ESSAYS,
POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,
A N 1*
PHILOSOPHICAL.
VOL. a.
poLir
'MICAL,
PHILOSOPHICAL.
BY BENJAMIN COUNT OF RUMFORD,
KNIGHT OF THE ORDERS OF THE WHITE EAGLE, AND 3T. STANISLAUS^
Chamberlain, Privy Counfellor of State y and Lieutenaut-Generalin the Service
f bis Mojl Serene Hlgbnefs SELECT OK PA LATINE, Reigning D u K R
*/"BAVARI A ; Colonel of Us Regiment of Artillery ^and Commander in
Chief of the General Staff of bis Army ; F. R. S. Acad. R.
Hibcr. Bcrol. Elec. Boicce. Palat. et Amer. Soc.
jTrom t|je CfiirD JLonGon,
VOL. n.
BOSTON;
Printed by MANNING & LORING,
For DAVID WEST. Sold at his Book-ftore, No. 56,
Cornhlll ; by EBENEZERS. THOMAS, Charleflon, S* Carolina i
and by SOLOMON COTTON & Co. Baltimore.
AUGUST, 1799,
NOTICE,
BY miftake, the two firft Eflays of Volume
Second are numbered I. and II. The read
er will pleafe to confider them (as they are,
agreeable to the Author's plan) Numbers
VI, and VII,
952983
CONTENTS
OF THE
FIRST ESSAY,
CHAP, t
JLHE Subjeft of this EJ/ay curious and inter eftmg
in a very high degree. All the Comforts., Conve-
niencies, and Luxuries cf Life, are procured by
the Affiflance of FIRE and of HEAT.- The Wafte
of Fuel very great.-* -Importance of the Economy of
Fuel to Individuals, and to the Public.- Means
ufedfor efiimating the Amount of the Wafte of Fuel*
- An Account of the firft Kitchen of the Houfe of
Jnduftry at Munich^ and of the Expenfe of Fuel in
that Kitchen compared with the Quantity confumed
in the Kitchens of private Families.-** An Account
of federal other Kitchens conftrucled on various
Principles at Munich, under the Direction of the
Author. Introduction to a more fcientific Invefti*
Cation of the Subjeft under confideratim. Page 3
CHAP. II.
Of the GENERATION OF HEAT In the COMBUSTION
OF FUEL. Without knowing what Heat really
is, the Laws of its Aftion may be inveftigated.*
Probability that the Heat generated in the Combuf-
VOL. IL A
.CONTENTS
tlon of Fuel is furnifhed by the Air, and not by the
Fuel. Ejfefts of blowing a Fire explained. Of
Fire-places in which the Fire is made to blow itfelf.
Of Air-furnaces. Thefe Fire-places illuft rated
by a Lamp on ArgancTs Principle. Great Import
ance of being able to regulate the Quantity of Air
which enters a clofed Fire-place. Utility of Damp
ers in the Chimnies of clofed Fire-places. General
Rules and Directions for conftrucling clofed Fire
places ; with a full Explanation of the Principles.
en which thefe Rides are founded. Page 35
CHAP. III.
Of the Means of CONFINING HEAT, and DIRECT
ING ITS OPERATIONS. Of Gonduftors and Non-
conduffors of Heat. Common At?nofpferic Air a
good Non-conductor of Heat, and may be employed
with great Ad-vantage for confining it is em-ployed
by Nature for that purpofe 9 in many Inftances is
the principal Caufe of the Warmth of Natural and
Artificial Clothing is the f ok Caufe of the Warmth
of Double Windows. Great Utility of Double
Windows and Double Walls they are equally itfe-
ful in Het Countries as in Cold. ALL ELASTIC
FLUIDS Non-conduclors of Heat. STEAM proved
by Experiment to be a Non-eonditfior of Heat*
FLAME is alfo a Non-conduclor of Heat. 5*
CHAP. IV.
Of the MANNER in which HEAT is COMMUNE
GATED by FLAME to other Bodies. Flame acls on
Bodies m the fame Manner as a hot Wind. The
E/eft
of the FIRST ESSAY.
Effect of a Blow-pipe in increaftng the Aclivity of
Flame explained^ and illujlrated by Experiments.-*
A Knowledge of the Manner in which Heat is
communicated by Flame 'neceflary, in order to deter
mine the moft advantageous Form for Boilers.
General Principles on which Boilers of all Dimen-
Jtons ought to be conftrucled. - - Page 66
CHAP. V.
An Account of Experiments made with Boilers cjid
Fire-places of various Forms and Dimenjions ; to
gether with Remark* and Obfervations an. their
Refults, and on, the Improvements that may he de
rived Jrom them* An Account of fome Experi
ments made on a very large Scale in a Brew-houfe
Boiler. An Account of a Brew-houfs Boiler con-
Jirucled and fitted up on an improved Plan.,
Refults of federal Experiments which were made
'with this new Boiler. Of th$ Advantage in re
gard to the Economy of Fuel in boiling Liquid s y
which arifes from performing that, Procefs on a
large Scale. Theft Advantages are limited.
An Account of an Alteration which was made />*
the new Bre,w-houfe Boiler? with a view to the
SAVING of TIME i*i caufing its. Contents to boiL
Experiments Jhowing the Ejfefis. produced by,
tbcfe Alteration*. An Eftimal? of the RELATIVE,
QUANTITIES, OF PEAT? producible from COAKS
PIT-COALCHARCOAL, and OAK. A Me
thod of ejlimating the Quantity of Pit-coal whitl*
would be nccc/ary to perform any of the Proccjcs
mentioned in this Effhy, in which Wud ws it/Id
CONTENTS,
as Fuel. An Eflimate of the TOTAL QUANTI
TIES of Heat producible in the Combuftion of dif
ferent Kinds of Fuel ; and of the real Quantities of
Heat which are lofty under various Circuniftances^
in culinary Proceffes. * * - .Page 76
C H A P. VI,
,4Jhort Account of a Number of Kitchens, public and
private, and Fire-places for various Ufes, which
have been conjlruffed under the Direftion of the
Author, in different Places. Of the Kitchen of
the HOUSE of INDUSTRY at MUNICH Of that
of the MILITARY ACADEMY Of that of the
MILITARY MESS-HOUSE That of the FARM-
HOUSE, and thofe belonging to the INN in the
ENGLISH GARDEN at MUNICH. Of the Kitch
ens of the Hofpitals of LA PIETA and LA Mi
SERICORDIA at VERONA. Of a fmall Kitchen
fitted up as a Model in the Houfe of SIR JOHN
SINCLAIR Bart, in LONDON. Of the Kitchen
cf the FOUNDLING HOSPITAL in LONDON. Of
a MILITARY KITCHEN for the Ufe of TROOPS in
CAMP. Of # PORTABLE BOILER for the Ufe of
TROOPS on a MARCH, Of a large BOILER fitted
up^ as a Model for BLEACHERS at the LINEN-
HALL in DUBLIN. Of a Fire-place for COOK*
ING, and at the fame Time WARMING A LARGE
HALL ; and of # PERPETUAL OVEN, both fitted
up in the HOUSE of INDUSTRY at DUBLIN. Of
the KITCHEN LAUNDRY CHIMNEY FIRE-
PLACES COTTAGE FIRE-PLACE and Model
af a LIME-KILN -fitted up in IRELAND in the
Houfe of the DUBLIN SOCIETY. - - 142
DESCRIPTION of the PLATES. - - 187
CONTENTS
OF THE
SECOND ESSAY,
CHAP. I.
D
ANGER of admitting received Opinions in Phi*
fophical Investigations, without Examination,- The
free Pqffage of HEAT, in all Bodies, in all Directions y
never yet called in quejlion.- Heat does not, how
ever, pafs in this Manner, in all Bodies without
Exception. AIR and WATER, and probably all
other FLUIDS, are, in faff, NON-CONDUCTORS
OF HEAT. Accidental Difcoveries, which led to
an experimental Inveftigation of this curious fubjecJ.
The internal Motions among the Particles of
Fluids rendered <uifible.?The Propagation of Heat
in Fluids obftrucled and retarded, by every thing
which obftrucls the internal Motions of their Parti
cles ; hence there is Reafon to conclude, that Heat
is propagated in them, only in confequence of thofe
Motions ; that it is tranfported by them,- not fuf-
fered to pafs through them. FURS and FEATHERS,
and all other like Subftances, which, in Air,
form warm Covering for confining Heat, found, by
Experiment,
CONTENTS
Experiment ) to produce the fame Effefts in Water.
Thefe Effects are probably produced in both Fluids
in the fame Manner , namely, by obftrufting the
Motions of their Particles, in the Operation of
tranfporting the Heat. The conducing Power of
Water, remarkably impaired by mixing with it fuch
Subftances as render it vifcous, and diminijh
its Fluidity* Thefe Difcowries refpcfting the
Manner in which Heat is propagated in Water,
throw much Light on feveral of the mofl interejling
Operations in the Economy of Nature. They
enable us to account, i)\ a fatisfacJory Manner, for
the Prefervation of Trees and ether Vegetables,
and of Fruits., during the Winter, in cold,
Climates. , . P a g e *99
CHAR II.
farther Invcftigations of the internal Motions among
the Particles of Liquids, which necejjarily take
place when they are heated cr cooled. Defcription
of a mechanical Contrivance, by which thefe Mo
tions in Water were rendered vifible. -An Account
of various amufing Experiments, which were
made with this new-invented biftrumcnt. They
lead to an important Dif cover y. Heat cannot be
propagated DOWNWARDS in Liquids, as long as
they continue to be condenfed by Cold. Ice found,
by Experiment, to melt more than eighty Times
flower, when boiling-hot Water flood on its Surface,
than when the Ice was fuffered to fwim on the
Surface of the hot Water. The melting of Ice by
Water
of tie SECOND ESSAY.
Water ftanding on its Surface can be accounted for?
even on the Suppofition that Water is a perfecJ
Non-conduftor of Heat. According to the afjwmed
Hypothecs, Water only eight Degrees of Fahren
heit's Scale above the freezing Point, or at the
"Temperature of 40, ought to melt as much ke y
in any given Time, when Jlanding en its Surface,,
as an equal Volume of that Fluid ^ at any higher
Temperature, even were it betting-hot. This
remarkable Fact is proved by a great Variety of
decifive Experiments. Water at the Temperature
of 4.1 is found to melt even MORE Ice, whenftand-
ing on its Surface, than boiling-hoi Water. The
Refidts of all thefe Experiments tend to prove that
Water is, in fad, a perfecJ Non-conduflor of Heat ;
or that Heat is propagated in it, merely in confe-
quence of the Motions it cccaftons atnong the
infulated or folitary Particles of that Fluid, which v
among themfelves, have no Communication or Inter-
courfe whatever in this Operation. The Difcovery
&f this Faff opens to our View me of the grandeft
and moft interejiing Scenes in the Economy of
Nature. .... Page 232
CHAP. III.
Recapitulation, and farther Invefligation of the Sult~
jett* All Bodies are condenfed by Cold without
Limitation, WATER ONLY EXCEPTJED. Won
derful Effefts produced in the World in confequence
of the particular Law which obtains in the Con-
denfatiQii
CONTENTS,
denfatlon of Water. This Exception to one of the
moft general Laws of Nature, a Jinking Proof of
Contrivance in the Arrangement of the Univerfe ;
a Proof which comes home to the Feelings of every
ingenuous and grateful Mind. This particular
Law does not obtain in the Condenfation of SALT
WATER. Final Caufc of the Saltnefs of the Sea
~?The Ocean probably defigned by the Creator to
ferve as an Equalizer of Heat -Could not have
anfwered that Purpofe had its Waters beenfrejh.
Final Caufe of the FreJJmefs of Lakes and inland
Seas in high Latitudes. Ufcfulnefs of thefe Spe
culations. - - Page 281
CONTENTS
O F
PART II. of ESSAY VIL
PART II.
An Account of feveral NE\V EXPERIMENTS,
with occafional Remarks and Obfervations,
and CONJECTURES refpe&ing Chemical
Affinity and Solution, and the mechanical
Principle of Animal Life.
CHAR I.
ACCOUNT of a Circumjlance cf a private Nature,
by 'which the Author has been induced to add this
and the following Chapters to the Second Edition of
this EJfay. Experimental Invcftigation of the Sub-
jecJ continued. OIL found by Experiment to be a
Non-conductor of Heat. MERCURY is likewife a
'Non-conductor. Probability that all FLUIDS are
NON-CONDUCTORS, and that this Property is
ESSENTIAL Tex FLUIDITY. The Knowledge of
that Facl may be of great Ufe in enabling us to form
more juft Ideas with regard to the Nature of thcfe
mechanical Operations which take place in chemical
VOL. II. C Solutions
CONTENTS of
Solutions and Combinations ; in the Procefs of Vege
tation ; and in the various Changes effected by the
Powers of Life in the Animal Economy. Rapidity
of Solution no Proof of the Exi/lence of an Attrac
tion of Affinity* Strata of frejh Water and of fait
Water may be made to repofe on each other in aclual.
Contact without mixing. Probability that the Wa
ter at the Bottom of frejh Lakes , that are 'very deep,
may be aclual ly fait. Page 3 1 1
CHAP. II,
Water made to congeal at its under Surface. Ob-
fervation reflecting the Formation of Ice at the
Bottoms of Rivers. Reafons for concluding that
Heat can never be equally diftributed in any
fluid. Perpetual Motions occafioned in Fluids by
the unequal Dlflribution of Heat. An inconceiv
ably rapid Succejfion of Collifions among the in
tegrant Particles of Fluids is occafioned by the in
ternal Motions into which Fluids are thrown in the
Propagation of Heat. An Attempt to eftimate the
Number of thofe Collifions which take place in a
given time. Thefe Invejiigations will greatly change
our Ideas refpcfting the real State of Fluids appa
rently at reft. FLUIDITY may be called the LIFE
OF INANIMATE BODIES. Conjeclurcs refpcfting
the VITAL PRINCIPLE in Living Animals ; and
the Nature of Phyfical STIMULATION. 332
CHAP. III.
Probability thai intenfe Heat frequently exifts in the
folitary Particles of Fluids., which neither the
Feeling
PART II. of ESSAY VII.
Feeling nor the Thermometer can detect. The Eva
poration of Ice during the fevereft Froji explained
on that Suppofition. Probability that the Metals
would evaporate when expofed to the Aflion of the
Sun's Rays were they not good Conductors of Heat.
Mercury is aftully found to evaporate under
the mean Temperature of the Atmofphere. This
FacJ is a Jinking Proof that FLUID MERCURY
is a Non-conduclor of Heat* Probability that the
Heat generated by the Rays of Light is always
the fame in Intenfity ; and that thofe EffecJs which
have been attributed ta Light ought perhaps in
all Cafes to be afcribed to the Adion of the Heat
generated by the?n A Jinking Proof that the
mojl intenfe Heat does fometimes exift where we
Jhould not expect tojind it. Gold aclually melted
by the Heat which exijis in the Air of the Atmof-
phere, where there is no Appearance of Fire, or
of any Thing red-hot. We ought to be cautious
in attributing to the A ft ion of unknown Powers,
EffecJs Jindlar to thofe produced by the Agency of
Heat. The mojl intenfe Heat may exift without
leaving any vifible Traces of its Exi/lence behind
it. This important Fact illujirated by the neccffary
Refult of an imaginary Experiment* Page 345
C H A P. IV.
An Account of a Variety of Mifcellaneous Experi
ments. Thermometers with cylindrical Bulbs may
be ufed to Jhow that Liquids are Non-conductors of
Heat. Ice-cold Water may be heated and made to
boil Jlanding on Ice. Remarkable Appearances at
tending
CONTENTS.
tending the thawing of Ice, and the melting of Tal
low, and of Bees -Wax, by means of the radiant Heat
-projected downwards by a red-hot Bullet. Beautiful
Cryjlals of Sea-Salt formed in Brine ftanding on Mer
cury.* Olive Oil foon rendered colourlefs by Expofure
to the Airjianding on Brine. -An Attempt to caufe
radiant Heat from a red-hot Iron Bullet to defcend
in Oil. Account of an artificial Atmofphere in
which horizontal Currents were produced by Heat.
Conjectures refpettin^ the proximate Caufes of the
Winds. Page 367
CONTENTS
OF THE
EIGHTH ESSAY.
CHAR I.
Account of the Injlruments that were pre*
fared for making the propofed Experiments.
A Thermometer is con/lrucled ivhcfe Bulb is fur-
rounded by a TORRICELLIAN VACUUM. Heat
is found to pafe in a Torricellian Vacuum 'with
greater Difficulty than in Air. -^-Relative conduft*
ing Powers of a Torricellian Vacuum and of Air,
'with regard to Heat dejermined by Experiment*
Relative conducing Powers of dry Air and of
moift Air. Relative conducing Powers of Air of
different Degrees of Denfity. Relative conducing
Powers of MERCURY ; WATER ; AIR ; and a
TORRICELLIAN VACUUM. , Page 391
CHAP. II,
The relative Warmth of various Subftances ufed
In making artificial Clothing, determined by Ex-
feriment. Relative Warmth of Coverings of the
fame Thicknefs, and formed of the fame Sub/lance ^
but of different Denfities. Relative Warmth of
VOL, II* d Coverings
CONTENTS.
Coverings formed of equal Quantities of the fame
Subftance, difpofed in different Ways. Experi
ments made 'with a View to determining how far the
Powers which certain Bodies poj/efs of confining
Heat depends on their chemical Properties. Ex~
periments with Charcoal 'with Lampblack with
Woodaihes Striking Experiments with Semen
Lycopodii All thefe Experiments indicate that the
Air which occupies the Interfaces of Subftances
ufed in forming Coverings for confining Heat, acls a
'very important Part in that Operation. Thofe Sub
ftances appear to prevent the Air from conducting
the Heat.- An Inquiry concerning the Manner in
which this is ejfefted. This Inquiry leads to a
decifive Experiment from the Refult of which it
appears that Air is a perfect Non-condu&or of
Heat. This Difcovery affords the Means of ex
plaining a Variety of interring Phenomena hi the
Economy of Nature. . * Page. 428
E s s A Y ix.
An INQUIRY concerning the SOURCE of the HEAT
which is EXCITED by FRICTION. Page 467
ESSAY I.
OF
THE MANAGEMENT OF FIRE,
A.ND
THE ECONOMY OF FUEL,
VOL. II. B
C 3
ESSAY I.
CHAP. I.
The Subject of this Effay curious and intercflixg tn
a very high degree. All the Comforts, Cwuc*
nlencles, and Luxuries of Life, are procured by
the Ajjljlance of FIRE and of HEAT. The Waftc.
of Fuel very great. Importance of the Economy of
Fuel to Individuals, and to the Public. Means
ufedfor eftimating the Amount of the Wajle cf Fuel.
An Account of the firft Kitchen of the Houfe of
Indujiry at Munich, and of the Expenfe of Fuel in
that Kitchen, compared 'with the Quantity ceiifumcd
in the Kitchens of private Families. An Account
of feveral other Kitchens cciiftrucled on various.
Principles at Munich, under the Direction of the
Author. Introduction to a more fclentlfic Invcfti-
Cation of the Subject under conjideration*
NO fubjecl of philosophical inquiry, within the
limits of human inveftigation, is more calcu
lated to excite admiration, arid to awaken curicfity,
than FIRE ; and there is certainly none more ex-
tenfively ufeful to mankind. It is owing, no doubt 3
to our being acquainted with it from our infancy,
that
4 Of the Management of Fire,
that we are not more ftruck with its appearance,
and more fenlible of the benefits we derive from it.
Almoft every comfort and convenience which man
by his ingenuity procures for himfelf, is obtained
by its afTiftance ; and he is not more diftinguifhed
from the brute creation by the ufe of fpeech, than
by his power over that wonderful agent.
Having long been accuftomed to confider the
Management of Heat as % a matter of the higheft
importance to mankind, a habit of attending care
fully to every circumftance relative to this intereft-
ing fubjecl: that occafionally came under my obfer-
vation, foon led me to difcover how much this
fcience has been neglected, and how much room
there is for very eiTential improvements in almoft
all thofe various operations in which heat is em-
ployed for the purpofes of human life.
The great wafte of Fuel in all countries muft be
apparent to the moft curfory obferver ; and the
ufes to which Fire is employed are fo very extenfive,
and the expenfe for Fuel makes fo confiderable an
article in the lift of neceflaries, that the importance
of the fubjecl: cannot be denied.
And with regard to the Economy of Fuel, it has
this in particular to recommend it, that whatever
is fayed by an individual, is at the fame time a pofi-
tive faving to the whole community ; for the lefs
demand there is for any article in the market, the
lower will be its price ; and as all the fubjecls of
ufeful induftry all the arts and manufactures,
without exception, depend, directly or indireclly,
on operations in which Fire is neceffarv, it is of
much
and the Economy of Fuel. 5
much importance to a manufacturing and com
mercial country to keep the price of Fuel as low as
poffible : And even in countries where there arc
no manufactures, and where the inhabitants fubfift
entirely by agriculture, if wood be uied as Fuel
as the proportion of woodland to arable muft de
pend in a great meafure on the confumption of fire
wood, any faving of Fuel will be attended with a
proportional diminution of the forefts referved for
fire-wood, confequently, with an increafe of the
lands under cultivation, with an increafe of in
habitants, and of national wealth, flrength, and
profperity.
But what renders this fubje& peculiarly inter eft-
ing, is the great relief to the poor in all countries^
and particularly in all cold climates, and in all great
cities in every climate, that would refult from any
coniiderable -diminution of the price of Fuel, or
from any fimple contrivance by which a fmaller
quantity of this neceflary article than they now arc
obliged to employ to make themfelves comfortable,
might be made to perform the fame fervices. Thofe
who have never been expofed to the inclemencies of
the feafons, who have never been eye-witneffes t:o
the fufferings of the poor in their miferable habita
tions, pinched with cold and ftarving with hunger,
can form no idea of the importance to them
of the fubjecl which I propofe to treat in this
Effay.
To all thofe who take pleafure in doing good to
mankind by promoting ufeful knowledge, and facil
itating the means of procuring the comforts and
conveniencies
6 Of the Management of Fire,
conveniencies or iiic, iheie inveftigations cannot but
be very interesting.
Though it is generally acknowledged that there
is a great wade of Fuel in all countries, arifmg from
ignorance and careleffnefs in the management of
Fire, yet few very few, I believe are aware of
the real amount of this wafte.
From the refult of all my inquiries upon this
fubjecl, I have been led to conclude, that not lefs
iii&ii feven-eigblhs of the heat generated, or which,
with proper management^ might be generated^ from
the Fuel actually confumed, is carried up into the
atmofphere with the fmoke, and totally loft. And
this opinion has not been formed haftily ; on the
contrary, it is the refult of much attentive obfer-
vation, and of many experiments. But, in a matter
of fo much importance, I feel it to be my duty not
merely to give the Public my opinions , but to lay be
fore them the grounds upon which thofe opinions
have been founded ; in order that every one may
judge for hirnfelf of the certainty, or probability,
of my deductions.
It would not be _ difficult > merely from a confeder
ation of the nature of heat, of the manner in
which it is generated in the combuftion of Fuel,
and the manner in which it exifts when generated,
to fliew that, as the procefs of boiling is com
monly performed, there muft of neceflity be a very
great lofs of heat ; for when the veilel, in which the
fluid to be boiled is contained, is placed over an open
or naked fire, not only by far the greater part of
the radiant heat is totally loft, but alfo of that which
exifts
and the Economy of Fuel. j
cxifts in the flame, fmoke^md hot vapour, a veiy
fhraU proportion only enters the velFel ; the reil
going off with great rapidity, by the chimney, into
the higher regions of the atmofphere. But, with
out infifting upon thefe reafonings, (though they
are certainly incontrovertible) I {hall endeavour to
cflablifh the fads in queftion upon ftill more jblid
ground that of aftual experiment. ,
In the profecution of the experiments ncceffary
in this inveftigation, I proceeded in the following
manner : As the quantity of heat which any given
quantity of any given kind of Fuel is capable of
generating, is not known, there is no fixed ftandard
with which the refult of an experiment can be com
pared, in order to afcertain exactly the proportion of
the heat faved, or ufefully employed, to that loft :
Inftead therefore of being able to determine this
point direRlj) I was obliged to have recourfe to
approximations. Inftead of determining the quan
tity of heat loft in any given operation, I endea
voured to find out with how much lefs Fuel the
fame operation might be performed, by a more ad
vantageous arrangement of the Fire, and difpoiition
of the machinery : And feveral extenfive public
eftablifhments, which have been erected in Bavaria
within thefe laft fix or feven years, under my direc
tion, by order of His Moil Serene Highnefs the
ELECTOR PALATINE ; particularly an eftablifh-
ment for the Poor of Munich (of which an account
has been given to the Public in my firft Effay) and
the Eftabliftiment of a Public Academy for the edu
cation of 1 80 young naen, deftined for the fervicc
of
8 Of the Management of Fire,