Gap. Some of Pope's troops failed to exe-
cute orders. The latter arrived at the
Junction just after Jackson had left,
and pushed all of his available forces
upon Centreville in pursuit. Kearny drew
Jackson's rear-guard out of Centreville
late in the afternoon (Aug. 28), and the
forces of the Confederates were turned
towards Thoroughfare Gap, from which
was coming their help. Towards evening
the troops under Ewell and Taliaferro en-
camped near the battle-ground of Bull
Run nearly a year before. King's division
of McDowell's corps was in close pursuit,
and when they had reached a point desired
by the watching Confederates, the latter
fell fiercely upon them. A sanguinary
battle ensued. The brunt of it was borne
by Gibbons's brigade, supported by that of
General Doubleday. The struggle con-
tinued until dark. The losses were heavy,
and in that battle General Ewell lost a
leg.

Pope, at Centreville, now attempted to
crush Jackson before Longstreet could
join him. McDowell and King were di-
rected to maintain their position, while
Kearny should follow Jackson closely at
one o'clock in the morning (Aug. 29), and
Porter (whom he believed to be at the



Junction) to move upon Centreville at
dawn. Before these movements could
be executed, Longstreet and Jackson had
formed a partial junction. Near the en-
trance to Thoroughfare Gap, through
which Longstreet had marched, there was




SOLDIERS' MONUMENT AT GROVETON.

a sharp engagement, which ended at twi-
light. Longstreet was held in check for
a while by Bicketts's division, and the
cavalry of Buford and Bayard, which had
fought the battle. Early the next morn-
ing (Aug. 29), Ricketts fled to Gaines-
ville, closely pursued. Pope's army was
now scattered and somewhat confused.
Lee's whole army, now combined, pressed
forward. Pope ordered Sigel, supported
by Reynolds, to advance from Groveton
and attack Jackson on wooded heights
near. He ordered Heintzelman, with the
divisions of Hooker and Kearny, towards
Gainesville, to be followed by Reno, while
Porter, with his own corps and King's
division, was to move upon the road to
Gainesville from Manassas, for the turn-
ing of Jackson's flank on the Warrenton
pike, and to fall heavily on his rear.
Lee was then approaching along that pike,
and Jackson determined to hold his ad-
vantageous position, at all hazards, until
the main army should arrive.

At five o'clock in the morning, Sigel,
with the divisions of Schuvz, Schenck, and



181



GROW— GUAM



Milroy, advanced to attack Jackson. A
battle began at seven o'clock, and con-
tinued with great fury until ten, Sigel
constantly advancing, while it was evi-
dent that Jackson had been reinforced.
Jt was so. Longstreet, with the vanguard
of Lee's whole army, which had been
streaming through Thoroughfare Gap all
the morning unopposed, had now reached
the field of action. Sigel maintained his
ground until noon, when Kearny's division
arrived, and took position on Sigel's right.
Reynolds and Reno also came up, followed
soon afterwards by Hooker. Then the
Nationals outnumbered the Confederates,
and for some hours the battle assumed
the aspect of a series of skirmishes. Pope
ordered Porter into action, and other
troops were directed to support him; but
Porter, as he alleged, did not receive the
order until dusk, and the brunt of the
battle fell upon his intended supports.
It was desperately and gallantly fought
on both sides. Jackson was hourly re-
inforced by fresh divisions of Lee's army.
Soon after dusk this sharp and important
battle at Gvoveton ended, without victory
on either side, and each having lost about
7,000 men. Pope's entire army (except-
ing Banks's forces at Bristow Station)
and a part of McClellan's were in this
action. Pope's effective men had been re-
duced in numbers by various causes, and
it was estimated that his army fit for
service did not exceed 40,000 men.

Grow, Galusha Aaron, statesman;
born in Eastford, Conn., Aug. 31, 1824;
graduated at Amherst College in 1844;
admitted to the bar of Pennsylvania in
1847 ; elected a member of Congress in
1851 ; served as speaker from 1861 to
1803, when his term of office expired. He
continued to take an active part in politics
for many years, and was . re-elected to
Congress as member - at - large from the
State of Pennsylvania in 1894.

Grundy, Felix, statesman; born in
Berkeley county, Ya., Sept. 11, 1777; re-
moved to Tennessee in 1S08; member of
Congress, 1811-14; United States Senator,
1829-38; Attorney-General of the United
States, 1838-39; United Stales Senator,
1839-40. He died in Nashville, Tenn.,
Dec. 19, 1840.

Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Treaty op, Fi b
2, 1848, between the United States and



Mexico, by which the latter ceded to the
United States all the country north of the
Rio Grande to the point where that river
strikes the southern boundary of New
Mexico, and westward to one league south
of San Diego, Cal.

Guam, the chief island in the Ladrone
group, in the Pacific. During the war with
Spain it was seized by the United States
naval authorities, June 21, 1898; and by
the treaty of peace was ceded to the
United States. On Feb. 1, 1899, formal
American possession was taken, Capt.
Richard P. Leary, U. S. N., becoming the
first governor. The United States govern-
ment has established a naval and coaling
station in the harbor of San Luis d'Apra.
There is to be a breakwater, a coaling
wharf and repair shops, and shore bat-
teries for protection. On Nov. 13, 1900,
a typhoon of unprecedented violence swept
over Guam, causing the wreck of the
United States auxiliary cruiser Yosemite.
Although the vessel had two anchors down
the terrific wind drove her a mile across
the harbor of San Luis d'Apra, where she




struck a reef and was then driven to
sea, and sank Nov. 15. A launch con-
taining live nun had been sent to find
shelter, but it capsized and the occupants



182



GUANICA— GUAYAMU



were drowned. The remainder of the
crew, numbering 173, were rescued on the
afternoon of Nov. 15 by the United
States collier Justin. There was also a
loss of more than thirty natives upon the
island. The principal city of Guam is
Agana (q. v.).

Guanica, a seaport in the southwestern
corner of the province of Ponce, about
15 miles from the city of Ponce, Porto
Rico. In the early part of the war be-
tween the United States and Spain
(1898), when it became known that a
military expedition under Gen. Nelson
A. Miles (q. v.) was to be sent to Porto
Rico, it was reported with apparent offi-
cial sanction that the objective point was
San Juan, which Admiral Sampson would
cover with the guns of his fleet while a
landing was being made by the troops.
This, however, was a ruse to mislead the
Spanish spies in New York and Washing-
ton, and while the Spaniards in San Juan
were completing preparations to resist
invasion, General Miles quietly debarked
his army at Guanica on July 25, opposed
only by a small force of Spaniards in a
block-house. On the following day the
Americans advanced to Yauco, and capt-
ured the railroad leading into Ponce.
By July 29 all of the Americans, number-
ing 16,973 officers and men, had landed
and concentrated in the neighborhood of
Ponce for a forward movement against
San Juan (q. v.).

Guantanamo Bay, a harbor lying 38
miles east of Santiago, Cuba; one of the
best on the southern coast, The town and
fort of the same name are located about
5 miles back of the bay. Just outside of
this bay United States war-ships made an
attempt in thp early days of the war of
1898 to cut 'he very important cables
which ran from Santiago to Guantanamo
and thence to Spain. Had this attempt
succeeded Cuba would have been entirely
isolated from the mother-country. On
May 18, the St. Louis and the tug Wampa-
tuck approached the mouth of the harbor,
lint the heavy fire from the Spanish bat-
teries and the gunboat in the bay forced
the Wampatuck to retire after grappling
one of the cables within 800 yards of the
shore. On the hills before mentioned the
Spaniards had constructed earthworks
and rifle-pits commanding the entrance of



the bay. On June 10, 1898, the United
States cruiser Marblehead was sent to
shell the bluffs. Captain McCalla found
this task easy, two dozen shells sufficing
to drive the enemy away. On the follow-
ing day the transport Panther landed 600
marines at Caimanera (q. v.). In 1903
an agreement was signed between the
United States and Cuba for the cession of
territory on Guantanamo bay for the
establishment of a United States naval
station. See Las Guastmas.

Guayamo, a town about 40 miles east
of Ponce, in the district of Guayamo,
Porto Rico. Early in August, 1898, Gen-
eral Brooke, of the United States army,
decided to capture the town and make it
a base of operations, as it was the only
town of importance on the main road
leading to the military road between
Ponce and San Juan. On the morning of
Aug. 5 General Hains, with the 4th Ohio
and the 3d Illinois regiments, under the
orders of General Brooke, moved against
the place. There was no sign of the
enemy until the advance entered a cut
leading up a steep hill about a mile from
the town, when a hail of Spanish bullets
whistled over their heads. Owing to their
small force, the advance were compelled
to retire. As soon as this firing was
heard the main body of American troops
hurried forward and up the hill-sides. At
a short turn in the road the Spaniards
had built a barricade, but a flanking move-
ment forced them to retire. For about a
half-hour the Americans pushed forward,
meeting with little resistance. The enemy
then rallied, made a stand, and wounded
three Americans. Soon, however, the
Spaniards were driven from their posi-
tion. At 11 a.m. General Hains entered
the town, and shortly afterwards a flag of
truce was raised and Guayamo surren-
dered. The inhabitants greeted the Amer-
icans with manifestations of joy and
friendliness. At about the same time the
Spaniards in the hills began to bombard
the town. This action lasted about a half-
hour, when the Americans sent six dyna-
mite shells into the midst of the enemy
and nothing more was heard from them.
The entire action lasted about five hours
and was notable for its slight casualties.
The town of Guayamo has a population of
16,000.



183



GUERBER— GUILFORD



Guerber, Helene Adeline, author. Her arms and munitions of war captured by

publications include Story of the Thirteen them. This act was repealed Feb. 15,

Colonies; Story of the Great Republic ; etc. 1864, and provision made for uniting all

Guerillas. The name guerilla was the ranger bands under the discipline of

first given to bands of irregular soldiery, the regular army,

or armed peasants, in Spain, who har- Guernsey, Alfred Hudson, journalist;



assed Napoleon's armies during the Pen-
insular War, in 1808-14. The name is
from the Spanish and means " a little
war." One of the bands, led by the no-
torious General Mina, joined Wellington,
and after having undergone a course of
discipline, did good service as regular
troops. From Spain the name guerilla
was brought to Central America, and
thence to the United States. Guerilla
bands of Mexico and Texas were a source



born in Brandon, Vt., May 12, 1818; con-
nected with Harper's Magazine from 1850
to 1869 as contributor and editor; associ-
ate editor of the American Cyclopaedia.
With Henry M. Alden he wrote Harper's
Pictorial History of the Great Rebellion.
He died in New York, Jan. 17, 1902.

Gueslis, Francis Vaillant de. See
Jesuit Missions.

Guild, Reuren Aldridge, author; born
in West Dedham, Mass., May 4, 1822;



of great annoyance during the Mexican graduated at Brown University in 1847,



War. In the Civil War guerillas, or
" partisan rangers," as they were called,
were commanded by officers duly commis-
sioned by the Confederate President for
such service. By an act of the Confeder-
ate Conjrress, passed April 21, 1862, it was
provided that these " partisan rangers "
should receive the full pay of regular
soldiers and be paid the full value of all




ntals; 9. Second |"> Itlo
position of British.



TIIR BATTLE OP (JtTII.FORD

of Brit; t. j B. Front

I) FiJ;ht l.,"l »,",', 'lli-



384



and served there as librarian for forty-
six years. His publications include Life
and Journals of Chaplain Smith ; Life of
Roper Williams; Early History of Brown
University; Documentary History of
Brown University ; etc. He died in 1899.
Guilford, Battle of. Resting his troops
a while in Virginia, after his race with
Cornwallis, Gen. Nathanael Greene (q.
v.) recrossed the Dan
into North Carolina:
and as he moved cau-
tiously forward to foil
the efforts of Cornwallis
to embody the Tories of
that State, he found him-
self, March 1, 1781, at
the head of about 5,000
troops in good spirits.
Feeling strong enough to
cope with Cornwallis, he
sought an engagement
with him ; and on the
15th they met near Guil-
ford Court - house, where
they fiercely contended
for the mastery. The bat-
tle - field was about 5
miles from the (present)
village of Greensboro, in
Guilford county, N. C.
Greene had encamped
within 8 miles of the
earl, on the evening of
the 14th, and on the
morning of the 15th he
moved against his enemy.
The latter was prepared



-North Cnro-
Virginia Con-

lis; 3. Third



GUILFORD, BATTLE OF

to receive him. Greene had disposed his with the right division in the face of a

army in three positions — the first at the terrible storm of grape-shot and musketry,

edge of woods on a great hill; the second Nearly the whole of the two armies were

in the forest, 300 yards in the rear; and now in conflict. The battle lasted almost




THE BATTLE-FIELD OP GUILFORD.



the third a little more than one-fourth
of a mile in the rear of the second. The
first line was composed of North Caro-
lina militia, mostly raw recruits, nearly
1,100 in number, commanded by Generals
Butler and Eaton. These had two can-
non, with Washington's cavalry on the
right wing, and Lee's legion, with Camp-
bell's militia, on the left wing. The
whole were commanded by Greene in
person.

The British appeared in front of the
Americans at a little past noon in full
force, the right commanded by General
Leslie, and the left by Colonel Webster.
Under cover of a severe cannonade the
British advanced, delivering a volley of
musketry as they approached, and then,
with a shout, rushed forward with fixed
bayonets. The American militia fled after
the firing of one or two volleys, when
the victors pressed on and attacked the
second line, composed of Virginia militia
under Generals Stevens and Lawson. After
a stout resistance they, too, fell back upon
the third line. Up to this time the battle
had been carried on, on the part of the
British, by their right, under Leslie. Now
Webster, with the left, pressed forward



two hours, when Greene, ignorant of the
heavy losses sustained by the British,
ordered a retreat, leaving his cannon be-
hind and Cornwallis master of the field.
It was one of the most sanguinary battles
of the war. The Americans lost about
400 killed and wounded, besides 1,000 who
deserted to their homes. The British loss
was about 600. Among the fatally wounded
was Colonel Webster. That battle ended
British domination in North Carolina.
The army of Cornwallis was too much
shattered for him to maintain the advan-
tage he had gained. After issuing a procla-
mation boasting of his victory, calling
upon the Tories to rally to his standard,
and offering pardon to the " rebels " who
should submit, he moved with his whole
army towards Wilmington, near the sea-
board. The news of the battle produced a
profound sensation in England. " Another
such victory," said Charles J. Fox, in the
House of Commons, " will ruin the British
army;" and he moved, June 12, 1781, to
recommend the ministers to conclude a
peace with the Americans at once. Will-
iam Pitt (son of the great Chatham)
spoke of the war against the Americans
with great severity.



185



GUILLOTINE— GUNBOATS



Guillotine, Song of the. During the
prevailing madness occasioned by the
French Revolution of 1793, Thehvall, a
celebrated English Jacobin, wrote and put
forth the following song, adapted to the
air of " God Save the King," calling it
" God Save the Guillotine ":

" God save the guillotine '
Till England's king and queen

Her power shall prove;
Till each anointed knob
Affords a clipping job,
Let no rude halter rob

The guillotine.

" France, let thy trumpet sound —
Tell all the world around

How Capet fell ;
And when great George's poll
Shall in the basket roll,
Let mercy then control

The guillotine.

" When all the sceptred crew
Have paid their homage due

The guillotine,
Let Freedom's flag advance
Till all the world, like France,
O'er tyrants' graves shall dance,

And peace begin."

Joel Barlow, an American, who had be-
come a radical French Democrat, was in-
vited to a Jacobin festival at Hamburg,
on July 4, 1793, where he furnished Thel-
wall's song, at dinner, and it was sung,
with great applause. It was supposed to
have been written by Barlow, who, on his
return, was coldly received in New Eng-
land, not only on that account, but be-
cause he had assisted Paine in publishing
his Age of Reason: The Song of the Guil-
lotine was republished in Boston. See
Barlow, Joel.

Guiteau, Charles J., assassin; born
about 1840, of French-Canadian parents;
became an inconspicuous lawyer in Chi-
cago. When James A. Garfield was elect-
ed President (1880), Guiteau went to
Washington to seek the office of Ameri-
can consul at Marseilles, but was unsuc-
cessful. This failure, along with the polit-
ical antagonism between Garfield and Ros-
coe Conkling, greatly incensed him. and on
July 2. 1881, in the waiting-room of the
Baltimore and Potomac Railroad depot,
in Washington, he fired two shois at the
President, one of which took effect. The
President lingered until Sept. 19, when
he died at Elberon, N. J. Immediately



after the shooting, Guiteau was arrested,
and letters found in his pockets made it
evident that he had premeditated the
murder of the President. On Aug. 7 he
attempted to murder William McGill, one
of his jail guards, and on Sept. 13, Sergt.
John Mason, another guard, fired at him.
On Oct. 7 he was indicted for murder,
and on Nov. 14 was placed on trial be-
fore Judge Cox, in the Supreme Court
of the District of Columbia. The prose-
cution was conducted by United States
District Attorney Georee B. Corklr.ll,




CIIAHLES J. GCITEA0.

while the counsel for the defence was
George M. Scoville. The trial continued
through the remainder of the year and
to the latter part of January, 1SS2. Dur-
ing the last month, ex-Judge John K.
Porter became associated with the prose-
cution, and on Jan. 23 began the final ad-
dress to the jury. On Jan. 25 the jury
was charged by Judge Cox, and within
an hour a verdict of guilty of murder in
the first degree was agreed upon. During
most of the trial Guiteau was violent and
abusive, and was frequently threatened by
Judge Cox with removal from the court-
room. In accordance with the verdict,
and its consequent sentence. Guiteau was
hanged in the district jail, June 30, 1882.
Gunboats. By the act of Congress ap-
proved April 21, 1806, provision was made
for the construction of fifty gunboats.
President Jefferson had imbibed very
strong prejudice in favor of such vessels.
A flotilla of them, obtained from Naples,



ISO



GUNBOATS




GUNBOATS IN 1807.



had been used effectively in the war with
Tripoli in 1804; and they were favorites
in the service, because they afforded com-
mands for enterprising young officers. A
few had been built in the United States
in 1805, their chief contemplated use being
the defence and protection of harbors and
rivers. Then was inaugurated the " gun-
boat policy " of the government, so much
discussed for three or four years after-
wards. Towards the close of the year
(1806) the President announced that the
fifty gunboats were so far advanced that
they might be put into commission the
following year. In December, 1807, the
President was authorized to procure 188



additional gunboats, by purchase or con-
struction, making in all 257. These gun-
boats were variously rigged as seen in
the engraving. Some carried a single
swivel amidship, and others one in the
bow, and sometimes one in the stern. Jef-
ferson, who had urged the construction
of these little vessels of war, appears to
have conceived the idea that sach a flotilla
should merely be kept in readiness, prop-
erly distributed along the coast, but not
actually manned until necessity should
call for their being put into commission.
For this proposition he was ridiculed not
only by naval officers, but among the peo-
ple at large, and he was denounced by the




•■ootk's gunboat flotilla in 1862.
187



GUNBOATS— GUNNISON




THE NEW ERA.



opposition as " a dreaming philosopher," lery, and were placed under the command
and the whole gunboat system as "waste- of Flag-Officer A. H. Foote (q. v.), of
ful imbecility called by the name of the navy.

economy." Grant withdrew his forces from the

Quite different were the gunboats that bayous above Vicksburg, and sent them

performed most efficient service on the down the west side of the Mississippi, to

cross and gain the rear of
Vicksburg, on the line of
the Black River. Porter
prepared, at the same
time, to run by the bat-
teries at Vicksburg with
all his gunboat and mor-
tar fleet, with transports
and barges. The object
was to cover and assist
Grant's movement below.
The armored vessels were
laden with supplies; so,
also, were the transports.
It was arranged for the
gunboats to go down in
single file, a few hundred
yards apart, attack the
batteries as they passed,
and allow the transports
Western rivers during the Civil War. to pass under cover of the smoke. This
They were largely covered with plates of was done on the evening of April 16,
iron, moved by steam, and armed with 1863. These vessels were terribly pound-
very heavy guns. Foote commanded the ed by the batteries on the heights, but re-
first flotilla of gunboats on the Mississippi turned the fire with spirit. One of the
River. Some of them were wooden vessels was set on fire, which burned to the
structures only, while others were of iron water's edge and sank. The gantlet was
or covered with heavy plates of iron. The successfully run, and only one man lost
Manassas had no appearance of a boat, his life in the operation. Grant imme-
but looked like a huge water - mon-
ster. The Louisiana showed another
form of boat. Indeed, it was a float-
ing battery movable by steam. This
was a Confederate structure. The
"New Era was another form. It was
two boats covered by one common
deck, and all heavily armored.

When the Confederate line across
Kentucky had been broken, the na-
tional government determined to con-
centrate the forces of Halleck and
Buell for a great forward movement RSB^^^MBPBI^R^BB!*

to push the Confederates towards tiie Louisiana.

the Gulf of Mexico, according to

Fremont's plan (see Fremont, John diately ordered six more transports to do
Charles). Twelve gunboats (some of likewise, and it was done.
them iron -plated) had been construct- Gunnison, John W., military engineer;
ed at St. Louis and Cairo, and at, the born in New Hampshire in 1812; grad-
close of January, 1862, those wore armed uatod at the United States Military Acad-
with 126 heavy guns and some light artil- emy; commissioned second lieutenant ^f

1S8




' '



GUNPOWDEBr-GWIN




jects. His publications include biog-
raphies of Carl Ritter, James H. Coffin,
and Louis Agassiz; A Treatise on Physi-
cal Geography ; Creation, or the Biblical
Cosmogony in the Light of Modern
Sciences; and also numerous lectures.
He died in Princeton, N. J., Feb. 8, 1884.
Gwin, William McKendree, politician;
born in Sumner county, Tenn., Oct. 9,
1805; acquired a classical education; and
for a time studied law, and later entered
topographical engineers, July 7, 1838; en- the medical department at Transylvania
gaged with Capt. Howard Stansbury in University, where he took his degree in
drawing maps of the Great Salt Lake 1828. He went to Clinton, Miss., and
region in 1849-51. He was author of practised there till 1833, when he was
a History of the Mormons of Utah: Their appointed United States marshal for the
Domestic Polity and Theology. He was Mississippi district. In 1840 he was