1903. His publications include Life of than sixty warriors. Then, with 250
Washington Irving ; JAfe of William Cul- widows and orphans as prisoners in his
Ten Bryant; Principles and Fallacies of train, he returned to Fort Armstrong,
Socialism; International Justice; etc. a stronghold which the east Tennesseeans
Hill, Isaac, journalist; born in Charles- had built on the Coosa, in the present
town, Mass., April 6, 1788; removed to Cherokee county, Ala. The Hillabees,
Concord, N. H., where he edited the New knowing no other American commander
Hampshire Patriot ; served in both branch- than Jackson, regarded this outrage as
es of the State legislature. In 1829 Hill, most foul perfidy on his part, and thence-
with Duff Green (q. v.), editor of the forth they carried on the war with malig-
United States Telegram, and Amos Ken- nant fury.
dall, editor of the Argus of Western Hilliard d'Auberteuil, Michel Rene.
America, were stigmatized as "Jack- author; born in Rennes, France, Jan. 31,
son's kitchen cabinet." He was elect- 1751; was a lawyer in Santo Domingo,
cd United States Senator in 1830, and and during the Revolutionary War visit-
resigned in 1836 to become governor of ed the United States. He was the author
New Hampshire. In 1840 he was ap- of Historical and Political Essays on the
pointed United States sub - treasurer at Anglo-Americans; History of the Admin-
Boston. He died in Washington, D. C, istration of Lord North, from 1770 until
March 22, 1851. 1782, in the War of North America, etc.
Hill, William, clergyman; born in He died in Santo Domingo, W. I., in
Cumberland county, Va., March 3, 1769; 1785.
graduated at Hampden-Sidney College in Hilliard, Francis, jurist; born in
1788; was ordained in the Presbyterian Cambridge, Mass., about 1808; graduated
Church in 1790. He was the author of at Harvard College in 1823. His publica-
an oration in memory of General Wash- tions include Digest of Pickering's Re-
ington, and began a History of the ports; American Law of Real Property;
Presbyterian Church in the United States, American Jurisprudence ; Law of New
but only the first part was published. Trials and other Rehearings, etc. He died
He died in Winchester, Va., Nov. 16, in Worcester, Mass., Oct. 9, 1878.
1852. Hillis, George Morgan, clergyman;
Hillabee Towns, The. In 1813 there born in Auburn, N. Y., Oct. 10, 1825; grad-
was an existing jealousy between the uated at Trinity College in 1847 ; ordained
west Tennessee troops, under Generals in the Protestant Episcopal Church in
Jackson and Coffee, and the east Ten- 1851. After being rector in Watertown
nessee troops, under Generals Cooke and and Syracuse, N. Y., he was called to St.
White, both intent upon punishing the Mary's Church, Burlington, N. J., in 1870.
Creeks. After the battle of Talladega His publications include The Transfer of
(q. v.), the Hillabee Creeks were dis- the Church from Colonial Dependence to
posed to peace, and offered to make terms the Freedom of the Republic; John Tal-
with Jackson. He cordially responded, bot, the First Bishop in North America;
and preparations were made for the trans- The Missions of the Church of England
action. Meanwhile Generals Cocke and in New Jersey, etc.
White, ignorant of this measure, came Hillis, Newell Dwight, clergyman;
389
HILLSBOROUGH
born in Magnolia, la., Sept. 2, 1858; was pose of approbation or disapprobation by
educated in Iowa College, Lake Forest his Majesty in council, it is what the
University, and the McCormick Theologi- colony has never done, and, I am per-
cal Seminary. He entered the ministry suaded, will never submit to. By the
of the Presbyterian Church and in 1887-
90 held a pastorate in Peoria, and in
charter which King Charles II. granted,
the colony was invested with a power of
1890-94 in Evanston, 111. In the latter legislation not subject to revision." " There
year he was called to the Central Presby- are such things as extravagant grants,
terian Church in Chicago to succeed Prof, which are, therefore, void," said Hillsbor-
David Swing, and in January, 1899, he ough. "You will admit there are many
became pastor of the Plymouth Congre- things which the King cannot grant, as
gational Church in Brooklyn, succeeding the inseparable incidents of the crown."
Rev. Lyman Abbott, D.D., who had sue- Johnson answered : " Nobody has ever
ceeded Henry Ward Beecher. On March reckoned the power of legislation among
29, 1900, he withdrew from the Presby- the inseparable incidents of the crown;"
terian denomination. He is author of and he presented logical arguments in
The Investment of Influence; A Man's favor of the colony. For two hours they
Value to Society; Hoio the Inner Light discussed the subject of the rights, of Con-
Failed; and Foretokens of Immortality. necticut, and Hillsborough showed that
Hillsborough, Wills Hill, Earl of, there was a disposition on the part of the
ministry to declare the charter of Con-
necticut, as well as those of the other col-
statesman; born in Fairford, Gloucester-
shire, England, May 30, 1718; was secre-
tary of state for the colonies in 1768-72, onies, void; not because of any pretence
and principal secretary of state for the that the charter had been violated, but
American colonies during the Revolution- because the people, by the enjoyment of
ary War. He died Oct. 7, 1793.
William Samuel Johnson,
it, were too free. " You are in danger of
strict being too much a separate, independent
Churchman and able jurist, was agent state," said Hillsborough, " and of hav-
for the colony of Connecticut in England, ing too little subordination to this coun-
He was very desirous to avoid a rupture try."
between the colonies and the mother-coun- When the Massachusetts circular let-
try, but he was faithful to the interests ter (see Massachusetts) reached the
and rights of his colony. He called on ministers, they were highly offended, and
the Earl of Hillsborough, to congratulate Lord Hillsborough instructed the govern-
him on his elevation to the newly created or of Massachusetts to require the As-
office of secretary of state for the colo- sembly to rescind that circular; and, in
nies, and told the earl that he misrht count case of refusal, to dissolve them. In-
on his friendship and affection, for Con-
necticut was a " loyal colony." Hillsbor-
ough, rather curtly, complained that Con-
necticut had very little correspondence
with the home government, and that re-
strictions were also sent to all the other
colonial governors to take measures to
prevent the respective Assemblies from
paying any attention to the circular.
This excited hot indignation in the As-
peated requests for copies of tbe laws of semblies, and among the people. It was
the colony had been disregarded. " The regarded as a direct attempt to abridge
colony has several times sent over a copy or absolutely control public discussion in
of the printed law-book," answered John- the colonies. They resented the act in
son. " It is the duty of your colony," said strong but decorous language; and that
the earl, " to transmit from time to time order was more potential in crystallizing
not only the laws that pass, but all the the colonies into a permanent union than
minutes of the proceedings of the council any event in their past history. The
and Assembly, that we may know what colonial Assemblies everywhere took dc-
you are about, and rectify whatever is cided action. The Massachusetts Aa-
amiss." " If your lordship means," an- sembly refused to rescind. New Hamp-
swered Johnson, " to have the laws of our shire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut
colony transmitted for the inspection of warmly commended the action of Massa-
fciie ministry, as such, and for the pur- chusetts. The New York Assembly adopt-
300
HILLSBOBOTJGH— HINDMAN
ed the circular, and declared the right
of the colonies to correspond, through
their representatives, on subjects of pub-
lic importance. The legislature of Penn-
sylvania treated the order with decorous
scorn, and a meeting of the people urged,
by resolution, a cordial union of all the
colonies in resistance to oppression. The
Assembly of Delaware, also, took bold
ground in the matter. When Governor
Sharpe made an arrogant demand in the
matter of the Assembly of Maryland, in
laying the obnoxious order before them,
that body assured him that they should
not treat a letter " so replete with just
principles of liberty " with indifference,
and added, " We shall not be intimidated
by a few sounding expressions from doing
what we think is right;" and they
thanked the Massachusetts Assembly.
Virginia not only approved the circular,
but sent one of her own to the colonial
Assemblies, inviting their concurrence
with it. North Carolina rejected the
order and approved the circular. A com-
mittee of the South Carolina legislature
declared, by resolutions, that the circulars
of both Massachusetts and Virginia were
replete with duty to the King, respect for
Parliament, attachment to Great Britain,
and " founded upon undeniable constitu-
tional principles." The resolutions were
adopted by the Assembly, and the royal
governor dissolved them. Then the citi-
zens of Charleston paraded the streets by
torch - light, garlanded an effigy of the
goddess of liberty with flowers and ever-
greens, and crowned it with laurel and
palmetto leaves. They also burned the
seventeen Massachusetts " rescinders " in
effigy. The Georgia Assembly approved
the circular, and were dissolved by Gov-
ernor Wright.
On Dec. 6, 1768, the secretary for the
colonies met the several colonial agents
in a body, to communicate to them the
result of a cabinet council. He said:
" The administration will enforce the au-
thority of the legislature of Great Britain
over the colonies in the most effectual
manner, but with moderation and lenity.
All the petitions we have received are
very offensive, for they contain a denial
of the authority of Parliament." He dis-
approved of some of the late acts of a
tommercial nature, and said the duty
act would have been repealed had the
Americans opposed it on the ground of
its inexpediency. " But," he said, " the
principle you proceed upon extends to all
laws; and we cannot, therefore, think of
repealing it, at least this session of Par-
liament, or until the colonies shall have
dropped the point of right. Nor can the
conduct of the people of Boston pass
without censure." Against this actively
patriotic town ministerial wrath was
chiefly directed. Hillsborough, in the
House of Lords, expressed a hope that no
one would move or think of a repeal of
the late acts while the present attitude
of the Americans lasted. " The notion of
the Americans," he said, " is a polytheism
in politics — absurd, fatal to the constitu-
tion, and never to be admitted." He truly
said it was not the amount of revenue to
be obtained by taxation from the colonies
(about $50,000 a year) that they op-
posed, but the principle upon which the
tax was levied. He closed his speech by
offering a series of resolutions for coerc-
ing the colonies into submission. Choi-
seul, watching the course of British legis-
lation, said: "Under the semblance of
rigor, it covers pusillanimity and fear.
If those who are threatened with a trial
for high-treason are not alarmed, the les-
son and discouragement will affect no-
body but the British ministers."
Hilton Head, Captuee of. See Poet
Royal Expedition.
Hindman, Thomas Carmichael, mili-
tary officer; born in Tennessee, in Novem-
ber, 1818; served in the war with Mexico;
was member of Congress from 1859 to
1861, and of the Charleston convention
in 1860. He became a brigadier-general
in the Confederate army, and was the
chief leader of Confederate troops in Ar-
kansas. After the battle of Shiloh
(q. v.), in which he participated, he was
made a major-general. He was in com-
mand of a division in Polk's corps at
Chickamauga. After the fall of the Con-
federacy, he went to Mexico, and re-
turned to Helena in the spring of 1867,
where he was murdered by one of his
former soldiers, Sept. 27, 1868.
Hindman, Foet, a Confederate forti-
fication at Arkansas Post, Ark., on the
Arkansas River, 73 miles southeast of
Little Rock. In the winter of 1862-63,
591
HINKSTON'S FORK— HITCHCOCK
General Sherman and Commodore Porter navy of the Revolution, under Hopkins,
planned an attack upon the fort. General in 1776, and was one of the first captains
McClernand, who had arrived and taken appointed by Congress. He was a very
the chief command, accompanied the ex- active officer. Captured when in command
pedition from near Vicksburg. The troops of the Alfred, thirty-two guns, he was
landed, about 25,000 strong, 3 miles be- taken to England, whence he escaped to
low the fort, on Jan. 9, 1863, and were led France, and cruised successfully after his
by Generals McClernand, Sherman, Mor- return, in 1779-80. President Adams of-
gan, Steele, Stewart, A. J. Smith, and Os- fered him the command of the Constitu-
terhaus. Porter had a strong flotilla of tion in 1798, but on account of his age he
declined. From that time until 1802
he was engaged in the revenue service.
He died in Stonington, Aug. 29, 1807.
Hinsdale, Burke Aaron, educator;
born in Wadsworth, O., March 31,
1837; became Professor of the Science
and Art of Teaching at the University
of Michigan in 1888. His publications
include Schools and Studies; President
Garfield and Education; The Old
Northwest; The American Govern-
ment; How to Study and Teach His r
tory, etc. He also edited the works of
President Garfield. He died in Aim
Arbor, Mich., Nov. 29, 1900.
Hinton, John Howard, author;
born in Oxford, England, March 23,
1791; became a Baptist minister, and,
after serving a church in Reading, ac-
cepted a charge in London. He was
The the author of History and Topography
of the United States (with his brother,
PLAN OP THE ATTACK OS FORT HINDMAN.
armored and unarmored gunboats,
latter, moving on, shelled the Confeder
ates out of their rifle-pits; and on the Isaac Taylor Hinton). He died in Bris-
11th the army moved against Fort Hind-
man. When the gunboats opened fire upon
it. Morgan's artillery covered the advance.
tol, England, Dec. 11, 1873.
Hinton, Richard Josiah. author; born
in London, England, Nov. 25, 1830; came
After a fight for about two hours, the to the United States in 1851; settled in
Confederates raised a white flag, while Kansas in 1856; served in the National
troops, which had stormed the works, were army throughout the Civil War, attaining
swarming over them. The Nationals lost the rank of colonel. He was the author of
977 men, of whom 129 were killed. The Life of Abraham Lincoln; Life of William
spoils were about 5,000 prisoners, seven H. Seward; Handbook of Arizona; Life of
cannon, 3,000 small-arms, and a large Gen. P. H. Sheridan; John Brown; The
quantity of stores. The fort was blown Making of the New West; etc. He died in
up, and property which could not be car
ried away was destroyed.
Hinkston's Fork, a
Licking River, where,
was fought between the Wyandotte Tnd
London, England, Dec. 20, 1901.
History, Essay on. See Emerson,
t locality on the Ralph Waldo.
in 1782, a battle Hitchcock, Ethan Allen, diplomatist;
born in Mobile, Ala., June 12, 1835; was
ians and the whites, in which the Ind- educated in New Haven, Conn.; removed
ians were victorious. to St. Louis, Mo., in 1851; engaged in
Hinman, Elisha, naval officer; born business in that city, and acquired a fort-
in Stonington, Conn., March 9, 1734; une; was United States minister to Rus-
went to sea at the age of fourteen years, sia in 1897-98, and in the latter year
and was a captain at nineteen, sailing to became ambassador. He was recalled from
Europe and the Indies. He entered the St. Petersburg to become Secretary of
392
HITCHCOCK— HOBART
the Interior in January, 1899, and wa9
reappointed in March, 1901.
Hitchcock, James Ripley Wellman,
author; born in Fitchburg, Mass., July
3, 1857; graduated at Harvard College
in 1877, and later engaged in literary
work. His publications include The West-
ern Art Movement ; Etching in America;
Recent American Etchings; Notable Amer-
ican Etchings; Representative American
Etchings; etc.
Hittell, John Sherzer, author; born
in Jonestown, Pa., Dec. 25, 1825; gradu-
ated at Miami University in 1843; set-
tled in California in 1849, and was a
journalist in San Francisco for twenty-
five years. His publications include His-
tory of San Francisco; The Resources of
California; etc. He died in San Fran-
cisco, Cal., March 8, 1901.
Hittell, Theodore Henry, author ; born
in Marietta, Pa., April 5, 1830; brother
of John Sherzer Hittell; graduated at
Yale College in 1849; became a lawyer
in 1852; and removed to California in
1855. His publications include History
of California; General Laws of Califor-
nia; HittelVs Codes and Statutes of Cali-
fornia, etc.
Hoar, Ebenezer Rockwood, jurist;
born in Concord, Mass., Feb. 21, 1816;
son of Samuel Hoar, and brother of
George F. Hoar; graduated at Harvard
in 1835; admitted to the bar in 1840, and
practised in Concord and Boston. He
was a judge of the Court of Common
Pleas in 1849-55; of the State Supreme
Court in 1859-69 ; Attorney-General of the
United States in 1869-70; member of the
high joint commission which framed the
treaty of Washington in 1871; and a
representative in Congress in 1873-75.
He died in Concord, Mass., Jan. 31,
1895.
Hoar, George Frisbie, legislator; born
in Concord, Mass., Aug. 29, 1826; gradu-
ated at Harvard in 1846; studied law,
and practised in Worcester, Mass. He
was a member of the Massachusetts House
of Representatives in 1852, and of the
Senate in 1857; city attorney in 1860;
member of Congress in 1869-77; and be-
came United States Senator in the lat-
ter year. He was a delegate to the Na-
tional Republican Conventions of 1876,
1880, and 1884; and one of the managers
GEOKGE FRISBIE HOAR.
of the House of Representatives in the
Belknap impeachment case in 1876. He
died in Worcester, Mass., Sept. 30, 1904.
Hoar, Samuel, lawyer; born in Lin-
coln, Mass., May 18, 1788; graduated at
Harvard College in 1802; admitted to the
bar in 1805, and began practice in Con-
cord. He was a delegate to the State
Constitutional Convention in 1820; a mem-
ber of the State Senate in 1825 and 1833;
and a Whig representative in Congress in
1835-37. He was sent by the Massachu-
setts legislature to South Carolina in 1844
to test the constitutionality of the acts
of that State, authorizing the imprison-
ment of free colored people who should
enter it, but his appearance in Charles-
ton caused much excitement, and he
was forced to leave the city, Dec. 5,
1844. He died in Concord, Mass., Nov. 2,
1856.
Hobart, Garret Augustus, lawyer;
born in Long Branch, N. J., June 3, 1844;
was graduated at Rutgers College in
1863; admitted to the bar in 1866; and
began practice in Paterson, N. J. In 1872
he was elected to the State Assembly;
in 1873 was re-elected and chosen speaker;
and in 1874 declined a renomination to
the Assembly and was elected to the Sen-
ate, to which he was re-elected in 1879.
HOBKIRK'S HILL
In 1881 and 1882 he was president of the Rawdon's intrenchments, where, six days
Senate. In 1896 he was elected Vice- afterwards, he was surprised by the Brit-
President of the United States on the ish and defeated, after a sharp battle of
ticket with Mr. McKinley, and served till several hours. Greene's force was too
his death, in Paterson, N. J., Nov. 2, weak to assail Rawdon's intrenchments
1899. He was connected with a large with any prospect of success, and he en-
camped on a wooded emi-
nence and awaited rein-
forcements under Sumter.
On the night of the 24th
a drummer deserted to the
British and informed Raw-
don of Greene's weakness
and his expectation of
strength. As his provisions
were almost exhausted,
Rawdon saw no chance for
success in battle unless he
should strike immediately,
so he prepared to fall upon
Greene early on the morn-
ing of the 25th. Unsuspi-
cious of danger, Greene's
army was unprepared for
an attack. The cavalry
horses were unsaddled,
some of the soldiers were
washing their clothes, and
Greene and his staff were
at a spring on a slope of
Hobkirk's Hill taking
breakfast. Rawdon had
gained the left flank of the
Americans by marching
stealthily along the margin
of a swamp. Partially
surprised. Greene quickly
formed his army in battle-
line. His cavalry were
soon mounted. The Vir-
ginia brigade, under Gen-
eral Huger, with Lieuten-
ant-Colonels Campbell and
number of financial concerns; was a man Hawes, formed the right; the Maryland
of exceptional personal magnetism, and brigade, with Delaware troops under Kirk-
ably supported President McKinley in the wood, led by Col. Otho H. Williams, with
trying days of 189S. Colonel Gunby and Lieutenant - Colonels
Hobkirk's Hill, Battle of. When (in Ford and Howe, occupied the left; and the
1781) Greene heard of the retreat of artillery, under Colonel Harrison, were in
Cornwallis, he pursued him as far as the the centre; North Carolina militia were
Deep River, when he turned back and held in reserve; and in this position
moved southward towards Camden to Greene was prepared to receive the on-
strike a blow for the recovery of South coming Rawdon, whose forces ascended
Carolina. Lord Rawdon was in command the slope with a narrow front. The
at Camden. On April 19 Greene encamped regiments of Ford and Campbell endeav-
et Hobkirk's Hill, about a mile from ored to turn their flank, while Gunby's
304
G\i:i;1, r ACGCSTl
HOBKIRK'S HILL— HOBOKEN
Marylanders assailed the front with
bayonets without firing. The battle was
thus opened with great vigor, Greene com-
manding the Virginians in person.
At the moment when the Americans felt
sure of victory, Captain Beatty, command-
ing a company of Gunby's veterans. i
killed, and his followers gave way.
unfortunate order was given for the
whole regiment to retire, when the
British broke through the American
centre, pushed up to the brow of the
hill, and forced Greene to retreat.
Meanwhile Washington had fallen on
the British rear and captured about
200 soldiers, whose officers he quick-
ly paroled, and in the retreat carried
away fifty of the captives. The
Americans were chased a short dis-
tance, when Washington turned upon
the pursuers, made a gallant charge,
and checked them. By this movement
Greene was enabled to save all his
artillery and baggage. He rallied
his men, crossed the Wateree above
Camden, and rested in a strong posi-
tion before moving on Fort Ninety-
six. The loss of each army in the
battle was about the same — less
than 270. This defeat disconcerted
Greene at first, but his genius tri-
umphed.
Hoboken, Massacre at. The river
Indians, or those dwelling on the borders
of the Hudson, were tributary to the pow-
erful Mohawks. In the midwinter of 1643,
a large party of the latter came down to
collect by force of arms tribute which had
not been paid. The river Indians, 500 in
number, fled before the invaders, and took
refuge, with their wives and children,
among the Hackensacks at Hoboken, oppo-
site Manhattan Island, where they asked
the protection of the Dutch. At the same
time many of the tribe in lower Westches-
ter fled to Manhattan and took refuge
with the Hollanders. The humane De
Vries, who had a settlement on Staten
Island, proposed to Governor Kieft to
make this an occasion for establishing a
permanent peace with the Indians, whose
anger his cruelties had fearfully aroused.
But the " man of blood " refused ; and it
was made the occasion of spilling more
innocent blood. On a cold night in Febru-
ary, 1643, the fugitives at Hoboken, and
those on Manhattan, slumbering in fan-
cied security, were attacked by order of
Kieft, without the shadow of an excuse,
by armed Hollanders sent by the governor
to murder them. Eighty of these Dutch-
men were sent across the Hudson stealth-
ily, among floating ice, and fell suddenly
An upon the stricken families at Hoboken.
VIEW OP THE SPRING, HOBKIRK'S HILI.
395
H0BS03W
They spared neither age nor sex. " War-
rior and squaw, sachem and child, mother
and babe, were alike massacred," says
Brodhead. " Daybreak scarcely ended the
furious slaughter. Mangled victims, seek-
ing safety in the thickets, were driven
into the river; and parents, rushing to
save their children, whom the soldiers had