirpose." ^ Though numbering
scarcely fifty families at this time,^ it was not long before the Newtown peo-
ple wearied of their narrow limits and com])lained that they had not suffi-
cient meadow land for tlieir cattle. After sending exploring parties to Aga-
wam, Merrimack, and the Connecticut river, they asked leave, at the General
Court sitting at Newtown, September, 1634, to remove to the last named
region. The debate lasted several days. The petitioners pleaded, beside
other arguments, " the strong bent of their spirits to remove." The oppo-
nents of the measure advanced considerations of expediency and religion
against this " removing of a candlestick." The vote was taken. The mag-
istrates and deputies, the two bodies composing the General Court, dis-
agreed. The latter strenuously contested the right of the former to a
1 Wood's New England's Prospect, p. 43-
2 Holmes's History of Caiitbridge, p. g, note.
^ Winthrop's History o/ New England, vol. i. p. 304.
* Holmes's History of Cambridge, p. 10, note.
The Reverend Thomas Shepard arrives. 5
negative voice. The Court adjourned, and a special day of humiliation, in
consequence of the difficulty, was kept throughout the Colony. The matter
was temporarily settled by the consent of Mr. Hooker's people to remain
and to receive grants of land on the south side of the Charles river.
They soon, however, became restless again, and, although at the General
Court held at Newtown, May 6, 1635, John Haynes, one of their chief men,
was elected governor, they resolved, apparently with the tacit consent of
the Court, to follow " the strong bent of their spirits," and remove to the
Connecticut, whither their neighbors of Dorchester and Watertown were
also on the point of emigrating. They accordingly sold their estates to the
Rev. Thomas Siiepard and his compan}-, who arrived at Boston in the ship
Defence, October 3, 1635. This " holy, heavenly, sweet-affecting, and soul-
ravishing minister,'- ^ who had not yet completed his thirtieth year, had been
a non-conformist clergyman in Essex County and elsewhere, and, after
numerous perils by land and water, had succeeded in escaping from Eng-
land, it is said in disguise and under an assumed name. He was accom-
panied by his stanch friend, the young and wealthy Roger Harlakenden,
George Cook, afterwards captain of the Cambridge company, and seme
sixty others. This company settled at Newtown, and, February i. 1636, or-
ganized a church with much solemnity. The following June, Mr. Hooker
and his assistant, Mr. Stone, with their congregation of one hundred peo-
ple, set out on foot through the wilderness for the Connecticut, a distance
of one hundred miles, driving their cattle with them ; and, after nearly a
fortnight's journeying, reached their destination and founded a second
Newtown, the modern Hartford.
A writer, who left America previous to Mr. Hooker's arrival in the country,
describes the original Newtown as " one of the neatest and best compacted
townes in New England, having many faire structures with many handsome
contrived streets. The inhabitants most of them are very rich and well
stored with cattell of all sorts. On the other side of the river lieth all their
medow and marsh-ground for hay." ^ A later writer, in i686,3 affirms tliat
"for handsomness and beauty" it "out-does Boston it self." The town
was wealthy, paying, in the spring of 1636, the largest tax in the Colony.-*
From 1634 to 1636, while Dudley and Haynes occupied the governor's chair,
the General Courts were held here, and in 1636 additional courts for the trial
of cases were established here as well as at several other places. The town
was laid out in squares. Its old market-place is the present 'Wintlnop
Square, where stood the house of Governor Haynes.^ Dudley had built, on
the west side of Water, now Dunster Street, a house which had incurred the
* Johnson's Womicr-H'oiking Providence in Ne'W England, p. 213.
' Wood's New Eiigland^s Prospect (1634), p. 43.
â– * John Dunton's Letters from Neiu England, p. 156.
* Records Massachusetts Bay Colony, vol. i. p. 166.
^ Hdime^s H istory oj' Cambridge, p. 10, note.
6 Sketch of the History of Cambridge.
censure of Winthrop as too elegant in its finish for a struggling colony.^
Near it stood tlie church, while Bradstreet's house was in what was then
Cow Yard Row. An official statement shows that, in 1635, after Shepard's
arrival, there were eighty-five houses within the town limits. -
These limits were at first very narrow, and the town, in the quaint lan-
guage of an ancient writer, resembled " a list cut off from the broad-cloath " ^
of Charlestown and Watertown. Very early, however, — it is scarcely pos-
sible now to determine just when or how, — it acquired a large territory on
the south side of the Charles river. The grant made by the General Court
on condition that Mr. Hooker's company should remain, consisted chiefly
of the land about Muddy river, the present Brookline, which, on breach of
the condition, reverted to Boston. At the General Court, in March, 1636, it
was agreed that the bounds of the town should extend eight miles into the
country from the meeting-house (on Dunster Street), thus including half of
the present town of Lexington.* In 1641, 1642, and 1644, the town received
very large additional grants, consisting mainly of the territory then called
Shavvshin. At this period of its greatest size it seems to have extended
in a curious irregular line from what was afterwards West Roxbury on the
south to the Merrimack river on the north, and to have included the greater
part, if not the whole, of Brighton, Newton, Cambridge, Arlington, Lexing-
ton, Bedford, Billerica, and probably Tewksbury. and portions of Belmont
and Winchester. It should be remembered that the territory near Mount
Auburn at this time belonged to Watertown, and that East Cambridge and
Cambridgeport, now the most flourishing parts of the city, were then almost
uninhabited farms and marshes. The line between Cambridge and Water-
town was marked for some distance by a stone wall four feet high, with two
gates at the highways, built in accordance with a vote of the proprietors
of the town, May 29, 1671.^
May 29, 1655, with the consent of Cambridge, the great Shawshin grant
became the township of Billerica. August 27, 1679, Cambridge Village,
as it was called, was organized as a separate town which later received the