thrown into the stream, were driven back
into the water, and drowned before the
eyes of their unrelenting murderers."
About 100 of the dusky people perished
there, and forty of those on Manhattan.
The river and the surrounding country
were lighted with the blaze of burning
wigwams; and by that horrid illumina-
tion De Vries witnessed the butchery from
the ramparts of Fort Amsterdam. He
told the cowardly governor, who remained
within the walls of the fortress, that he
had begun the ruin of the colony. The
governor sneered at the clemency of De
Vries; and when the soldiers returned to
the fort the next morning, with thirty
prisoners and heads of several of the slain
Indians of both sexes, he shook their
bloody hands with delight, praised them
for their bravery, and made each of them
a present. Then Ds Vries uttered his
prophecy. See Kieft, William.

Hobson, Edward Henry, military of-
ficer; born in Greenburg, Ky., July 11,
1825; received a common-school educa-
tion; enlisted in the Kentucky Volunteers
in 1846, for the war with Mexico, and was
mustered out of service in June, 1847.
In 1861 he organized and was commission-
ed colonel of the 13th Kentucky Volun-
teers; served at Camp Hobson till Febru-
ary, 1862; commanded his regiment at
the battle of Shiloh with such skill that
he was promoted brigadier-general of vol-
unteers by President Lincoln. He took
part in the siege of Corinth ; commanded
a brigade at Perrysville; and was order-
ed to Mumfordsville, Ky., to protect the
lines of communication and to discipline
new troops. Placed in command of the
Southern Division of Kentucky, he was
ordered to Marrowbone, Ky., to watch
the movements of Gen. John Morgan.
He pursued Morgan through Kentucky
and Indiana, and attacked him in Ohio.
He was mustered out of the service in
-September, 186.5. General Hobson was a
vice-president of the National Republican



Convention m 1880. He died in Cleve-
land, O., Sept. 14, 1901.

Hobson, Richmond Pearson, naval
constructor; born in Greensboro, Ala.,
Aug. 17, 1870; graduated at the United
States Naval Academy in 1889; and then
took a post-graduate course in the Ecole
d'Application du Genie Maritime, Paris.
Returning to the United States, he served
in the Bureau of Construction and Re-
pairs of the Navy Department in 1894-
95. Later he suggested a post-graduate
course for officers intending to become
naval constructors, and was appointed to




RICHMOND 1'EARSON HOBSON.

plan such a course, and conducted it in
1897-98. In the latter year he went to
sea with the North Atlantic squadron as
constructor. When the war with Spain
broke out he was promoted lieutenant,
and served on the flag-ship New York on
blockade duty, in the bombardment of
Matanzas, Cuba, and in the naval expe-
dition against San Juan, Porto Rico. The
action, however, which made his name a
synonym for gallantry occurred at the
entrance of the harbor of Santiago, Cuba,
after Admiral Cervera's fleet was posi-
tively known to be in that harbor. Tak-
ing seven men with him, he piloted the
collier Merrimac to the narrow entrance
of the harbor, and sank her across its



so called



HODGE— HOFFMAN

mouth to prevent the fleet from passing His observation of printing-presses in use
out. He and his party leaped overboard; there enabled him to make very great im-
were picked up by the Spaniards ; and held provements in printing-machines. He
prisoners for a few weeks, receiving kind patented his "lightning press/
treatment by order of Admiral Cervera.
After the destruction of Cervera's fleet
he was ordered to Manila to take charge
of the raising and repairing of the Span-
ish vessels sunk by Admiral Dewey. He
returned to the United States in 1901.
He is the author of The Disappearing Gun
Afloat; The SinJcing of the Merrimac, etc.
Hodge, Chakles, theologian; born in
Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 28, 1797; gradu-
ated at Princeton College in 1815, and at
the Princeton Theological Seminary in
1819; became an instructor there in 1820,
and Professor of Oriental and Biblical
Literature in 1822. He studied in Eu-
rope in the universities of Paris, Halle,
and Berlin in 1826-28, and on his return
resumed his professorship. He was given
the chair of Didactic and Exegetical The-
ology in 1840, to which Polemical The-
ology was added in 1852. He founded because of the rapidity of its motions,
the Biblical Repertory in 1825 ; changed in 1847. For many years Richard carried
its name in 1829 to Biblical Repertory and on the manufacture of printing, hydraulic,
Princeton Review; and was its editor till and other presses, with his two brothers,
1871, when it was changed to Presbyterian Robert and Peter, the senior partner adding
Quarterly and Princeton Review. His from time to time, by his inventive gen-
writings include a large number of essays ius, great improvements, especially in the
and reviews, and Constitutional History construction of power-presses, for rapid and
of the Presbyterian Church in the United excellent printing. Richard M. Hoe died




RICHARD MARCH HOK



States. He died in Princeton, N. J., June
19, 1878.

Hoe, Richard March, manufacturer;
born in New York City, Sept. 12, 1812;
son ot Robert Hoe, an ingenious mechanic,
born in Leicestershire, England, in 1784;
and died in Westchester county, N. Y.,



suddenly in Florence, Italy, June 7, 1886.
Hoffman, Charles Fenno, author;
born in New York City in 1806; was edu-
cated at Columbia College; admitted to
the bar in 1827. He established the
Knickerbocker Magazine in 1833; became
editor of the American Monthly Magazine;



Jan. 4, 1833. He was a builder and ar- and in 1846 editor of the Literary World.



rived in New York in 1803, when he re-
linquished his trade and began the manu-
facture of printing-materials and of a
hand-press invented by his brother-in-law,
Peter Smith. Making great improvements
in printing-presses, his business increased



He died in Harrisburg, Pa., June 7, 1884.
Hoffman, Frederick L., author; born
in Varel, North Germany, May 2, 1865;
is a member of numerous foreign and
American statistical and other organiza-
tions, and, besides contributing to maga-



but, his health failing, in 1832 his eldest zines and technical periodicals, is author
son Richard, took charge of the business, of Race, Traits, and Tendencies of the



with two partners. Meanwhile Richard
had made material improvements in the
manufacture of saws, and the production
of these implements became an important
part of their business. In 1837 Richard
went to England to obtain a patent tor
an improved method of grinding saws



397



American Negro; On the Sanitary Condi-
tion of the Trinity Tenements, etc.

Hoffman, Murray, jurist; born in New
York City, Sept. 29, 1791; graduated at
Columbia College in 1809; was assistant
vice-chancellor in 1839-43; and judge of
the Superior Court of New York. in 1853-



HOFFMANN— HOLIDAYS

61. His publications include Office and Indian war in his native State, it was his

Duties of Masters in Chancery; Treatise power which kept the Chippewas from

on the Practice of the Court of Chancery ; joining the Sioux in their attacks on the

Treatise on the Corporation of New York whites. He was assassinated by Ind-

as Owners of Property, and Compilation ians in Crow Wing, Minn., June 29, 1868.

of the Laws relating to the City of New Holidays, Legal. The United States

York; and Treatise on the Law of the has no national holiday, not even the

Protestant Episcopal Church in the Unit- Fourth of July. Congress has at various

ed States. He died in Flushing, L. I., times appointed special holidays. In the

May 7, 1878. second session of the Fifty-third Congress

Hoffmann, John Thompson, governor; it passed an act making Labor Day a

born in Sing Sing, N. Y., Jan. 10, 1828; public holiday in the District of Colum-

mayor of New York, 1865-G8; governor, bia, and it has recognized the existence

1869-72. He died in Germany, March 24, of certain days as holidays, for com-

1888. mercial purposes, but, with the exception

Holbrook, James, journalist; born in named, there is no general statute on the

1812; was self-educated and learned the subject. The proclamation of the Presi-

printer's trade. He was editor of the dent designating a day of Thanksgiving

Norwich Aurora for several years; estab- only makes it a legal holiday in those

lished the Patriot and Eagle in 1839, and States which provide by law for it.

The United States Mail in 1859, the lat- The following is a list of the legal holi-

ter of which he edited till his death ; and days in the various States and Territories :

was also special agent of the Post-Office Alabama. — Jan. 1, Feb. 22, Mardi-Gras,

Department from 1845 till his death. He Good Friday, April 26, July 4, first Mon-

was author of Ten Years Among the day in September, Dec. 25.

Mail-Bags. He died in Brooklyn, Conn., Arizona. — Jan. 1, Feb. 22, Arbor Day,

April 28, 1864. May 30, July 4, Dec. 25, any day of

Holcombe, Henry, clergyman; born in Thanksgiving or general election.

Prince Edward county, Va., Sept. 22,, California. — Jan. 1, Feb. 22, May 30,

1762; served in the Revolutionary War July 4, Sept. 9, first Monday in October,

as captain. After the war he began to Thanksgiving, Dec. 25, general election,

preach, and in 1785 was ordained pastor Colorado. — Jan. 1, Feb. 22, Arbor Day,

of a Baptist church in South Carolina; May 30, July 4, first Monday in September,

was a delegate to the convention that rati- Thanksgiving, Dec. 25, general election,

fied the Constitution of the United States; Connecticut. — Jan. 1, Feb. 12 and 22,

held pastorates in South Carolina in 1791- Fast Day, May 30, July 4, first Monday in

99, when he was called to Savannah, Ga. September, Thanksgiving, Dec. 25.

He organized the Savannah Female Semi- Delaware. — Jan. 1, Feb. 22, May 30,

nary, and aided in the establishment of July 4, first Monday in September,

Mount Enon Academy in 1804, and a mis- Thanksgiving, Dec. 25.

sionary society in 1806. He was pastor District of Columbia. — Jan. 1, Feb. 22,

of the First Baptist Church in Phila- March 4, May 30, July 4, first Monday in

delphia, Pa., from 1812 till his death; September, Thanksgiving, Dec. 25.

and published Funeral Discourse on the Florida. — Jan. 1 and 19, Feb. 22, Arbor

Death of Washington, and Lectures on Day, April 26, June 3, July 4, first Mon-

Primitive Theology. He died in Phila- day in September, Thanksgiving, Dec. 25,

delphia, Pa., May 22, 1826. general election.

Hole-in-the-Day, a chief of the Chip- Georgia. — Jan. 1 and 19, Feb. 22, April

pewa Indians; born in Minnesota, about 26, June 3, July 4, first Monday in Sep-

1827; was very intelligent and learned tember, any Thanksgiving Day, first Fri-

considerable about civil government. He day in December, Dee. 25.

believed in peace and understood the power Idaho. — Same as Arizona. Also Friday

of the whites. After marrying an Irish- after May 1. Omitting May 30.

woman he accumulated a fortune of about Illinois. — Jan. 1, Feb. 12 and 22, May

$2,000,000, being thus among the richest 30, July 4, first Monday in September,

men in Minnesota. In 1862, during the Thanksgiving, Dec. 25, election day.

398



HOLIDAYS, LEGAL

Indiana. — Jan. 1, Feb. 22, public fast, Thanksgiving and Fast Day, Dec. 25, every

May 30, July 4, first Monday in Septem- Saturday afternoon, general election,

ber, Thanksgiving, Dec. 25, general elec- Notes and drafts payable on secular or

tion. business day next succeeding each holi-

lovca. — Jan. 1, May 30, July 4, first day.

Monday in September, Thanksgiving, Dec New Mexico. — Jan. 1, July 4, Dec. 25,

25, general election. and all days for fasting and thanksgiving.

Kansas. — Jan. 1, Arbor Day, May 30, Notes due on holidays are payable on the

public fast, July 4, first Monday in Sep- next business day thereafter,

tember, Thanksgiving, Dec. 25, general New York. — Jan. 1, Feb. 12 and 22, May

election. 30, July 4, first Monday in September,

Kentucky. — Jan. 1, Feb. 22, May 30, Thanksgiving, Fast Day, Dec. 25, gen-
July 4, public fast, first Monday in Sep- eral election, every Saturday afternoon,
tember, Thanksgiving, Dec. 25, general North Carolina. — Jan. 1 and 19, Feb. 22,
election. May 10 and 20, July 4, Labor Day,

Louisiana. — Jan. 1 and 8, Feb. 22, Mar- Thanksgiving, Dec. 25, general election,

di - Gras in New Orleans, Good - Friday, Notes and drafts payable on secular or

April 6, July 4, All Saints' Day, Dec. 25, business day next succeeding each holiday,

general election. North and South Dakota.— Jan. 1, Feb.

Maine. — Jan. 1, Feb. 22, May 30, public 12 and 22, Arbor Day, May 30, July 4,
fast, July 4, first Monday in September, Thanksgiving, public fast, Dec. 25, gen-
Thanksgiving, Dec. 25. eral election.

Maryland. — Jan. 1, Feb. 22, Good-Fri- Ohio. — Jan. 1, Feb. 22, May 30, July 4,

day, May 30, July 4, first Monday in Sep- first Monday in September, Thanksgiving,

tember, Thanksgiving, Dec. 25, general Dec. 25, general election,

election, every Saturday afternoon. Oregon. — Jan. 1, Feb. 22, May 30, first

Massachusetts. — Feb. 22, April 19, May Saturday in June, July 4, first Monday in

30, July 4, first Monday in September, September, public fast, Thanksgiving,

Thanksgiving, Dec. 25. Dec. 25.

Michigan. — Jan. 1, Feb. 22, May 30, Pennsylvania. — Jan. 1, Feb. 12 and 22,

July 4, first Monday in September, fast- Good-Friday, May 30, July 4, first Mon-

ing and Thanksgiving days, Dec. 25. day in September, Thanksgiving, Dec. 25,

Minnesota. — Jan. 1, Feb. 12 and 22, general election, every Saturday afternoon.

Good -Friday, Arbor Day, May 30, July Rhode Island. — Jan. 1, Feb. 22, Arbor

4, first Monday in September, Thanksgiv- Day, May 30, July 4, first Monday in Sep-

ing, Dec. 25, general election. tember, Thanksgiving, Dec. 25, State elec-

Mississippi. — July 4, Dec. 25. tion, general election.

Missouri. — Jan. 1, Feb. 22, May 30, July South Carolina. — Jan. 1 and 19, Feb. 22,

4, first Monday in September, Thanksgiv- May 10, July 4, first Monday in Septem-

ing, Dec. 25, general election. ber, national Thanksgiving, Dec. 25, gen-

Montana. — Jan. 1, Feb. 22, third Tues- eral election,

day in April, Arbor Day, May 30, public Tennessee. — Jan. 1, Good-Friday, second

fast, July 4, first Monday in September, Friday in May, May 30, July 4, first Mon-

Thanksgiving, Dec. 25, general election. day in September, Thanksgiving, Dec. 25,

Nebraska.— Jan. 1, Feb. 22, April 22, general election.

May 30. July 4, first Monday in Septem- Texas. — Jan. 1, Feb. 22, March 2, April

ber, public fast, Thanksgiving, Dec. 25. 21, July 4, first Monday in September,

Nevada. — Jan. 1, Feb. 22, May 30, July Dec. 25, days of fasting and thanksgiving,

4, Oct. 31, Thanksgiving, Dec. 25, general election day.

election. Utah. — Jan. 1, Feb. 22, April 15, May

New Hampshire. — Feb. 22, Fast Day, 30, July 4 and 24, first Monday in Sep-

May 30, July 4, first Monday in Septem- tember, Thanksgiving and Fast days, Dec.

ber, Thanksgiving, Dec. 25, general elec- 25.

tion. Vermont. — Jan. 1, Feb. 22, May 30,

New Jersey. — Jan. 1, Feb. 12 and 22, May July 4, Aug. 16, Thanksgiving, Dec. 25.

80, July 4, first Monday in September, Virginia. — Jan. 1 and 19, Feb. 22, Fast

399



HOLLAND



Day, June 3, July 4, first Monday in employer told his story, every word of



September, Thanksgiving, Dec. 25.



which the father received without ques-



Washington. — Jan. 1, Feb. 12 and 22, tion, and then remarked, with considerable
Decoration Day, July 4, first Monday in vehemence: "It is all owing to those
September, Thanksgiving, Dec. 25, general cursed public schools." The father retired,



election.



and the old professor sat down and thought



West Virginia. — Jan. 1, Feb. 22, July 4, about it; and the result of his thinking

Dec. 25, any day of national thanksgiving, did not differ materially from that of the

general election. father. It was not, of course, that there

Wisconsin. — Jan. 1, Feb. 22, Arbor Day, was anything in the studies pursued which

May 30, July 4, first Monday in Sep- had tended to unfit the girl for her duties,

tember, Thanksgiving, Dec. 25, general It was very possible, indeed, for the girl



election.

Wyoming. — Jan. 1, Feb. 22, Arbor Day,



to have been a better servant in conse-
quence of her intelligence. There was



May 30, July 4, Thanksgiving, Dec. 25, nothing in English grammar or the multi-



general election.

Holland, Josiah Gilbert, author



plication table to produce insubordination
born and discontent. There was nothing in the



in Belchertown, Mass., July 24, 1819; whole case that tended to condemn the



public schools, as such; but it was the
spirit inculcated by the teachers of public



graduated at the Berkshire Medical Col-
lege in 1844; engaged in practice in

Springfield, Mass., till 1847 ; then became schools which had spoiled this girl for her
a teacher in Eichmond, Va., and in a few place, and which has spoiled, and is still
months was called to the superintendency spoiling, thousands of others.



of the public schools in Vicksburg, Miss.
A year later he returned to Springfield,
and was made associate editor of the Re-
publican, and continued as such till 1866.



Let us look for a moment into the in-
fluence of such a motto as the following,
written over a school-house door — always
before the eyes of the pupils, and always



In 1870 he became editor and part owner alluded to by school committees and visit-
of Scribner's Monthly. He made his ad- ors who are invited to " make a few re-



vent as a book-maker in 1855, by reprint-
ing his History of Western Massachusetts,



marks " :

" Nothing is



e to him who



which had appeared as contributions to wills.



the Republican. Later he published The
Bay Path: a Colonial Tale; Timothy Tit-



This abominable lie is placed before a
room full of children and youth, of widely



comb's Letters to Young People, Married varying capacities, and great diversity of
and Single, which met with much success; circumstances. They are called upon to
Bitter Sweet, a Poem in Dramatic Form, look at it, and believe in it. Suppose a
which was even more popular than Tit- girl of humble mental abilities and humble

circumstances looks at this motto, and
says : " I ' will ' be a lady. I ' will ' be
independent. I ' will ' be subject to no



comb's Letters; Life of Abraham Lincoln i
Kathrina : Her Life and Mine in a Poem;
Lessons in Life; The Story of Sevenoafcs ;
Nicholas Minturn, etc. He died in New man's or woman's bidding." Under these



York City, Oct. 12, 1881.



circumstances, the girl's father, who is



The following is Dr. Holland's essay on poor, removes her from school, and tells

her that she must earn her living. Now, I
ask what kind of spirit she can carry



American Public Education:



A venerable gentleman who once occu- into her service, except that of surly and
pied a prominent position in a leading impudent discontent? She has been asso-



New England college, was remarking re-
cently upon the difficulty which he experi-



ciated in school, perhaps, with eirls whom
she is to serve in the family she enters.



enced in obtaining servants who would Has she not been made unfit for her place
attend to their duties. He had just dis- by the influences of the public school?
missed a girl of sixteen, who was so much Have not her comfort and her happiness



above her business " as to be intolerable.
The girl's father, who was an Englishman,
called upon him for an explanation. The



400



been spoiled by those influences? Is her
reluctant service of any value to those
who pay her the wages of her labor?



HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT



It is safe, at least, to make the propo-
sition that public schools are a curse to
all the youth whom they unfit for their
proper places in the world. It is the
favorite theory of teachers that every man
can make himself anything that he really
chooses to make. They resort to this
theory to rouse the ambition of their
more sluggish pupils, and thus get more
study out of them. I have known entire
schools instructed to aim at the highest
places in society, and the most exalted
offices of life. I have known enthusiastic
old fools who have made it their princi-
pal business to go from school to school,
and talk such stuff to the pupils as would
tend to unfit every one of humbler cir-
cumstances and slender possibilities for
the life that lay before them. The fact
is persistently ignored, in many of these
schools, established emphatically for the
education of the people, that the majority
of the places in this world are subordinate
and low places. Every boy and girl is
taught to " be something " in the world,
which would be very well if being " some-
thing " were being what God intended
they should be ; but when being " some-
thing " involves the transformation of
what God intended should be a respectable
shoemaker into a very indifferent and a
very slow minister of the Gospel, the
harmful and even the ridiculous char-
acter of the instruction becomes apparent.

There are two classes of evil results at-
tending the inculcation of these favorite
doctrines of the school-teachers — first, the
unfitting of men and women for humbler
places; and, second, the impulsion of men
of feeble powers into high places, for the
duties of which they have neither natural
nor acquired fitness. There are no longer
any American girls who go out to service
in families. They went into mills from
the chamber and the kitchen, but now
they have left the mills, and their places
are filled by Scotch and Irish girls. Why
is this? Is it because that among the
American girls there are none of poverty,
and of humble powers? Is it because
they are not wanted? Or is it because
they have become unfitted for such ser-
vices as these, and feel above them? Is
it not because they have become possessed
of notions that would render them un-
comfortable in family service, and render



any family they might serve uncomfort-
able? An American servant, who good-
naturedly accepts her condition, and
knows and loves her place, who is willing
to acknowledge that she has a mistress,
and who enters into her department of
the family life as a harmonious and happy
member, may exist, but I do not know
her. People have ceased inquiring for
American servants. They would like
them, generally, because they are intelli-
gent and Protestant, but they cannot get
them because they are unwilling to accept
service, and the obligations and condi-
tions it imposes. Where all the Ameri-
can girls are, I do not know. I can re-
member the time when thrifty farmers,
mechanics, and tradesmen took wives
from the kitchens of gentlemen where they
were employed — good, intelligent, self-re-
specting women they were, too — who be-
came modest mistresses of thrifty families
afterwards; but that is all done with
now. Under the present mode of educa-
tion, nobody is fitted for a low place, and
everybody is taught to look for a high
one.

If we go into a school exhibition, our
ears are deafened by declamations ad-
dressed to ambition. The boys have
sought out from literature every stirrino-
appeal to effort, and every extravagant
promise of reward. The compositions of
the girls are of the same general tone.
We hear of " infinite yearnings " from the
lips of girls who do not know enough to
make a pudding, and of being polished
" after the similitude of a palace " from
those who do not comprehend the com-
monest duties of life. Everything is on
the high-pressure principle. The boys, all
of them, have the general idea that every-
thing that is necessary to become great
men is to try for it, and each one sup-
poses it possible for him to become gov-
ernor of the State, or President of the
Union. The idea of being educated to
fill a humble office in life is hardly
thought of, and every bumpkin who has
a memory sufficient for the words repeats
the stanza:

" Lives of great men all remind us
We can make our lives sublime,
And departing, leave behind us
Footprints on the sand of time."

There is a fine ring to this familiar



iv. — 2 c



401



HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT

quatrain of Mr. Longfellow, but it is spoiled for their business and their con-
nothing more than a musical cheat. It dition by the sentiments which they have
sounds like truth, but it is a lie. The imbibed with their knowledge, they are