trustee of the New York Public Library language by John Eliot the Apostle, in
and of the Museum of Natural History, 1663, and many other books. He died in
originator of the Metropolitan Museum of Cambridge. Mass., Jan. 1, 1792.
Art, etc. He was popularly known as the Green, Samuel Abbott, physician; born
"Father" of the park system of New in Groton, Mass., March 16, 1830: grad-
York, and as the " Father " of the Greater uated at Harvard College in 1851, and
New York. He was murdered in New at Harvard Medical School in 1854;
York, Nov. 13, 1903. served in the Civil War as assistant sur-
Green, BARTHOLOMEW, publisher; born goon and surgeon; and received the bre-
in Cambridge, Mass., Oct. 12, 1666; son vet of lieutenant-colonel in 1864. He is
vi Samuel Crcen: succeeded his father the author of History of Medicine in Mas-
as printer, in Boston, and on April sachusetts; Gfroton During the Indian
166
ADOLPHUS W. GRKELY.
GREEN— GREENBACK PARTY
Wars; and of several volumes in the Oro- cumstance gave birth also to the name of
ton Historical Series. Greenbacker, applied to those who op-
Green, Seth, pisciculturist; born in posed the resumption of specie payments,
Rochester, N. Y., March 19, 1817; was according to the act of Congress of Jan.
educated in the public schools of his 7, 1875, which designated Jan. 1, 1879, as
native city. He early showed a passion the day on which the government and
for fishing and hunting, and in 1837 dis- national banks would make such resump-
covered how to propagate fish artificially, tion. The opponents of the measure fa-
in 1838 he went to Canada and studied vored the continual issue of a paper cur-
the habits of salmon, which he observed rency that should be given the quality of
ate their spawn as soon as it was cast, a full legal tender. For several years the
He established methods to prevent this Greenbackers formed a considerable body
and increased the yield of fish to 95 per of citizens and maintained a national
cent. In 1864 he settled in Caledonia, political organization. See Fiat Money;
N. Y., where he propagated fish bv im- Currency, National; Finances, United
pregnating dry spawn by an artificial States; Greenback Party; Specie Pay-
method. In 1S67 the fish commissioners ments.
of New England invited him to experi- Greenback Party, a political organiza-
ment in the hatching of shad. Going to tion founded at a convention at Indian-
Holyoke, he made improvements which in apolis, Ind., on Nov. 25, 1874. At that
an incredibly short time hatched 15,000,- time three propositions which have been
000, and in 1868 40,000,000. In the latter the foundation of all greenback platforms
year he was made superintendent of the were endorsed. These read as follows: 1.
New York State fisheries. In 1871 he That the currency of all national and
sent the first shad ever transported State banks and corporations should be
to California. As a result of this trial withdrawn; 2. That the only currency
more than 1,000,000 shad were sent to should be a paper one, issued by the gov-
the Pacific coast in 1885. During his eminent, "based on the faith and re-
life he hatched by artificial methods the sources of the nation," exchangeable on
spawn of about twenty kinds of fish, demand for bonds bearing interest at 3.65
He was the author of Trout Culture per cent. ; and 3. That coin should only be
and Fish Hatching and Fish Catching, paid for interest on the present national
He died in Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 20, debt, and for that portion of the principal
1888. for which coin had been specifically prom-
Green, Thomas, military officer; born ised. For a time the progress of the
in Virginia in 1816; settled in Texas early Greenback party was hindered by the
in life; served in the war with Mexico; adoption of these three propositions in
and when the Civil War began joined the Democratic State conventions, but in
the Confederate army, and took part in 1876 the party was again revived. A na-
the engagements of Valverde, Bisland, and tional convention was held in Indian-
Galveston. and the capture of the United apolis, May 17, 1876, and Peter Cooper,
States revenue-cutter Harriet Lane. In of New York, was nominated for Presi-
1863 he defeated the National army dent, with Samuel F. Cory, of Ohio, for
in the action of Bayou la Fourche; Vice-President. The election returns show-
was promoted major - general in recogni- ed a popular vote of 81,737 for these can-
tion of his gallantry; and was fatally didates. On Feb. 22, 1878, the Labor-re-
wounded at Pleasant Hill, La., by a form and Greenback parties were united in
shot from a United States war - ship, a national convention held in Toledo, O.,
April 12, 1864, and died two days after- and a few new resolutions in favor of leg-
wards, islative reduction of working-men's hours
Greenbacks, the name popularly given of labor and against the contract system
to issues of paper currency by the national of using inmates of prisons were added
government in the Civil War and recon- to the Greenback platform. This fusion
struction periods, because the lettering of the two parties met with much ap-
and devices on the back of the notes probation, as was evidenced in the State
were printed with green ink. This cir- and congressional elections of 1878, when
167
GBEENE
more than 1,000,000 votes were polled and
fourteen congressmen were elected. The
nexL national convention of the party was
held in Chicago, June 9-10, 1880, when
James B. Weaver, of Iowa, was nominated
for President, and B. J. Chambers, of
Texas, for Vice-President. The whoie
number of votes then cast was 307,306. In
1884 the Greenback party united with an
Anti-Monopolist party in nominating
Benjamin F. Butler, of Massachusetts, for
President, and in the election he received
133.825 votes. In succeeding Presidential
campaigns the Greenback party had no
candidates in the field, the bulk of its
former adherents probably uniting with
the People's Party ( q. v.).
Greene, Albert Gorton, lawyer; born
in Providence, P. I., Feb. 10, 1802; grad-
uated at Brown University in 1820; ad-
mitted to the bar in 1823, and began
practice in Providence; president of the
Rhode Island Historical Society in 1854-
68. He was the author of the poems The
Militia Muster; Old Grimes; Adelheid;
The Baron's Last Banquet; and Canon-
chet. He died in Cleveland, O., Jan. 4,
1868.
Greene, Christopher, military officer;
born in Warwick, R. I., May 12, 1737;
was major in the " army of observation "
authorized by the legislature of Rhode
Island. He accompanied Arnold through
the wilderness to Quebec in the fall of
1775, and was made prisoner in the at-
tack on that city at the close of Decem-
ber. In October, 1776, he was put in com-
mand of a regiment, and was placed in
charge of Fort Mercer, on the Delaware,
which he gallantly defended the next year.
He took part in Sullivan's campaign in
Rhode Island in 1778, and in the spring
of 1781 his quarters on the Croton River,
Westchester CO., N. Y., were surrounded
by a party of loyalists, and he was slain
May 13, 1781. For his defence of Fort
Mercer, Congress voted him a sword in
1786, and it was presented to his eldest
son.
Greene, Francis Vinton, military
officer ; born in Providence, R. I., June 27,
1850; son of Gen. George Sears Greene;
graduated at the United States Mili-
tary Academy in 1870, and commissioned
a second lieutenant of the 4th Artillery.
He served at Fort Foote, Md.; Fort Mon-
1
roe, Va. 1 , and at various posts in North
Carolina till June 10, 1872, when he was
transferred to the engineer corps, and
served as assistant astronomer on the
northern boundary of the United States
till 1876. He was promoted to first lieu-
tenant, Jan. 13, 1874. He was military,
attache to the United States legation at
St. Petersburg in 1877-79, and during
the Russo-Turkish War was with the
Russian army, being present at the bat-
tles of Shipka Pass, Plevna, the passage
of the Balkans, Taskosen, Sofia, and Phil-
opopolis. For bravery in several of these
battles he received the Orders of St. Anne
and St. Vladimir, and a campaign medal
from the Emperor of Russia. In 1879-
85 he was assistant to the engineer com-
missioner of the District of Columbia.
In 1883 he was promoted to captain. In
1885 he became Professor of Practical Mili-
tary Engineering at West Point; and Dec.
31, 1886, resigned from the army. When
the war with Spain broke out in 1898 he
was commissioned colonel of the 71st New
York Regiment, but before this regiment
embarked for Cuba he was sent to Manila
with the rank of brigadier-general of
volunteers, and had command of the
United States forces in the battle of Ma-
late, June 30, 1898, and in other actions
around Manila in August. On Aug. 13,
1898, he was promoted to major-general.
Returning from the Philippines in Oc-
tober he was placed in command of the 2d
Division of the 7th Army Corps, and was
on duty at Jacksonville (Fla.), Savannah
(Ga.), and Havana. He resigned his com-
mission Feb. 28, 1899; police commis-
sioner of New York in 1903-04. He is
the author of The Russian Army and Its
Campaigns in Turkey; Army Life in Rus-
sia; The Mississippi Campaign of the Civil
War; Life of ~Nathanael Greene, Major-
General in the Army of the Revolution ; etc.
Greene, Ceorge Sears, military officer;
born in Warwick, R. I., May *6, 1801;
graduated at West Point in 1823. He re-
signed in 1836; became a civil engineer;
and was employed in the construction of
the High Bridge and Croton reservoir in
New York City. In January, 1862, he was
appointed colonel of the 60th New York
Regiment, and commanded in Auger's di-
vision in Banks's corps. Having been ap
pointed brigadier-general, he took com-
68
GREENE
mand of Auger's division on the latter's
promotion, and fought gallantly under
Mansfield at Antietam. He was in the
battles of Chancel lor sville and Gettys-
burg. He was wounded at Wauhatchie in
18G3; and was in eastern North Carolina
early in 1865; was brevetted major-gen-
eral of volunteers, March 13, 1865; and
was mustered out of the service, April
30, 1866. As the oldest graduate of West
Point, Congress authorized his reappoint-
ment to the regular army as a first lieu-
tenant of artillery, Aug. 2, 1894, and he
was retired on the 11th. He died in Mor-
ristown, N. J., Jan. 28, 1899.
Greene, George Washington, author;
born in East Greenwich, R. I., April 8,
1811; was educated at Brown College;
became Professor of History at Cornell
University in 1872. His publications in-
clude Historical View of the American
Revolution; Nathanael Greene; An Ex-
amination of the Ninth Volume of Ban-
croft's History; The German Element in
the War of American Independence ; Short
History of Rhode Island, etc. He died in
East Greenwich, R. I., Feb. 2, 1883.
Greene, Nathanael, military officer;
born in Warwick, R. I., May 27, 1742;
was the son of a member of the Society of
Friends or Quakers. His education was
confined to the English of the common
school, and his youth was spent on the
farm, in a mill, or in a blacksmith's shop.
At the age of twenty years he studied law
and afterwards military tactics. He was
fond of books from his childhood. In
1770 he was elected a member of the
Rhode Island legislature, wherein he held
a seat until appointed to the command of
the Southern army in 1780. His military
proclivities caused him to be " disowned "
by Friends, and he became a member of a
military company. Three regiments of
militia were organized in Rhode Island
after the affair at Lexington, as an " army
of observation," and these Greene, as pro-
vincial brigadier-general, led to Cam-
bridge, where he was created a brigadier-
general in the Continental army, June 22,
1775. Washington saw and appreciated
his soldierly qualities, and in August,
1776, he was made a major-general. He
commanded the left wing of the army at
Trenton; w?s active in New Jersey; by a
rapid movement saved the army from de-
struction at the Brandywine; was in the
battle of Germantown, Oct. 4, 1777, and
in March, 1778, accepted the office of
quartermaster-general, but with a guar-
antee that he should not lose his right of
command in action. This office he resign-
ed in August, 1780. In the battle of
Springfield, in June, 1780, he was con-
spicuous. During Washington's visit to
Hartford (September, 1780) he was in
command of the army, and was president
of the court of inquiry in the case of
Major Andre" soon afterwards (see Andre,
John). Greene succeeded Gates in com-
mand of the Southern army, Oct. 14, 1780,
which he found a mere skeleton, while a
powerful enemy was in front of it. He
took command of it at Charlotte, N. C,
Dec. 4. By skill and energy he brought
order and strength out of confusion, and
soon taught Cornwall is that a better
NATHANAEL GREENE.
general than Gates confronted him. He
made a famous retreat through Carolina
into Virginia, and, turning back, fought
the British army at Guildford Court-
house, N. C, March 15, 1781. Greene
then pushed into South Carolina, and
was defeated by Lord Rawdon in the
battle of Hobkirk's Hill, April 25. Soon
afterwards he besieged the fort of Ninety-
six, and on Sept. 8 gained a victory at
Eutaw Springs, S. C, for which Congress
gave him thanks, a British standard, and
a gold medal. Expelling the British from
the Southern country, Greene returned to
Rhode Island at the close of the war.
169
GREENE, NATHANAEL
Congress presented him with two pieces the hero was settled early in March, 1901,
of artillery. The State of Georgia gave when Col. Asa Bird Gardiner, acting in
him a fine plantation a few miles from behalf of the Rhode Island Society of
Savannah, where he settled in the fall of the Cincinnati, made an exploration of the
GREENE'S MEDAL.
1785, and died June 19, 178G. South cemeteries in Savannah, Ga., and, in the
Carolina also gave him a valuable tract Jones vault of the long-abandoned colo-
of land. A monument dedicated jointly nial cemetery, found the plate that had
to Greene and Pulaski stands in the city been on General Greene's coffin and three
of Savannah, and the State of Rhode metal buttons," with the American eagle on
Island has erected an equestrian statue of them, doubtless from the uniform in
him at the national capital, executed by which it is known that General Greene
H. K. Browne. The doubt thaf had long was buried.
existed as to the actual burial-place of While Greene and his army remained
on the Santee Hills
until late in the
fall, his partisan
corps, led by Mari-
on, Sumter, Lee,
and others, were
driving the British
forces from post to
post, in the low
country, and smit-
ing Tory bands in
every direction.
The British finally
evacuated all their
interior stations
and retired to
Charleston, pur-
sued almost to the
edge of the city
by the partisan
troops. The main
army occupied a
position hot worn
TO ...:...
TRADING TOED ON TUE CATAWBA.
170
GKEETJE, NATHANAEL
w&^
GENERAL GREENE CROSSING THE RIVER BAN.
that city and Jacksonboro, where the
South Carolina legislature had resumed
its sessions. Greene had failed to win
victories in battle, but had fully ac-
complished the object of his campaign —
namely, t , liberate the Carolinas and
Georgia f.om British rule. In the course
of nine months he had recovered the three
Southern States, and at the close of 1781
he had all the British troops below Vir-
ginia hemmed within the cities of Charles-
ton and Savannah.
After the disaster at the Cowpens.
Cornwallis placed his force in light
marching order and started in pursuit of
Morgan, hoping to intercept him before
he could cross the Catawba River. The
earl ordered all his stores and superflu-
ous baggage to be burned, and his whole
army was converted into light infantry
GREENE— GBEEN MOUNTAIN BOYS
corps. The only wagons saved were those Academy in 1859. When the Civil War
with hospital stores, salt, and ammuni- broke out he was assigned to the iron-
tion, and four empty ones for sick and clad Monitor, and during her action with
wounded. Sensible of his danger, Morgan, the Merrimac he directed every shot that
leaving seventy of his wounded under a was fired, until he took command in place
flag of truce, crossed the Broad River of Lieutenant Worden, who had been
immediately after the battle at the Cow- wounded. He served on the Monitor till
pens (q. v.), and pushed for the Catawba, she sank near Cape Hatteras. He web
Cornwallis followed the next morning, promoted commander in 1872. He died
Two hours before the van of the pursuers in Portsmouth Navy-yard, N. H., Dec. 11,
appeared, Morgan had passed the Catawba 1884.
at Trading Ford, and before the British Greene, Zechariah, chaplain; born in
could begin the passage, heavy rains pro- Stafford, Conn., Jan. 11, 1760; was a sol-
duced a sudden rise in the waters, and dier in the army of the Revolution; be-
time was given to Morgan to send off his came a minister of the Gospel and a set-
prisoners, and to refresh his weary tied pastor on Long Island, and was a
troops. When Greene heard of the affair chaplain in the army in the War of 1812-
at the Cowpens, he put his troops in mo- 15. He died in Hempstead, L. I., June 20,
tion to join Morgan. Pressing forward 1858.
with only a small guard, he joined Mor- Greener, Richard Theodore, lawyer*
gan two days after he had passed the born in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 30, 1844;
Catawba (Jan. 29, 1781), and assumed, was the first negro graduate at Harvard
in person, the command of the division. College, where he finished with a brilliant
And now one of the most remarkable record in 1870; became a lawyer in 1877;
military movements on record occurred. United States consul at Vladivostok, Si-
It was the retreat of the American army, beria, in 1898. His addresses include
under Greene, from the Catawba through Charles Sumner, the Idealist, Statesman,
North Carolina into Virginia. When the and Scholar; Eulogy on the Life and
waters of the Catawba subsided, Corn- Services of William Lloyd Garrison; The
wallis crossed and resumed his pursuit. Intellectual Position of the Aegro; etc.
He reached the right bank of the Yadkin Greenhow, Robert, author; born in
(Feb. 3), just as the Americans were Richmond, Va., in 1800; graduated at
safely landed on the opposite shore. Again William and Mary College in 1816; re-
he was arrested by the sudden swelling moved to California in 1850. He publish-
of the river. Onward the flying patriots ed History of Tripoli, and a Report on the
sped, and after a few hours Cornwallis Discovery of the Xorthicest Coast of
was again in full pursuit. At Guilford North America, which was later enlarged
Court-house Greene was joined (Feb. 7) and republished under the title of His-
by his main army from Cheraw, and all tory of Oregon and California. He died
continued their flight towards Virginia, in San Francisco, Cal., in 1854.
for they were not strong enough to give Greenland. See Vinland, Voyages to.
battle. After many hardships and nar- Greenleaf, Jonathan, clergyman; born
row escapes, the Americans reached the in Newburyport, Mass., Sept. 4, 1785.
Dan (Feb. 15, 1781), and crossed its ris- His publications include Sketches of the
ing waters into the friendly bosom of Ecclesiastical History of Maine; History
Halifax county, Va. When Cornwallis of Neio York Churches, etc. He died in
arrived, a few hours afterwards, the Brooklyn, N. Y., April 24, 1865.
stream was so high and turbulent that he Greenleaf, Moses, author: born in
could not cross. There, mortified and dis- Newburyport, Mass., in 1778. He was the
appointed, the earl abandoned the chase, author of Statistical View of the District
and, moving sullenly southward through of Maine, and Survey of the State of
North Carolina, established his camp at Maine. He died in Williamsburg, Me.,
Hillsboro. March 20, 1834.
Greene, Samuel Dana, naval officer; Green Mountain Boys. Some of the
born in Cumberland, Md., Feb. 11, 1839; settlers who had received grants of land
graduated at the United States Naval from Governor Wentworth, of New Hamp-
172
GREEN MOUNTAIN BOYS— GREENOUGH
sbire, had crossed the Green Mountains issuing any more patents for lands east-
and occupied lands on the shores of ward of Lake Charnplain. The order was
Lake Charnplain. Emigration flowed over not ex post facto, and the New York
the mountains rapidly after tbe close of the patentees proceeded to take possession of
French and Indian War (q. v.), and the their purchased lands. The settlers
present State of Vermont was largely cov- aroused for resistance, led by a brave and
ered by Wentworth's grants. The authori- determined commander from Connecticut,
ties of New York now proceeded to assert Ethan Allen (q. v.). The men under
their claims to this territory under the his command called themselves the " Green
charter given to the Duke of York. Act- Mountain Boys " ; and for some years the
ing-Governor Colden issued a proclama- New Hampshire Grants formed a theatre
tion to that effect, Dec.
1763, to which where all the elements of civil war, ex-
Wentworth replied by a counter-proclama-
tion. Then the matter, on Colden's appli-
cation, was laid before the King in coun-
cepting actual carnage, were in active
exercise. In 1774 Governor Tryon, of New
York, issued a proclamation, ordering
oil. A royal order was issued, March 13, Ethan Allen, Seth Warner, and other lead-
1764, which declared the Connecticut ers of the Green Mountain Boys, to sur-
Biver to be the eastern boundary of New render themselves within thirty days, or
York. The settlers did not suppose this be subjected to the penalty of death. These
decision would affect the titles to their leaders retorted by offering a reward for
lands, and they had no care about politi- the arrest of the attorney-general of New
cal jurisdiction. Land speculators caused York. The war for independence soon
the New York authorities to assert fur- broke out and suspended the controversy,
ther claims that were unjust and impoli- In that war the Green Mountain Boys took
tic. On the decision of able legr' author- a conspicuous part.
ity, they asserted the right of pr^erty in Green Mountain State. A popular
the soil, and orders were issued for the name of Vermont, the principal mountain
survey and sale of farms on the " Grants " range being the Green Mountains.
in the possession of actual settlers, who Greenough, Horatio, sculptor; born in
had bought, paid for, and improved them. Boston, Mass., Sept. 6, 1805; gradu-
The settlers, disposed to be quiet, loyal ated at Harvard in 1825; evinced a taste
subjects of New York, were converted into and talent for the cultivation of art in
rebellious foes, determined and defiant.
A new and powerful opposition to the
claims of New York was created, composed
of the sinews and muskets and determined
wills of the people of the " Grants," backed
by New Hampshire, and, indeed, by all
New England. New York had left them
no alternative but the degrading one of
leaving or repurchasing their posses-
sions. The governor and council of New
York summoned the people of the
" Grants " to appear before them at Al-
bany, with their deeds and other evidences
of possession, within three months, failing
in which it was declared that the claims
of all delinquents would be rejected. No
attention was paid to the summons.
Meanwhile speculators had been purchas-
ing from Ne.v York large tracts of these
estates, and were preparing to take pos-
session. The settlers sent an agent to
England to lay their case before the King, his early youth ; and soon after his
He came back in 1767 with an order for graduation he went to Italy, where he
the governor of New York to abstain from remained about a year. On his return to
173
GREENVILLE— GREGORY
Boston in 1826 he modelled several busts, found the wreck of the Polaris at Little-
and then returned to Italy, making Flor- ton Island, North Greenland; was pro-
ence his residence. Ever active, ever moted rear-admiral in April, 1892; retired
learning, and exceedingly industrious, he in February, 1895.
executed many pieces of sculpture of great Gregg, David, clergyman ; born in
merit. Among them was a group — The Pittsburg, Pa., March 25, 1846; grad-
Chanting Cherubs — the first of the kind uated at Washington and Jefferson Col-
ever undertaken by an American sculptor, lege in 1865; and settled in Brooklyn,
He made a colossal statue of Washington, N. Y., in 1889. He is the author ol
half nude, in a sitting posture, for the Makers of the American Republic, etc.