by the Committee on the Legal Regulation of Women's Labour.
CHAPTER IV.
WOMEN IN UNIONS.
Report on Combination Laws. Parliamentary Papers, 1825,
vol. iv. Appendices 6, 10, 16.
Board of Trade. Seventeenth Report on Trade Unions, 1912.
Board of Trade. Sixteenth Labour Abstract, 1915.
Articles of the Manchester Small Ware Weavers, printed at Man-
chester, 1756. (Manchester Library.)
WEBB, SIDNEY AND BEATRICE. History of Trade Unionism, pp.
104-5, 121-3, etc.
CHAPMAN, S. J. History of the Lancashire Cotton Industry,
pp. 213-5, etc.
Report on Standard Piece Rates of Wages in the U.K. Parlia-
mentary Papers, 1900, vol. Ixxxii.
Reports of the Women's Trade Union League, 1874 to present time.
(34 Mecklenburgh Square.)
Women in the Printing Trades. Edited by J. Ramsay MacDonald.
1904.
Report by Miss Busbey on Women's Unions in Great Britain.
Bulletin of the Labour Department, U.S.A. No. 83.
Labour Commission. Evidence of Mrs. Hicks and Miss James.
Parliamentary Papers, 1892, vol. xxxv.
Reports of the National Federation of Women Workers. (34
Mecklenburgh Square.)
Also reports of trade union and other societies and information
given privately.
America. History of Women in Trade Unions. Vol x. of Report
on Women and Child Wage-Earners in the U.S.
Admission to American Trade Unions. By F. Wolfe, Ph.D. Johns
Hopkins University Studies, 1912.
Women in Trade Unions in San Francisco. L. R. Matthews
University of California Publications in Economics, vol. iii
1913-
Making Both Ends Meet. Clark and Wyatt. New York: Macmillan,
1911. Chaps, ii. and v.
The WorldTof Labour. G. D. H. Cole. Bell, 1913. Chap. v.
Report on "strike of Textile Workers in Lawrence, Mass., in 1912.
Washington : Government Printing Office, 1912.
3 04 AUTHORITIES
CHAPTER IVA.
WOMEN IN UNIONS (continued).
Germany. BRAUN, LILY. Die Frauenfrage, 1901.
GNAUCK-KUHNE, ELISABETH. Die Arbeiterinnenfrage. M. Glad-
bach, 1905.
SANDERS, W. STEPHEN. Industrial Organisation in Germany.
Special supplement to the New Statesman, October 18, 1913.
The Organisation of Women Workers in Germany. Special Report
to the International Women's Trade Union League of America.
Submitted by the Women Workers' Secretariat of the General
Commission of Trade Unions of Germany. Berlin, 1913.
ERDMANN, A. Church and Trade Unions in Germany. Published
by the General Commission of Trade Unions in Germany.
Berlin, 1913.
CHAPTER VII.
EFFECTS OF THE WAR ON WOMEN'S EMPLOYMENT.
Reports of the Board of Trade on the State of Employment in the
United Kingdom in October and December 1914, and February
1915-
Interim Report of the Central Committee on Employment of Women.
The Labour Gazette.
Labour in War-Time. By G. D. H. Cole. Bell, 1915.
Report on Outlets for Labour after the War by a Committee ap-
pointed by Section F of the British Association. Manchester
Meeting. 1915.
Articles in the New Statesman, Common Cause, Englishwoman,
Economic Journal, etc.
INDEX
Abbott, Edith, 151
Abram, Annie, 13
Accidents, 59, 125, 129
Accounts of Hen. VII., 27
of seventeenth century, 15
Shuttleworth, n
Accrington, 96
Adam and Eve, 6
Adaptation of industry in war-time,
248
Administration of the Factory Act,
53, 181-2, 243> 255, 282-93
Adolescence, care of, 206
Aftalion, 72
Agricultural population, report on,
5i
Aikin, 43, 50
Aldhelm, 7
Alfred, King, 5
Amalgamated Society of Clothiers,
116
Amalgamation, the, 112
America, 60
Women's Unions in, section,
141
Ammunition workers' strike, 130-31
Anaemia, 188
Ancren Riwle, 8
Andrews, 7
Anglo-Saxon industry, 5, 7
Anthropology, 2
Anti-Combination Act, repeal of,
92
Anti-Socialist Law, 155
Anti-Sweating League, 125, 133
Apathy of the governing class,
52
Apathy of women, 104-7, 113, 115,
209
Apprentices, factory, 273
Apprenticeship, section, 15
Architects, the first, 2
Arkwright, 33, 35, 36, 47
Artizans and Machinery, Select
Committee on, 53
Ashley, afterwards Shaftesbury,
Lord, 185
Asses, machines worked by, 43
Assistance in craft industries by
women and girls, 16
Association, section, 205
Athenaeum, 52 n.
Attacks on the factory system, 49-51
Attraction of the family, 83
Aubrey, 7
Backwardness of the Factory Act,
184
Bad conditions in factories, 135, 181,
273, 286
Bagley, Sarah, 142
Baines, E., 38, 44
Bamford, 24
Barber knotter, the, 294
Barry, Leonora, 145
Beam, the, 98
Beamers, 126
Beaming, 107
Bebel, 156
Berchta, 2
Berlin, 158, 159
Bermondsey, 135
Besant, Mrs., 128
Betterment, 202
305
X
306
INDEX
Bill to raise wages, 1593, 20
Bilston, 136
Birmingham, 43, 62, 136
trades, 29
Bishopsgate, workhouse in, 21
Black, Clementina, 122, 128
Blackburn, 33, 96, in, 112, 113
society, 99
Black Death, 4
Bondfield, Margaret, 259 n.
Bon wick, 23
Bookbinders, Society of, 120
Boot and shoe trade, 63-4
Unions, 116, 150
Boston, 151
Bosworth, Louise, 234
Bourgeois women's movement, 162,
163
Bowley, A. L., 228
Bradford, 116
Bradford Dale, 25
Brass work, 66
polishing, 191
Braun, Frau Lily, 69, 161-4, *75
Brighton, 122
Bristol, 14, 29, 63, 64, 65, 224
Weavers' Gild of, 22
Britain, Great, what she stands for,
265
British Association, 64
Biicher, 9
Bureau of Labour, enquiry by,
149
Burnley weavers, 102
Burslem, 29
Butler, Elizabeth, 61
Butler, Josephine, 199
Button-making, 29
Cadbury, E., 195 n.
Capitalist employer, the, 185-6
Card-room operatives, 59, section,
113, 126, 168
Carpenters' Company, 17
Carrying loads, 65, 66
Cartwright, 35, 42
Catholic Unions, 161, 164
Causes of lack of organisation, 115,
139, i5i
Census, Chap. III.
Central Commission of German
Trade Unions, 156
Central Committee on Women's
Employment, 247
Central Strike Fund, 103
Centralisation needed, 173
Chain-makers, 131
Board, first determination of, 132
Changes effected by industrial re-
volution, section, 178
Chapman, Sydney J., 92
Charles II., 26
Chaucer, 10
Chemicals, 63
Child labour in factories, 272
report on, 57
Childbirth, employment after, 290
Children and machines, 43, 272
exploitation of, 264
Children's clothes, 65
Employment Commission, 62, 63
Chorley weavers, 96, 103
Christian Trade Unions, 160
Churchill, Winston, 20
Cigar trade, 117, 118
Citizenship for women, 190, 196
Civil conditions, statistics of, 79
Clarke, Allen, 45
Class differences and class solidarity,
174
interest, 166
selfishness, 186
Cleft, the, 207
Clothing trades, 64
Unions, 116
wages in, 218
Clothworkers, 14
Clubs for working women, 166
Coal-mining, women in, 29
Cole, G. D. H., 174, 208
Collectors, 105
Collet, Clara, 80, 170
Combination among rich clothiers,
17, 18
of Workers, Committee on, 94
Committees of Weavers' Union,
108, 176
Competing Unions, 172, 173
Competition between men and
women, 66
for employment, 169
Complexity of weavers' lists, 99
Compositors, 116, 117
Compositors' Union, 117
INDEX
307
Comradeship among women, 190
Confectioners' Union, 130
Confectionery works, 67
Constructive measures, section, 260
Consumers, women as, 208, 263
Consumers' co-operation, 208
Co-operation with bourgeois move-
ment to be avoided, 163
Co-operative Guild, Women's, 208
Copper works, 29
Cop-winding, 107
Core-making, 64, 146
Corporate action, 175
women untrained for, 165
Cotton, bad, 101, 114
Cotton Factory Times, 145 n.
Cotton trade, 31 et seq., section,
240, 268-82
Cotton weavers, section, 96, 168,
173
male, 60
Cotton- weaving, 58
Courtney, Janet, 263 n.
Coventry, 64
ribbon trade, 41
Cracker factory, strike in, 148
Cradley, 133-4, 136
Cradley Heath chain-makers, 131
Craft Unions, 149, 158, 207-8
Cunningham, W., D.D., 38
Curse of the Factory System, 47
Cycle industry, 64
Darwen and Ramsbottom, 96
Death-rates, 77
of male infants, 257
Deaths of women in mine ex-
plosions, 29
Decay of hand-spinning, section,
39
Decline of domestic manufacture,
35
Decrease of employment in war-
time, statistics of, 241, 266
Deductions, 292
Deficiencies, educational, 169
Defoe, Daniel, 24
Delays in labour legislation, causes
of, 186
Deloney, 6
Dependents on women -workers,
145-6, 233-4
Derby, 27, 95
Derbyshire, 29, 97
Deroit Free Press, 145
Development of capitalistic in-
dustry, section, 17
Development of women's employ-
ment, 6 1
Devon, 51
Devotion and self-sacrifice of women,
165
Difficulties in organising women,
115, 139, 151, 154, 164, 169
Digby Mysteries, 6
Dismissal without notice, 125
Disproportion of women, 77
Distaff, the, Chap. I., section
Textiles, 5
Divergent views on factory system,
45
Division among the weavers, 97
Dock and General Workers' Union,
126
Dock Strike, 128
Doherty, 55
Domestic workers, statistics of, 84,
86
little organisation among, 168
Dorset, 51
Dover, New Hampshire, strikes
at, 141
Drawers, 126
Dressmakers, little organisation
among, 168
Dressmaking, 64, 65, 87, 118
factory, d.-m., 72, 220
Drudgery a survival, 203-4
Dundee, 115
Dunlop, Jocelyn, 15, 1 6
Dust-extractor, 59
Dust in rope-works, 129
Early civilisation, 1-3
Early factories, conditions in, 50,
52, 181
Early manufactures, characteristics
of, 47
Earning power of women, 71-2
Earnings and Hours Enquiry, 214
Earnings in 1770, 33
of women, Chap. VI.
insufficient for health, 229
East End workers, 128
308
INDEX
East Lancashire Amalgamated
Society, 96
East London, 130
East Meon, Church of, 6
Economic Independence, 80
Economic Section of British Asso-
ciation, 64, 253 n.
Economic self-dependence, 81
Eden, Sir F., 39
Edmonton, ammunition workers at,
130-31
Education by Trade Unions, 159
Educational deficiencies, 169
Edward VI., 21
Effects, moral, of Trade Unions
among women, 153
Effects of the War on the employ-
ment of women, Chap. VII.
Egotistic refinement, 198
Eight -hour Leagues, 143
Elements of Statistics, 228
Elizabeth, 19
Employers oppose Unionism, 151
Engineering, 64
Enlightenment of women, 194
Ephemeral character of Women's
Unions, 150
Equal chance, an, 145
Equal pay for equal work, 144, 152,
172, 255
Equal rates of pay for women, 93
Equality of opportunity, 196
Erdmann, Dr., 167
Essex, 25 n.
Exclusion of women, section, 189
from local governing bodies, 198
Exeter, Justices of, 20
Expansion of trade, 18
Experience in sorting wool, 21
Fachverein der Mantelnaherinnen,
155
Factory, the, section, 43
Factory Act, the first, 185
of 1833, 45, 181
of 1844, 1847, 1850, 1864, 1867,
1878, 1901, 182
prejudice against the, 120
what it has done, section, 181
Factory system, beginning of, 21,
22
disliked, 42
Fall of prices hi weaving, 26, 37, 39
Fall River, strike at, 143-4
Family, attraction of the, 83
women working in the, 178
Fatigue, 202
Federation of Trade Unions, 208
American, 145, 146, 152
Felkin, 25
Female Industrial Association, 142
Female Membership of Trade
Unions, 177
Feminist movement, 175
Ferrier, Dr., 52
Fielden, John, 45, 47
File cutlery, 64
Fines, unfair, 100-102, 127-8
Finishing goods, 67
Fire-escapes, 287
Five hours' spell, 183
Flax, 10, n, 242
industry, strike in the, 138
Fly-shuttle, invention of, 33
Folklore ceremonies, i
Food trades, 63
Frame-work knitting, section, 25
Free Unions, German, 156, 160
Freedom of employment, un-
restricted, 193
Frigga's Distaff or Rock, 5
Fruit-picking, 65
Fuegians, 2
Future organisation of women,
section, 206
Garment workers, 150
Gaskell, Mrs., 74
Gaskell, P., 38 n., 45, 47, 48, 56, 231
Gas -Workers' and General La-
bourers' Union, 140, 174 n.
General Federation of Trade Unions,
140
Gentlemen's Magazine, 39
German Statistical Year- Book, 157
Germany, Women's Unions in,
section, 154,
Girls untrained, 16
Girl-workers, 73
Glasgow, 94, 122, 224
spinners, 93
Glossop, 27
Gloucester, 30
Gloucestershire, 18
INDEX
309
Gnauck-Kiihne, Elizabeth, 157, 164-
166, 207 w.
Goldmark, Josephine, 202
Governing class, 52, 179, 181
Graham, 54
Grand General Union, 93
Grand National Union, 95
Grant, P., 45
Greenwood, Arthur, 189
Greig, Mrs. Billington, 209
Grey or Franciscan Friars, 6
Guest, 32
Guild, Women's Co-operative, 176-
177
Habit of association, lack of, 106
Half-pay apprentices, 41
Halifax, 39
Hamilton, A., 20
Hammond, J. L. and B, 180 .
Hand-loom Weavers, Committee on,
42
Hand-loom weaver's wife, section,
40
Hand-wheels thrown aside, 34
Hargreaves, J., 33, 42
Haslam, J., 191, 192, 193
Hat and cap workers, 150
Healds, 98
Hebden Bridge, 231
Henley, Walter of, 10
Henry VII., accounts of, 27
Henry VIII., 19
Hicks, Mrs. Amie, 128, 129, 130
Hicks, Margaretta, 209
Hirsch-Duncker Unions, 161
Holda or Holla, 2
Hollow- ware workers, strike of, 136-
138
Home, work in the, 44
Home Workers' Union, 160
Horrocks, 36
Hostility of employers to Unions,
139, 151, 169
Hotel servants and waitresses, 168
Houldsworth, 93
Hours of work, 183-4, 277, 289
Housewife preparing wool, n, 14-15
position of the, 165
Housing in towns, 50
Huddersfield, 115
Hull, 14, 15
Husbandry, servants in, section, 3
Hutchins, B. L., 197 n., 207 n.
Hyde, 93
Ideals of Victorian era, 198-9
Ignorance of domestic work, 51
Importation of silk, 26
Improvements in working condi-
tions, 190, 202
Increase of women in metal trades,
63
Increase of women - workers in
Germany, 155
Industrial change, effects of, 42
revolution, Chap. II.
Industrial Workers of the World,
148
" Industry in bonds," 49
Inequality of wages, 123
Influence of Unions on conditions,
153
Injury from prolonged standing,
186, 187
Insanitary conditions in confec-
tioners' workrooms, 130
Inspection of factories impossible
for women, 197
Inspectors, factory, 181
women appointed as, 182
Instability of status, 152
Insurance Act, 103, 108, 116, 126,
131, 176, 188, 205
Interdenominational Unions, 161
Interests, interlocking of, 173
" Inter konfessionelle " Unions, 164
International Association for Labour
Legislation, 125
International Typographical Union,
143
International Workers' Congress,
123
Inventions, 43
Ipswich, 65
Christ's Hospital at, 21
Ireland, 224
Irons on apprentices, 274
Ironworks, a fifteenth-century, 29
Isolation of women, 164-5
Jacquard's loom, 42
Jam-making, 135
James, Clara, 128, 130
INDEX
James, John, 25 n.
James, William, 207
Jones, Lloyd, 106
Kaffirs, 2
Kamtchatdals, 2
Kay, 33
Kendal, 39
Kettering, 224
King, Mr., 120
Knights of Labour, 144, 145
Knitting-machine, 25
Korrespondenzblatt, 158
Labour, an important factor in
production, 136
Labour Commission, 61, 63, 129,
170, 197, 198
Labour League, Women's, 177,
208
Labour legislation, weakness of and
delays in, 186
Labour movement, 127
Labourers, Statute of, 4
Lacquering, 63
Lancashire, 61, 74, 96, 97, 102
cotton spinners of, 93
Lapsley, 29
Lassalle, 158
Laundresses, Union of, 122
Laundry Workers' International
Union, 147
Law, Alice, 36
Lawrence, Mass., 149
Lead mines, women in, 29
poisoning, 288
Lee, inventor of knitting-machine,
25
Leeds, 23, 39, 116, 224
Leicester, 92, 224
Leland's Itinerary, 21
Lenience of Magistrate, 293
Levant Company, 32
Lighting of work-places, 184, 284
Linen and jute, 115, 242
List prices, 99, 100, 114
Liverpool, 173
Locked in factory, 129-30
Lombe, John, 27
London, 126, 242
milliners, 168
Trades Council, 128
London weavers, 13, 14
Women's Trades Council, 123
Loom, the, 5
Low wages of women, consolation
for, 57
Lowell, Female Labour Reform
Association at, 142
strikes at, 141
Union, 142
Lye, 136, 137
Lytton, Lady Constance, 200
Macarthur, Mary, xv, 131
Macclesfield, 28
MacDonald, J. R., 195 n.
Machine work, 66
Machinery and skill, 68-9
and women's employment, 69-70
Mackworth, Sir H., 29
Maladjustment and Readjustment,
section, 245
Male Weavers' Union, 143-4
Malingering, xv, 188
Malmesbury Abbey, 21-2
Manchester, 31, 32, 47, 50, 55, 93,
126, 173, 176, 224
societies, 126-7
spinners, 92
Women's Trade Union Council,
139
Women's War Interests Com-
mittee, 256, 296
Mantoux, 23, 41
Manufactures and Commerce 1 , Select
Committee on, 54
Markham, Gervase, 14
Marriage, section, 78
and organisation, 151
decreasing prospect of, 196, 256
prospect of, its effects on young
men and women, 151, 169-70
Married women's work, 89-91
Marx, Karl, 49
Mary, Queen, 21
Match factories, 47
workers, 183
makers' Union, 128
Match-girls' strike, 127-8
Material progress, 51, 265
Maternity benefit, 103, 259 n.
and child welfare, 258
care of, 206
INDEX
Matheson, M. C., 195 n.
Matthews, Miss, 153
Mechanical power, 200-201
progress, 43
Mellor, 33
Men and women, division of work
between, 53
numbers of, in cotton spinning,
55
organised together, 166, 168
Metal trades, increase of women's
employment in, 63
Metal-cutting, 66
Middle-class women's movement,
section, 195
Mines, an Account of, 29
Minimum, principle of the, 237-8
requirements, 227
Monopoly of trade in clothing, 18
Moral atmosphere of factories, 50
effects of Unionism, 153
Mortality, 76, 77
Movement of women's wages,
section, 229
Mule-spinning, 191-2
Mundella, A. J., 250 n.
Munitions work, 251-2
National Federation of Women
Workers, 131, 133, section,
140, 296
Nature of Woman, 2
Neath, 29
Needlewomen, 154
Nelson and District Weavers' As-
sociation, 101 n.
New demand for women's labour,
section, 250
New England cotton mills, 142
New spirit among women, section,
199
New Unionism, 127, 149, 174
New York, 141, 142
Nightingale, Florence, 199, 200
Non-textile trades, 28-30
industrial revolution in, section, 61
Nordverein der Berliner Arbeite-
rinnen, 155
Northampton, 224
N.E. Lancashire Amalgamated
Society, 96
Norwich, 23, 224
Oakeshott, G., 118 n.
Oastler, Thomas, 185
Occupational statistics, 81-8
Oldham, 95
and district, 96
Opposition of landowners to
Liberals, 46
to factory legislation, 121-3
to women's employment, 42, 43,
93, 94
Oppression by employers, 19
Ordinances of Worcester, 18
Organisation, early efforts at, sec-
tion, 92
in different trades, 171
of German Unions, 157-60
of women, need for, 107, 255
of women, together with men,
172
of young persons, difficulty of,
H3
Outlook, the, section, 167
Overcrowding in towns, 52
Overstrain, no
in cotton industry, 59, 281, 287
Overtime, 184, 289
Owen, Robert, 44, 47, 53, 95,
106
Padiham, 96, 113
Paper and stationery, 63
Paper-sorting or overlooking, 67,
168
Paris, 123
Paterson, Emma, 119-22
Pay-stewards, 176
Pearson, Karl, i, 206
Peel, the elder, 53
Peel's Committee (1816), 41
Pen trade, 63
Percival, Dr. Thomas, 52, 185
Personality in Union officials, 174
Petition against importation of
silk, 26, 27
of weavers, 17
Philanthropy, 163, 166
Phosphorus, white, prohibition of,
183
Phossy jaw, 183
Picks, 98
Pictet, 5
Piece rates, 97-102
312
INDEX
Piecers to replace spinners, 54
women as, 192
Piers Plowman, 8
Pin manufacture, 30
Pittsburgh, U.S.A., 61
Plague, the, 4
Plated ware trade, 30
Policy, a coherent, 173
Polish women weavers, strike of, 149
Polynesians, 2
Poor Law, its effect on wages, 21
of Elizabeth, 32
Possibilities of modern industry, 204
of State control, section, 204
Potential changes of the industrial
revolution, section, 200
Potteries, 29
Potters, 146
Power sewing-machine, 63
Power-loom, 35
introduction of the, 55
Premature employment, effects of,
62
Preparing material, 65
Present position of the woman
worker, section, 183
Press-work, 66
Preston, 96
Primitive industries, 2, 3
Printing, 66, 116
Professional women, scope for,
263 n.
Professions for women, 80
Prohibition to combine, 80
of women's employment, 14
Proportion of women in Unions, 147
Prosperity of spinners, 38
Protective and Provident League,
119-24
Psychological difficulties in organis-
ing women, 164
Public spirit, lack of, 170
Queen, the, 247
Radcliffe Society, 96
Radcliffe, William, 33
Rag-cutting, 65
Ramsay, Isle of Man, 93
Reaction in war-time, 264
Reciprocal movement between
spinners and weavers, 40
Reed, 97
Reeling, 107
Reforms started by industrial em-
ployers, 53
Registrar-General, 75, 76
Relative wages of men and women,
231-6
Replacement of men by women, 55-
56, 252, 255
Results the War may have, section,
256
Richards, factory inspector, 49
Rights and privileges of women, 105
Ring-room doffers, 113
Ring-spinners, 114
Ring- winders, in
Ring-winding, 107
Roberts, Lewis, 32
Rock, Maria, 5
Rogers, Thorold, 4, 5
Rope-makers, 129
Sadler, M. T., 185
St. Crispin, Daughters of, 142, 144
San Francisco, 147, 153
Sanitary conditions in non-textile
trades, 62
Sanitation in town and country, 50,
5i
Schreiner, Olive, 69
Schultze-Gavernitz, 44, 157
Screw manufactories, 62
Seamstresses, 146
Segregation of women from affairs,
109
Sewing women, 143
Shaftesbury, Lord, 185, 186
Shakespeare quoted, 19, 25 n.
Shann, G., 195 n.
Sheffield, 64
plated ware trade, 30
Shifting of industrial processes, 44
Shirt-making, 223
Shock of War, section, 239
Shop Assistants' Union, 140, 176
Shortage of women's labour, 245
Shorter hours, effects of, 202
movement for, 109-10
Shuttleworth Accounts, n
Shyness of women, 109
Sick benefit, 119, 131, 188
Sick visitors, 108, 176
INDEX
313
Sickness Benefit Claims, Com-
mittee on, xv
Silk, section, 26
Simcox, Edith, 123
Sisterhood, the, 92, 271 n.
Slater, G., 180 n.
Small-ware weavers, 92
Snowden, Keighley, 136 .
Soap, 63
" Social and Economic History,"
36
Social Democratic Party, 156
Social England, 29
Social influences, 163, 166, 170
Social strata in the factory, 67
Socialism and women, 163-4
Solidarity between men and women,
196
Sorting clothes in laundries, 65
Southey, 50
" Spear-half," 5
Speeding up, 58-9, no, 281
Spell of work, 183
" Spindle-half," 5
Spinning, a family occupation, 24
by young women, 9
for the unemployed, 21
jennies, 34, 42
machine invented by Hargreaves,
33
parties, 9
Squire, Miss Rose, 184
Stages in the woman's career, 207
Standard of life in Lancashire, 60,
105, 107, 187
of immigrants, 142
Standing, effects of persistent, 186,
275
Statistics of domestic workers, 84,
86
of German women in Unions, 167
of textile workers, 87
of unemployment in war-time,
241, 266
of wages, Chap. VI.
of women in Unions, 177
of women's life and employment,
Chap. III.
Statutory rights of workers, 186, 204
Stay-making, 65
Steam laundry workers, 147
Steam power, introduction of, 35
Stockport, 36, 108, 113
strike at, 96
Strain of modern industry, section,
186
of work, 184, 281
Strike-breakers, 93
Strikes, see various industries
in 1911, 135
Struggle of the crafts, 19
Stumpe, 21
Suffolk clothiers, petition of, 18
Surats, 101, 280
Surplus of women, section, 75
Survival of previous standards and
conditions, section, 179
Swabia, 2
Syndicalism, 197
Tailoresses, increase of, 87
Union of, 122
Tailoring, 64, 221
Tailors, Amalgamated Society of,
X22
Tapestry, 8
Tayler, Dr. L., 2
Taylor, Cooke, the elder, 48, 49,
52 n.
Temple, Sir William, n
Textile work, as adjunct to farming,
24, 33
societies, 126
workers, 150
workers, statistics of, 87
workers, wages of, 216
Textiles, section, 5
Theodore, St., 8
Thiiringen, 2
Times, the, 127, 128
Timidity of social legislation, 185
Timmins, S., 63
Tobacco, 63
workers in, 127
Toynbee Hall, 127
Tracey, Anna, 188
Trade Boards Act, 1909, 20, 116,
126, 131, 132, 138, 183, 224,
226, 245
Trade Union Congress, 119, 120,
122, 123
Traill's Social England, 29
Transformation of some womanly
trades, 61-2
314
INDEX
Treasure of Traffike, 32
Truck Act, 184-5, 290
in Germany, 155
Twisters, 126
Typographical Societies, 116
Umbrella Sewers' Union, 142
Underclothing, 65
Underground, women working, 194
Unemployment and short time,
228
Unemployment among women in
war-time, 240-43
Unions, women in, Chaps. IV. and
IV.A
U.S.A., Labour Commission of, 234
Unorganised trades, 102, 126
Unorganised workers, movement
among, section, 127, 256
Unsuitable work, 194, 236
Unwin, Professor, 14, 18, 19, 22
Upholsterers, 146
Ure, 44, 47
Variety of conditions, 46, 47
Ventilation, 276
Verein zur Vertretung der In-
teressen der Arbeiterinnen, 155
Victimisation, 96, 97, 105, 139, 169
Wage census, 1906, Chap. VI.
Wage contract, 73
Wages in seventeenth century, 20
in miscellaneous trades, 225-6
of women, Chap. VI.