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HARPER'S ENCYCLOPEDIA
of
UNITED STATES HISTORY
From 458 a. d. to 1906 "''
BASED UPON THE PLAN OF ',,,,'
BENSON JOHN LOSSING, LL.D.
SOMETIME EDITOR OF "THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL RECORD" AND AUTHOR 'OF'
" THE PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK OF THE REVOLUTION " "THE PICTORIAL FIELD. >>>> "I
BOOK OF THE WAR OF l8l3" ETC., ETC., ETC. ,'_â– ',
WITH SPECIAL CONTRIBUTIONS COVERING EVERY PHASE OF AMERICAN HISIJqVk AJftQ*
DEVELOPMENT BY EMINENT AUTHORITIES, INCLUDING ! , I • ••
JOHN FISKE. WOODROWWILSON, Ph.D.. t'L.LV.;',
THE AMERICAN HISTORIAN PRESIDENT OF PRINCETON VNIVERSItV,
WM. R. HARPER, Ph.D., LL.D., D.D. GOLDWIN SMITH, D.C.L., LL.D. 7 ',
PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PROF. OF HISTORY UNtV. Oh [TORONTr/
ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, Ph.D. MOSES COIT TYLER, LL.Sv \ â–
PROF. OF HISTOK Y AT HARVARD PROF. OF HISTOR Y A J ,C<JRN&LL
JOHN B. MOORE. EDWARD G. BOURNE, Ph.D. I...
PROF. OP INTERNATIONAL I.AIV AT COLUMBIA PROF. OF HISTORY AT YA^LE
JOHN FRYER, A.M., LL.D. R. J. H. GOTTHEIL, Ph.D.
PROF. OF LITERATURE AT UNIV. OF CALIFORNIA PROF. OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES AT COLUMBIA*
WILLIAM T. HARRIS, Ph.D., LL.D. ALFRED T. MAHAN, D.C.L., LL.D.
U. S. COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION CAPTAIN UNITED STATES NAVY (Rttired)
ETC., ETC., ETC., ETC.
WITH A PREFACE ON" THE STUDY OF AMERICAN HISTORY BY
WOODROW WILSON, Ph.D., LL.D.
PRESIDENT OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY
AUTHOR OF
"A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE," ETC., ETC.
WITH ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS, PORTRAITS, MAPS, PLANS, **c
COMPLETE IN TEN VOLUMES
VOL. IV
HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK - 1907 - LONDON
^
v J°
Copyright, 1905, by Harper & Brothbrs.
Copyright, 10-.1, by Harper & Brothers.
All rights rtser-ued.
<\'
LIST OF PLATES
President Ulysses S. Grant
President J. A. Garfield
General Ulysses S. Grant .
President Benjamin Harrison
President W. H. Harrison .
President R. B. Hayes . .
Frontispiece
Facing page 16
" 132
" " 256
" " 272
" ". 336
MAP
Hawaii Facing page 320
05328
HARPER'S ENCYCLOPEDIA
UNITED STATES HISTORY
Gabriel's Insurrection (1800). Thom-
as Prosser, of Richmond, Va., owned a
slave called " Jack Bowler," or " General
Gabriel," who fomented an insurrection
among the slaves, with the intention of
murdering the inhabitants of Richmond.
The militia was ordered out; the ring-
leaders were captured and punished.
Gadsden, Christopher, patriot; born
in Charleston, S. C, in 1724; was edu-
cated in England; became a merchant in
Charleston, and a sturdy champion of
the rights of the colonies. He was a dele-
gate to the Stamp Act Congress, and ever
advocated openly republican principles.
He was also a member of the first Con-
tinental Congress. Chosen a colonel in
1775, he was active in the defence of
Charleston in 1776, when he was made a
brigadier-general. He was active in civil
affairs, and was one of the many civil-
ians made prisoners by Sir Henry Clinton
and carried to St. Augustine. He was ex-
changed in 1781 and carried to Philadel-
phia. In 1782 he was elected governor of
his State, but declined on account of in-
firmity. He died in Charleston, S. C,
Aug. 28, 1805. See St. Augustine.
Gadsden, James, statesman; born in
Charleston. S. C, May 15, 1788; grad-
uated at Yale College in 1806. During
the War of 1812 his service was marked
with distinction, and when peace was
concluded he became aide to General
Jackson in the expedition to investigate
the military defences of the Gulf of Mex-
ico and the southwestern frontier. In
1818 he participated in the Seminole
War. Later he went with Jackson to
Pensacola, when the latter took posses-
sion of Florida, and was the first white
man to cross that peninsula from the At-
lantic to the Gulf. In 1853 he was minis-
ter to Mexico, and on Dec. 10 of that year
negotiated a treaty by which a new boun-
dary was made between the United States
and Mexico. He died in Charleston, S. C,
Dec. 25, 1858.
Gadsden Purchase, the name applied
to the land bought from Mexico in 1853,
because its transfer waS t negotiated by
Gen. James Gadsden, who was United
States minister to Mexico when the pur-
chase was made. It includes a strip of
land extending from Rio Grande del
Norte, near El Paso, westward about 500
miles to the Colorado and the border of
Lower California, and from the Gila
River to the border fixed by the treaty.
Its greatest breadth is 120 miles; aiea,
45,535 square miles; cost, $10,000,000.
Gag-rule. Adopted by Congress on
motion of John C. Calhoun in January,
1836, providing that all anti-slavery peti-
tions be laid on the table unnoticed. It
was abolished Dec. 3, 1844.
Gage, Lyman Judson, financier; born
in De Ruyter, Madison co., N. Y., June
28, 1836; was educated at the Academy
in Rome, N. Y 7 . ; entered the Oneida Cen-
tral Bank when seventeen years old, re-
maining there till 1855, when he re-
moved to Chicago. In 1868 he was made
cashier, in 1882 vice-president, and
GAILLARDET— GAINES
Gaillardet, Theodore Frederic, jour-
nalist; born in Auxerre, France, April 7,
1808; emigrated to the United States and
established the Courrier des Etats-Unis
in New York; took part in the Presiden-
tial canvass of 1872 on behalf of Horace
Greeley. He is the author of Profession
de foi et considerations sur le systeme re-
publicain des Etats-Unis, and of a large
number of communications on American
subjects which appeared in the leading
French newspapers. He died in Plessy-
Bouchard, France, Aug. 12, 1882.
Gaine, Hugh, journalist; born in Ire-
land in 1726; emigrated to America and
became a printer in New York City in
1750; established The Mercury in 1752,
originally a Whig journal. After the capt-
ure of New York by the English, The
Mercury was a strong advocate of the
British. Upon the conclusion of the Rev-
olutionary War he was permitted to re-
main in New York, but was obliged to give
up the publication of his newspaper. He
died in New York City, April 25, 1807.
Gaines, Edmund Pendleton, military
officer; born in Culpeper county, Va.,
March 20, 1777; removed with his family
to Tennessee in 1790; entered the army as
ensign in 1799; and was promoted to lieu-
tenant-colonel in the summer of 1812. He
rcse to brigadier-general in March, 1814;
EDMUND PENDLETON GAINES.
his general good services during the war,
Congress gave him thanks and a gold
medal. Gaines served under Jackson in.
the Creek War, and fought the Seminoles
in 1836. Late in life he married Myra
Clark, of New Orleans, heiress of a large
estate, who, after his death, became fa-
GKNKKAL GAINES'S MEDAL.
and after his gallant conduct at Fort mous for her successful persistence in liti-
Erie in August, that year, he was brevet- gation to secure her rights. He died in
ted major-general. For that exploit, and New Orleans, June 6, 1849.
GAINES— GAINES'S MILL
Gaines, Fort. See Mobile; Morgan
and Gaines, Forts.
Gaines, Myra Clark, claimant; wife
of Edmund Pendleton Gaines; daughter of
Daniel Clark, who was born in Sligo,
Ireland, and emigrated to New Orleans,
where Myra was born in 1805. Her fa-
ther inherited a large estate from his
uncle in 1799, and died in New Orleans,
Aug. 16, 1813, devising all his property
to his mother, Mary Clark. Myra married
first W. W. Whitney in 1832, and on his
death General Gaines in 1839. She
claimed the estate of her father, who
was reputed a bachelor at the time of his
death, and after a litigation of over fifty
years she succeeded in establishing her
rights. She died in New Orleans, Jan.
9, 1885.
Gaines's Mill, Battle of. In June,
1862, General McClellan transferred his
army from the Chickahominy and his
stores from the Pamunkey to the James
River. He ordered the stores and muni-
tions of war to be sent to Savage's Sta-
tion, and what could not be removed to
be burned, and supplies to be sent to the
James as speedily as possible. He also
sent his wounded to the same station, and
prepared to cross the Chickahominy for
the flight with the right wing — a perilous
undertaking, for Jackson and Ewell were
prepared to fall on Porter's flank. This
movement was so secretly and skilfully
made, however, that Lee was not informed
of the fact until twenty-four hours after
it was actually begun on the morning of
the 27th. The duty of protecting the
stores in their removal was assigned to
General Porter. His corps (the 5th) was
also charged with the duty of carrying
away the siege-guns and covering the army
in its march to the James. These troops
were accordingly arrayed on the rising
ground near Gaines's Mills, on the arc of
a circle between Cold Harbor and the
Chickahominy, when they were attacked
by a Confederate force, in the afternoon,
led by Generals Longstreet and A. P. Hill.
A few of the siege-guns were yet in posi-
tion. MorelFs division occupied the left,
Sykes's regulars and DuryeVs Zouaves
the right, and McCall's division formed a
second line, his left touching Butterfield's
right. Seymour's brigade and horse-bat-
teries commanded the rear, and cavalry
under Gen. Philip St. George Cooke were
on flanking service near the Chickahom-
iny. The brunt of the battle first fell upon
Sykes, who threw the assailants back in
confusion with great loss. Longstreet
pushed forward with his veterans to their
relief, and was joined by Jackson and D.
H. Hill. Ewell's division also came into
action. The Confederate line, now in com-
plete order, made a general advance. A
very severe battle ensued.
Slocum's division was sent to Porter's
aid by McClellan, making his entire force
about 35,000. For hours the struggle
along the whole line was fierce and per-
sistent, and for a long time the issue was
doubtful. At five o'clock Porter called
for more aid, and McClellan sent him the
brigades of Meagher and French, of Rich-
ardson's division. The Confederates were
making desperate efforts to break the
line of the Nationals, but for a long time
it stood firm, though continually grow-
ing thinner. Finally a furious assault by
Jackson and the divisions of Longstreet
and Whiting was made upon Butterfield's
brigade, which had long been fighting. It
gave way and fell back, and with it sev-
eral batteries. Then the whole line fell
back. Porter called up all of his reserves
and remaining artillery (about eighty
guns), covered the retreat of his infantry,
and checked the advance of the victors for
a moment. Just then General Cooke,
without orders, attacked the Confederate
flank with his cavalry, which was repulsed
and thrown into disorder. The horses,
terrified by the tremendous roar of nearly
200 cannon and the rattle of thousands
of muskets, rushed back through the
Union batteries, giving the impression
that it was a charge of Confederate cav-
alry. The artillerists recoiled, and Por-
ter's whole force was pressed back to the
river. While flying in fearful disorder,
French and Meagher appeared, and gather-
ing up the vast multitude of stragglers,
checked the flight. Behind these the scat-
tered brigades were speedily formed, while
National batteries poured a destructive
storm of shot and shell upon the head of
the Confederate column. Seeing fresh
troops on their front, and ignorant of their
number, the Confederates fell back and
rested upon the field they had won at a
fearful cost. In this battle the Nationals
GAITHER—GALLATIN
lost about 8,000 men, of whom 6,000 were
killed or wounded. The loss of the Con-
federates was about 5,000. General Reyn-
olds was made prisoner. Porter lost
twenty-two siege-guns. During the night
he withdrew to the right side of the
Chickahominy, destroying the bridges be-
hind him.
Gaither, Henry, military officer; born
in Maryland in 1751; was actively en-
gaged throughout the Revolutionary War;
served under General St. Clair in the cam-
paign against the Miami Indians in 1791;
and at one time was in command of Fort
Adams and Fort Stoddart. He died in
Georgetown, D. C, June 22, 1811.
Gale, Levin, lawyer; born in Cecil coun-
ty, Md., in 1824; was admitted to the bar
and began practice at Elkton, Md. He
published A List of English Statutes Sup-
posed to be Applicable to the Several
States of the Union. He died in Balti-
more, Md., April 28, 1875.
Gales, Joseph, journalist; born near
Sheffield, England, April 10, 1786. His
father emigrated to the United States in
1793, and established the Independent
Gazetteer in Philadelphia, and in 1799 re-
moved to Raleigh, N. C, where he estab-
lished the Register. Joseph became a
printer, and subsequently a partner of
Samuel Harrison Smith, publisher of the
National Intelligencer, in Washington,
D. C, the successor of the Independent
Gazetteer. In connection with William
Winston Seaton he made the Intelligencer
a daily newspaper. Both partners were
efficient reporters, and to their interest
and foresight is due the preservation of
many important speeches, notably those
of Webster and Hayne. Gales died in
Washington, D. C, July 21, 1860.
Gallagher, William Davis, journalist;
born in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 21, 1808;
became a printer and eventually an edi-
tor; was connected with the Backwoods-
man at Xenia; the Cincinnati Mirror;
the Western Literary Journal and Month-
ly Review; The Hesperian; Ohio State
Journal, and the Cincinnati Gazette.
Among his writings are A Journey
Through Kentucky and Mississippi; The
I'rogress and Resources of the Northwest.
He died in 1894.
Gallatin, Alijert, financier; born in
Geneva, Switzerland, Jan. 29, 1761; was
a graduate of the University of Geneva.
Both of his parents were of distinguished
families, and died while he was an infant.
Feeling great sympathy for the Americans
ALBERT GALLATIN.
struggling for liberty, he came to Massa-
chusetts in 1780, entered the military
service, and for a few months command-
ed the post at Passamaquoddy. At the
close of the war he taught French in
Harvard University. Having received his
patrimonial estate in 1784, he invested
it in land in western Virginia; and in
1786 he settled on land on the banks of
the Monongahela, in Fayette county, Pa.,
which he had purchased, and became
naturalized. Having served in the Penn-
sylvania State convention and in the legis-
lature (1789 and 1790-92), he was chosen
United States Senator in 1793, but was
declared ineligible on the ground that he
had not been a citizen of the United States
the required nine years. He was instru-
mental in bringing about a peaceful ter-
mination of the " Whiskey Insurrection,"
and was elected a member of the House
of Representatives in 1795. An active
member of the Republican, or Democratic,
party, he even went so far, in a speech
in Congress (1796), as to charge Wash-
ington and Jay with having pusillani-
mously surrendered the honor of their
country. This, from the lips of a young
foreigner, exasperated the Federalists.
He was a leader of the Democrats in the
House, and directed his attention par-
ticularly to financial matters. Mr. Gal-
latin remained in Congress until 1801,
GALLATIN— GALLITZIN
when President Jefferson appointed him
Secretary of the Treasury, which office he
held until 1813, and obtained the credit
of being one of the best financiers of the
age.
The opponents of Jefferson's adminis-
tration complained vehemently, in 1808,
that the country was threatened with
direct taxation at a time when the sources
of its wealth, by the orders and decrees
of Great Britain and France, were drying
up. Gallatin replied to these complaints
by reproducing a flattering but delusive
suggestion contained in his annual re-
port the preceding year. He suggested
that, as the United States were not likely
to be involved in frequent wars, a revenue
derived solely from duties on imports,
even though liable to diminution during
war, would yet amply suffice to pay off,
during long intervals of peace, the ex-
panses of such wars as might be under-
taken. Should the United States become
involved in war with both France and
Great Britain, no internal taxes would be
necessary to carry it on, nor any other
financial expedient, beyond borrowing
money and doubling the duties on imports.
The scheme, afterwards tried, bore bitter
fruit.
Gallatin's influence was felt in other de-
partments of the government and in the
politics of the country. Opposed to going
to war with Great Britain in 1812, he ex-
erted all his influence to avert it. In
March, 1813, he was appohited one of the
envoys to Russia to negotiate for the
mediation of the Czar between the United
States and Great Britain. He sailed for
St. Petersburg, but the Senate, in special
session, refused to ratify his appointment
because he was Secretary of the Treasury.
The attempt at mediation was unsuccess-
ful. When, in January, 1814, Great Brit-
ain proposed a direct negotiation for peace,
Gallatin, who was still abroad, was ap-
pointed one of the United States commis-
sioners to negotiate. H" resigned his
Secretaryship. In 1815 he was appointed
minister to France, where he remained
until 1S23. He refused a seat in the cabi-
net of Monroe on his return, and declined
to be a candidate for Vice-President, to
which the dominant Democratic party
nominated him. President Adams ap-
pointed him minister to Great Britain,
where he negotiated several important
commercial conventions. Returning to the
United States in 1827, he took up his resi-
dence in the city of New York. He was
the chief founder (1842) and first presi-
dent of the American Ethnological Society,
and was president of the New York His-
torical Society from 1843 until his death,
in Astoria, N. Y., Aug. 12, 1849. Although
strictly in private life, Mr. Gallatin took
special interest in the progress of the
country.
Gallaudet, Thomas Hopkins, educator ;
born in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 10, 1787;
graduated at Yale College in 1805, where
he was a tutor for a while. At An-
dover Theological Seminary he prepared
for the ministry, and was licensed to
preach in 1814. Becoming interested in
the deaf and dumb, he began his labors
for their instruction in 1817, with a class
of seven pupils. He became one of the
most useful men of his time, labored inces-
santly for the benefit of the deaf and
dumb, and was the founder of the first in-
stitution in America for their instruction.
He was president of it until 1830, when
he resigned. The asylum was located at
Hartford, where Dr. Gallaudet became
chaplain for the Connecticut Retreat for
the Insane in 1833, which office he re-
tained until his death, Sept. 9, 1851. Dr.
Gallaudet published several works for the
instruction of the young, besides other
books. He was of Huguenot descent.
His two sons, Thomas and Edward
Miner, also devoted their lives to the in-
struction of the deaf and dumb. The
former, an Episcopal clergyman, was in-
strumental in organizing churches for the
deaf and dumb; and the latter established
in Washington, D. C, the National Deaf-
Mute College, in 1864, of which he became
president. Thomas died Aug. 27, 1902.
Gallinger, Jacob H., legislator; born in
Cornwall, Ont., March 28, 1837; was a
printer; later studied medicine and prac-
tised till he became a member of Congress.
He was a member of the New Hampshire
legislature in 1872-73 and in 1891 ; of the
State constitution convention in 1876; of
the State Senate in 1878, 1879, and 1880,
and its president in 1879 and 1880; mem-
ber of Congress in 1885-89; and United
States Senator in 1891-1909.
Gallitzin, Prince Demetrius Attgus-
GALLOWAY— GALVESTON
TINE, clergyman; born in The Hague. Hoi- abandoned tbe Whig, or republican, cause,
land, Dec. 22, 1770, where his father was and was thenceforward an uncompromis-
Russian ambassador. He belonged to one ing Tory. When the British army evacu-
of the oldest and richest families among ated Philadelphia, in 1778, he left his
the Russian nobles. In 1792 he came country, with his daughter, went to Eng-
to the United States for the purpose of land, and never returned. He died in
travel, but determined to become a Roman Watford, Hertfordshire, Aug. 29, 1803.
Catholic priest. He entered the St. Sul- Gaily, Merritt, inventor; born near
pice Seminary in Baltimore, and was or- Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 15, 1838; learned
dained a priest March 18, 1795, being the the printer's trade; graduated at the Uni-
first priest who had both received holy versity of Rochester in 1863, and at
orders and been ordained in the United the Auburn Theological Seminary in 1866 ;
States. He was sent on missions, but was was a Presbyterian minister for three
recalled in consequence of his impetuos- years. In 1869 he founded a manufactory
ity and over-zeal. In 1799 he was ap- for the construction of the " Universal "
pointed pastor at Maguire's settlement, printing-press, which he had shortly before
He purchased 20,000 acres in the present designed. His patents aggregate more
Cambria county, Pa., which he divided than 400, including the " Orchestrone,"
into farms and offered to settlers on easy an automatic musical instrument; the
terms. Although constantly hampered by back vent system, for tubular church
lack of money to carry out the grand organs; the counterpoise pneumatic sys-
schemes he contemplated, his colony took tem of the seolian, pianola, and other
root and soon sent out branches. He had automatic musical instruments ; a ma-
adopted the name of Schmettau, which chine for making type from cold metal;
was anglicized into Smith, but in 1811 differential telephone; etc.
he resumed his own name. He died in Galveston, city, seaport, and commer-
Loretto, Pa., May 6, 1841. cial metropolis of Texas; on an island of
Galloway, Joseph, loyalist; born near the same name. It was settled in 1837;
West River, Anne Arundel co., Md., about captured by National forces in 1862; re-
1730; was a member of the Pennsylvania taken by Confederates in 1863; was nearly
Assembly in 1704, and at one time Speaker destroyed by fire in 1885; and was visited
and, with Franklin, advocated a change of by a terrible tornado and flood, Sept. 8,
the government of Pennsylvania from the 1900, which destroyed nearly 3,000 build-
proprietary to the royal form. A mem- ings, caused a loss of between 8,000 and
ber of the first Continental Congress, he 10,000 lives, and damaged property and
was conservative in his views, yet his line trade to the extent of more than $45,000,-
of argument in his first debates tended 000. To prevent a recurrence of the dis-
towards political independence. He pro- aster the city constructed a sea-wall, 17,-
posed a plan of colonial government, which 593 feet long, 16 feet wide at the base, 5
was rejected. It contemplated a govern- feet wide at the top, standing 17 feet
ment with a president-general appointed above mean low tide, and having a rip-
by the King, and a grand council, chosen rap apron extending 27 feet out on the
every three years by the colonial assem- Gulf side. The wall was completed in
blies, who were to be authorized to act July, 1904, and cost $1,198,1 IS. The pro-
jointly with Parliament in the regulation tective scheme also provided for the eleva-
of the affairs of the colonies. Parliament tion of the grade of the city from one to
was to have superior authority, with a fifteen feet, so that it will slope gradu-
right to revise all acts of the grand coun- ally from the top of the sea-wall. This
oil, which, in turn, was to have a negative work will cost $1,500,000 more. The
in British statutes relating to the colonies, foreign commerce of the port in the fiscal
This plan was, at first, favorably consid- year ending June 30, 1904, was: Imports,
ered by many in the Congress; but it was $1,847,646; exports, $145,316,457; the
rejected, and not permitted to be entered manufactures in the census year 1900
on the minutes of the journal. aggregated in value $5,016,360; the assess-
After the question of independence be- ed property valuation in 1903 was $20,-
gan to be seriously agitated, Galloway 574,098; and the net citv debt, $2,747,541.
8
(1ALVEZ— GANSE
The population in 1890 was 29,084; in 16, 1779. Galvez, without waiting to be
1900, 37,789. reinforced, marched north and took Fort
In the early part of the Civil War at- Manchac, Baton Rouge, Fort Panmure.
tempts were made to " repossess " impor- and Fort Natchez. In February, 1780, he
tant posts in Texas, especially Galveston, captured Mobile; and soon after invaded