Burke county, Ga., Oct. 19, 1790.
Hall, Nathan Kelsey, statesman;
born in Marcellus, N. Y., March 10, 1810;
admitted to the bar in 1832; appointed
judge of the court of common pleas in
1841; elected to the Assembly in 1845;
to Congress in 1847. President Fillmore
appointed him Postmaster - General in
1850 and United States district judge in
1852. He died in Buffalo, N. Y, March
2, 1874.
Hall, Newman, clergyman; born in
Maidstone, Kent, England, May 22, 1816;
graduated at the University of London
in 1841. He was pastor of the Albion Con-
gregational Church in Hull in 1842-54. In
the latter year he became pastor of Surrey
Chapel, London. While the American
Civil War was being waged, he was a
strong friend of the Union, and at the
conclusion of the war he made a lecturing
tour of the United States for the purpose
of promoting international good-will. This
Tisit was afterwards commemorated by
the construction, as a part of the new
church on Westminster Road, of the Lin-
coln Tower, the cost of which was met by
subscriptions from American and English
citizens. His publications, which have
met with much favor in the United
States, include: The Christian Philoso-
pher; Italy, the Land of the Forum and
the Vatican; Lectures in America; Ser-
mons and History of Surrey Chapel; From
Liverpool to St. Louis; Pilgrims' Songs;
Prayer, its Reasonableness and Efficacy;
The Lord's Prayer; Songs of Earth and
Heaven; and a lecture on the assassina-
tion of President Lincoln, in London, in
1865. He died in London, Feb. 18, 1902.
Hall, Robert Henky, military officer;
born in Detroit, Mich., Nov. 15, 1837;
graduated at the United States Mili-
tary Academy in I860; was promoted to
second and first lieutenant of the 10th In-
fantry in 1861; captain in 1863; major of
the 22d Infantry in 1883; lieutenant-
colonel of the 6th Infantry in 1888; and
colonel of the 4th Infantry, May 18, 1893.
In the volunteer service he was appoint-
ed a brigadier-general May 27, 1898; was
honorably discharged under that commis-
sion and reappointed to the same rank
April 15, 1899; and on the reorganization
of the regular army in February, 1901, he
was appointed one of the new brigadier-
generals. During the Civil War he served
on the frontier; in the Rappahannock
campaign ; in the operations about Chatta-
nooga; and in the action at Weldon, Va.,
where he was wounded. In 1865-71 he
was again on frontier duty, and in 1871-78
was on duty at the United States Military
Academy. For some time prior to his last
promotion he was on duty in the Philip-
pine Islands.
Hall, Samuel, printer; born in Med-
ford, Mass., Nov. 2, 1740; was a partner
of the widow of James Franklin in 1761—
68, in which year he published the Essex
Gazette in Salem, Mass. He removed to
Cambridge in 1775 and published the New
England Chronicle, and subsequently the
Massachusetts Gazette. He died in Bos-
ton, Mass., Oct. 30, 1807.
Hall of Fame, a building erected in
1900 on the grounds of the New York-
University, New York City, with funds
provided by Helen M. Gould ( q. v.) , and
officially known as " The Hall of Fame
203
HALL OF FAME
THE HALL OF FAME.
for Great Americans." It is built in the Ceorge Washington, 97; Abraham Lin-
form of a semicircle, 506 feet long, 15 coin, 96; Daniel Webster, 96; Benjamin
feet wide, and 170 feet high. Within the Franklin, 04; Ulysses S. Grant, 92; John
colonnade will be 150 panels, each 2 by 8 Marshall, 91; Thomas Jefferson, 00;
feet in dimensions, to contain the names. Ralph Waldo Emerson, 87; Henry W.
The rules adopted allow the names of such Longfellow, 85 ; Robert Fulton, 85 ; Wash-
persons only who were born within the ington Irving, 83; Jonathan Edwards, 81;
United States, who have been dead ten or Samuel F. B. Morse, 80; David G. Farra-
gut, 70; Henry Clay, 74; Nathaniel Haw-
more years, and who were included with
in one of ten classes — viz., authors and thorne,
editors, business men, educators, invent
ors, missionaries and explorers, philan
3; George Peabody, 72; Robert
E. Lee. CO: Peter Cooper. (JO: Eli Whit-
ney, (17: John J. Audubon, 07: Hor-
ace Mann, 66; Henry Ward Bcecher.
Kent.
Joseph Story.
Tames
John Adams, (il ; William E.
anninar, 58; Gilbert Stuart, 52: Asa
thropists and reformers, preachers and
theologians, scientists, engineers and archi- 66;
tects, lawyers and judges, musicians, 04;
painters and sculptors, physicians and
surgeons, rulers and statesmen, soldiers Gray, 51.
and sailors, and distinguished men and In 1005 the following were added: John
women outside the above classes. Fifty Quincy Adams. 60; dames Russell Low-
names were first to be inscribed, with five ell, 50: William Teeumseh Sherman, 58;
additional names every five years until the .Fames Madison, 56; John Grccnleaf Whit-
year 2000, when the 150 inscriptions will tier. 53. Two loggia were added, one for
be completed. In Oct., 1000, a jury of 100 great Americans of foreign birth, to
persons was appointed to vote on the first which were elected, in 1005, Alexander
fifty names. The number of names sub- Hamilton, 88; Louis Agassiz, 83; and
mitted reached 252, of which only 29 re- John Paul Jones, 55; and one for great
ceived 51 or more votes: American women, to which were elected,
204
HALLECK— SALPItfE
in 1905, Mary Lyon, 59; Emma Willard, fessor at West Point, and from 1841 to
50; and Maria Mitchell, 48. 1844 was employed on the fortifications
Halleck, Fitz-Greene, poet; born in in New York Harbor. In 1845 he visited
Guilford, Conn., July 8, 1790; became a the military establishments of Europe,
clerk in the banking-house of Jacob Bar- In the winter of 1845-46 he delivered at
ker at the age of eighteen years; and was the Lowell Institute, Boston, a series of
long a confidential clerk with John Jacob lectures on the science of war, afterwards
Astor, who made him one of the first published in book form with the title of
trustees of the Astor Library. From Elements of Military Art and Science.
early boyhood he wrote verses. With He served in California and on the Pacific
Joseph Rodman Drake, he wrote the hu- coast during the war with Mexico, in
morous series known as The Croker Pa- which he distinguished himself. He was
pers for the Evening Post in 1819. His on the staff of Commodore Shubrick at
longest poem, Fanny, a satire upon the the capture of Mazatlan, and was made
literature and politics of the times, was lieutenant-governor. From Aug. 13, 1847,
published in 1821. The next year he went to Dec. 20, 1849, he was secretary of the
to Europe, and in 1827 his Alnwick Castle, province and Territory of California, and
Marco Bozzaris, and other poems were had a large share in preparing the State
published in a volume. Halleck was a constitution. He left the army in 1854,
genuine poet, but he wrote comparatively and began the practice of law in San
little. His pieces of importance are only Francisco. In August, 1861, he was ap-
thirty-two in number, and altogether com- pointed a major-general of the regular
army, and succeeded Fr§mont in com-
mand of the Western Department in No-
vember. In 1862 he took command of the
army before Corinth, and in July of that
year he was appointed general-in-chief,
and held that post until superseded by
Grant, when he became chief of staff of
the army, remaining such till April, 1865,
when he was placed in command of the
Military Division of the James, with his
headquarters at Richmond. In August he
was transferred to the Division of the
Pacific, and in March, 1869, to that of
the South, with headquarters at Louis-
ville, where he died Jan. 9, 1872. Gen-
eral Halleck published several works
upon military and scientific topics.
Hallowell, Richard Price, author;
born in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 16, 1835;
removed to Massachusetts in 1859; waa
identified with the abolition movement;
aided the formation of negro regiments
prise only about 4,000 lines. Yet he wrote during the Civil War. He is the author
with great facility. His Fanny, in the of The Quaker Invasion of Massachusetts,
measure of Byron's Don Juan, was com- and The Pioneer Quakers.
pleted and printed within three weeks Halpine, Charles Graham, author
after it was begun. Late in life he joined and soldier; born in Oldcastle, Ireland,
the Roman Catholic Church. He died in Nov. 20, 1829; graduated at Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin, in 1846; emigrated to the
United States in 1850; was connected at
cer; born in Westernville, Oneida co., various times with the Boston Post, New
N. Y., Jan. 16, 1815; graduated at West York Herald, New York Times, New York
Point in 1839, entering the engineer corps. Leader, and New York Tribune. He en-
Until June, 1840, he was assistant pro- listed in the 69th New York Infantry at
205
FITZGRKESE HALLETK.
Guilford, Nov. 19, 1867.
Halleck, Henry Wager, military
HALSALL— HAMILTON
the beginning of the Civil War, and
reached the rank of brigadier-general.
After the war he established the Citizen.
He was best known under his nom de
plume Miles O'Reilly. He was the
author of the well-known lyric beginning:
" Tear down the flaunting lie !
Half-mast the starry flag !"
He died in New York City, Aug. 3,
18G8.
Halsall, William Formby, artist;
born in Kirkdale, England, March 20,
1844; removed to Boston, where he began
to study fresco-painting in 1860, but
in the following year joined the navy,
and served until 1863. Later he de-
voted himself to marine painting in Bos-
ton. His works include Chasing a Block-
ade-Runner in a Fog; First Fight of
Ironclads, Monitor and Merrimac, which
was purchased by the government and
hum? in the United States Senate Cham-
ber; The Mayflower, now in Memorial
Hall, Plymouth, Mass., etc.
Halstead, Murat, journalist; born in
Paddy's Run, O., Sept. 2, 1829; graduated
at Farmer's College in 1851; became a
journalist and was on the Cincinnati
Commercial from 1853 until its consoli-
dation with the Gazette in 1883, when he
became president of the company. In 1890
he became editor of the Brooklyn Stand-
ard-Union. He is the author of The Con-
vention of 1860; Life of William Mc-
Kinley ; Story of the Philippines, etc.
Hamer, Thomas Lewis, military offi-
cer; born in Pennsylvania about 1800;
was admitted to the bar of Ohio in 1821 ;
elected to the Ohio legislature; to Con-
press in 1833. It was he who nominated
Ulysses S. Grant for a cadetship at West
Point. During the Mexican War he reach-
ed the rank of brigadier-general of volun-
teers; was wounded at the battle of Mon-
terev, and died there Dec. 2, 1846.
HAMILTON, ALEXANDER
Hamilton, Alexander, statesman; 83), and soon took the lead in his
born in Nevis, W. I., Jan. 11, 1757. His profession. He was a member of the
father was a Scotchman; his mother, of New York legislature in 1787, and of
Huguenot descent. He came to the Eng- the convention at Philadelphia, that
lislf-American colonies in 1772, and at- year, that framed the national Con-
tended a school kept by Francis Barber slitution. With the aid of the able pens
at Elizabeth, N. J., and entered King's of Madison and Jay, Hamilton put forth
(Columbia) College in 1773. He made a a series of remarkable essays in favor of
speech to a popular assemblage in New the Constitution, which, in book form, bear
York City in 1774, when only seventeen the name of The Federalist. Hamilton
years of age, remarkable in every particu- wrote the larger half of that work. He
lar, and he aided the patriotic cause by was called to the cabinet of Washington
his writings. In March, 1776, he was as Secretary of the Treasury, and was
made captain of artillery, and served at the founder of the financial system of
White Plains, Trenton, and Princeton; the republic. Having finished the great
and in March, 1777, became aide-de-camp work of assisting to put in motion the
to Washington, and his secretary and machinery of the government of the
trusted confidant. He was of great assist- United States, and seeing it in successful
ance to Washington in his correspondence, working order, he resigned, Jan. 31, 1795,
and in planning campaigns. In Decern- and resumed the practice of law; but his
ber, 1780, he married a daughter of Gen. pen was much employed in support of
Philip Schuyler, and in 1781 he retired the policy of the national government,
from Washington's staff. In July he was When, in 1798, war with France seemed
appointed to the command of New York probable, and President Adams appointed
troops, with the rank of colonel, and capt- Washington commander-in-chief of the
ured by assault a redoubt at Yorktown, armies of the republic, Hamilton was
Oct. 14, 1781. After the surrender of made his second in command, with the
Cornwallis he left the army; studied rank of major-general. On the death of
law; was a member of Congress (1782- Washington (December, 1799), Hamilton
206
HAMILTON, ALEXANDER
succeeded him as commander-in-chief, but 1 following, with full authority to con-
the provisional army was soon disbanded, elude, finally, upon a general confedera-
On Sept. 3, 1780, Hamilton wrote to tion. He traced the cause of the want of
Duane, a member of Congress from New power in Congress, and censured that
York, and expressed his views on the body for its timidity in refusing to as-
subiect of State supremacy and a na- sume authority to preserve the infant ra-
tional government. He proposed to call public from harm. "Undefined powers,
for a convention of all the States on Nov. he said, " are discretionary powers,
207
HAMILTON, ALEXANDER
limited only by the object for which they admiration of the English constitution as
were given.'* He said that " some of the the best model ; nor did he conceal his
lines of the army, but for the influence theoretical preference for monarchy, while
of Washington, would obey their States he admitted that, in the existing state of
in opposition to Congress. . . . Con- public sentiment, it was necessary to ad-
dress should have complete sovereignty in here to republican forms, but with all the
all that relates to war, peace, trade, strength possible. He desired a general
finance, foreign affairs, armies, fleets, government strong enough to counter-
fortifications, coining money, establishing balance the strength of the State govern-
banks, imposing a land-tax, poll-tax, ments and reduce them to subordinate im-
duties on trade, and the unoccupied portance.
lands." He proposed that the general The first report to the national Con-
government should have power to pro- gress by the Secretary of the Treasury was
vide certain perpetual revenues, produc- waited for with great anxiety not only
tive and easy of collection. He claimed by the public creditors, but by every
the plan of confederation then before thoughtful patriot. It was presented
Congress to be defective, and urged to the House of Representatives Jan.
alteration. " It is neither fit for war," 15, 1790. It embodied a financial scheme,
he said, " nor for peace. The idea of an which was generally adopted, and re-
uncontrollable sovereignty in each State mained the line of financial policy of
will defeat the powers given to Congress, the new government for more than twenty
and make our union feeble and precari- years. On his recommendation, the na-
ous." He recommended the appointment tional government assumed not only the
of joint officers of state — for foreign af- foreign and domestic debts of the old gov-
fairs, for war, for the navy, and for the ernment, incurred in carrying on the
treasury — to supersede the " committees " Revolutionary War, as its own, but also
and "boards" hitherto employed: but he the debts contracted by the several States
neither favored a chief magistrate with during that period for the general welfare,
supreme executive power, nor two The foreign debt, with accrued interest,
branches in the national legislature. The amounting to almost $12,000,000, was due
whole tone of Hamilton's letter was hope- chiefly to France and private lenders in
ful of the future, though written in his Holland. The domestic debt, including
tent, in the midst of a suffering army. outstanding Continental money and in-
Hamilton was afraid of democracy. He terest, amounted to over $42,000,000, near-
wished to secure for the United States ly one-third of which was accumulated ac-
a strong government; and in the conven- crued interest. The State debts assumed
tion at Philadelphia in 1787 he presented amounted in the aggregate to $21,000,000,
a plan, the chief features of which were distributed as follows: New Hampshire,
an assembly, to be elected by the people $300,000; Massachusetts, $4,000,000;
for three years; a senate, to be chosen Rhode Island, $200,000; Connecticut,
by electors voted for by the people, to hold $1,000,000; New York, $1,200,000; New
office during good behavior; and a gov- Jersey, $800,000; Pennsylvania. $2,200,-
ernor, also chosen to rule during good be- 000; Delaware. $200,000; Maryland, $800,-
havior by a similar but more complicated 000; Virginia, $3,000,000: North Carolina,
process. The governor was to have an ab- $2,400,000: South Carolina. $4,000,000;
solute negative upon all laws, and the ap- Georgia, $300,000. Long and earnest de-
pointment of all officers, subject, however, bates on this report occurred in and out
to the approval of the Senate. The gen- of Congress. There was but one opinion
eral government was to have the appoint- about the foreign debt, and the President
ment of the governors of the States, and was authorized to borrow $12,000,000 to
a negative upon all State laws. The Sen- pay it with. As to the domestic debt,
ate was to be invested with the power of there was a wide difference of opinion,
declaring war and ratifying treaties. In The. Continental bills, government eer-
a speech preliminary to his presentation of tificatcs, and other evidences of debt were
this plan, Hamilton expressed doubts as mostly held by speculators, who had pur-
to republican government at all, and his chased them at greatly reduced rates; and
HAMILTON, ALEXANDER
many prominent men thought it would be
proper and expedient to apply a scale of
depreciation to them, as in the case of
the paper money towards the close of the
war, in liquidating them.
Hamilton declared such a course would
be dishonest and impolitic, and that the
public promises should be met in full, in
whatever hands the evidences were found.
It was the only way, he argued justly, to
sustain public credit. He proposed the
funding of the public debt in a fair and
economical way by which the creditors
should receive their promised 6 per cent,
until the government should be able to
pay the principal. He assumed that in
five years, if the government should pur-
sue an honorable course, loans might be
made for 5, and even 4, per cent., with
which the claims might be met. The
propositions of Hamilton, though warmly
opposed, were obviously so just that they
were agreed to in March (1790), and a
new loan was authorized, payable in cer-
tificates of the domestic debt at their par
value in Continental bills of credit (new
issue), at the rate of 100 to 1. Congress
also authorized an additional loan to the
amount of $21,000,000, payable in certifi-
cates of the State debts. A system of
revenue from imports and internal excise,
proposed by Hamilton, was also adopted.
The persistent and sometimes violent
attacks upon the financial policy of the
government, sometimes assuming the as-
pect of personality towards Hamilton,
that appeared in Freneau's National Ga-
zette in 1792, at length provoked the
Secretary of the Treasury to publish a
newspaper article, over the signature of
" An American," in which attention was
called to Freneau's paper as the organ of
the Secretary of State, Mr. Jefferson, and
edited by a clerk employed in his office.
This connection was represented as in-
delicate, and inconsistent with Jefferson's
professions of republican purity. He
commented on the inconsistency and in-
delicacy of Mr. Jefferson in retaining a
place in the cabinet when he was opposed
to the government he was serving, vilify-
ing its important measures, adopted by
both branches of the Congress, and sanc-
tioned by the chief magistrate; and con-
tinually casting obstacles in the way of
establishing the public credit and provid-
ing for the support of the government.
The paper concluded with a contrast, as
to the effect upon the public welfare, be-
tween the policy adopted by the govern-
ment and that advocated by the party of
which Jefferson aspired to be leader.
Freneau denied, under oath, that Jefferson
had anything to do with his paper, and
declared he had never written a line for
it. To this " An American " replied that
" actions were louder than words or
oaths," and charged Jefferson with being
" the prompter of the attacks on govern-
ment measures and the aspersions on hon-
orable men." The papers by " An Ameri-
can " were at once ascribed to Hamilton,
and drew out answers from Jefferson's
friends. To these Hamilton replied. The
quarrel waxed hot. Washington (then at
Mount Vernon), as soon as he heard of
the newspaper war, tried to bring about
a truce between the angry Secretaries. In
a letter to Jefferson, Aug. 23, 1792, he
said : " How unfortunate and how much
to be regretted it is that, while we are en-
compassed on all sides with avowed ene-
mies and insidious friends, internal dis-
sensions should be harrowing and tearing
out our vitals." He portrayed the pub-
lic injury that such a quarrel would in-
flict. He wrote to Hamilton to the same
effect. Their answers were characteristic
of the two men, Jefferson's concluding
with an intimation that he should retire
from office at the close of Washington's
term. Hamilton and Jefferson were never
reconciled ; personally there was a truce,
but politically they were bitter enemies.
In the winter of 1804 Hamilton was in
Albany, attending to law business. While
there a caucus or consultation was held
by the leading Federalists. It was a secret
meeting to consult and compare opinions
on the question whether the Federalists,
as a party, ought to support Aaron Burr
for the office of governor of the State of
New York. In a bedroom adjoining the
closed dining-room in which the caucus
was held one or two of Burr's political
friends were concealed, and heard every
word uttered in the meeting. The charac-
ters of men were fully discussed, and
Hamilton, in a speech, spoke of Burr
as an unsuitable candidate, because no
reliance could be placed in him. The
spies reported the proceedings to their
209
HAMILTON, ALEXANDER
principal, and on Feb. 17 a correspond-
ent of the Morning Chronicle wrote
that at a Federal meeting the night
before the " principal part of Hamilton's
speech went to show that no reliance ought
to be placed in Mr. Burr." In the election
which ensued Burr was defeated, and,
though Hamilton had taken no part in the
canvass, his influence was such that
Burr attributed his defeat to him. Burr,
defeated and politically ruined, evidently
determined on revenge — a revenge that
nothing but the life of Hamilton would
satiate. Dr. Charles Cooper, of Albany,
had dined with Hamilton at the table of
a pretext for a challenge to mortal com-
bat; and, seizing upon the word "despica-
ble," sent a note to Hamilton, demanding
" a prompt and unqualified acknowledg-
ment or denial of having said anything
which warranted such an expression."
Several notes passed between Hamilton
and Burr, through the hands of friends, in
one of which Hamilton frankly said that
" the conversation which Dr. Cooper alluded
to turned wholly on political topics, and did
not attribute to Colonel Burr any instance
of dishonorable conduct, nor relate to his
private character; and in relation to any
other language or conversation of General
Judge Taylor, where Hamilton spoke freely Hamilton which Colonel Burr will specify,
of Burr's political conduct and principles
only, to which he declared himself hostile.
Dr. Cooper, in his zeal, just before the
election, in published letters, said: " Ham-
>UKL BKTWKKN HAMILTON AM) Hl'KK.
ilton and Kent both consider Burr, politi-
cally, as a dangerous man, and unfit for
the office of governor." He also wrote that
Hamilton and Kent both thought that thirty years.
Burr ought not to be "trusted with the .J Report on the Coinage. — On Jan. 28, 1791,
a prompt and frank avowal or denial will
be given." This was all an honorable man
could ask. But Burr seemed to thirst
for Hamilton's life, and he pressed him to