had either left for home or were about Trustee and president of Howard Univer-
leaving. Nearly every one of the news- sity, he resigned in April, 1873. In 1877
papers who received a copy had a suspi- he commanded the expedition against the
cion of its genuineness. Two, however,
the World and the Journal of Commerce,
both of which had been antagonizing the
national government, without awaiting
verification, published the document in
full in their issue of the following morn-
ing. As soon as the news reached Wash-
ington, orders were issued for the sup-
pression of the two newspapers and the
arrest of the author of the document.
Mr. Howard was soon afterwards appre-
hended, and was taken to Fort Lafay-
ette as a prisoner of state. He de-
clared, in his defence, that the alleged
proclamation was intended as a joke,
and it was only through the influence of
the late Henry Ward Beecher and other
strong supporters of the administration
that he was saved from severe punish-
ment.
Howard, Oliver Otis, military officer;
born in Leeds, Me., Nov. 8, 1830; Nez Perces Indians; in 1878 the cam-
graduated at Bowdoin College in 1850, paigns against the Bannocks and Piutes;
and at West Point in 1854; entered the in 1880-82 was superintendent of the
ordnance corps, and became instructor Military Academy; in 1886 was promoted
in mathematics at West Point in 1857. to major-general; and, Nov. 8, 1894, was
He took command of the 3d Maine Regi- retired.
ment in June, 1861, and commanded a Howard Association, a voluntary or-
brigade at the battle of Bull Run. In ganization which distinguished itself for
September he was made a brigadier-gen- courage in caring for the sick of Southern
eral. At the battle of Fair Oaks, or cities during yellow-fever epidemics, 1878-
Seven Pines (q. v.), he lost his right 79. The members nursed 24,000 patients
arm. After the battle of Antietam in New Orleans alone between Aug. 17
(q. v.) he commanded Sumner's corps; and Oct. 26, 1868, and expended in relief
and while Hooker led the Army of the $380,185.83. The association made no
Potomac, in 1863, he was in command of distinction among sufferers of race or
the 11th Corps. He was conspicuous at religion, and judiciously dispensed funds
Gettysburg (q. v.), Lookout Valley, and contributed by the charitable throughout
Missionary Pidge; also in the relief of the country.
Knoxville, late in the year. In 1864 he Howe, Elias, inventor; born in Spen-
was in command of the Army of the Ten- cer, Mass., July 9, 1819; engaged in man-
nessee, and was in all of the battles in ufacturing cotton-mill machinery at
432
OLIVER OTIS HOWARD, DURING THE CIVIL WAR.
HOWE
Lowell in 1835 and invented the sewing-
machine, producing his first machine in
May, 1845, and patenting it in Septem-
ber, 1846. Public indifference, violation
of his rights, and extreme poverty tended
to discourage him, but did not. In 1854
he was enabled to establish his legal claim
to priority of invention. Then a flood-
tide of prosperity flowed in, and by the
time his patent expired, in September,
1867, he had realized about $2,000,000.
At the Paris exposition that year he re-
ceived a gold medal and the cross of the
Legion of Honor. He had contributed
largely to support the government during
the Civil War, and, until his health fail-
ed, did duty as a private soldier in a Con-
necticut regiment. He died in Brooklyn,
N. Y., Oct. 3, 1867.
Howe, Frederic Clem son, lawyer;
born in Meadville, Pa., Nov. 21, 1867;
graduated at Allegheny College, Pa., in
1889, and at Johns Hopkins University in
1892; studied at Halle, Germany, at the
University of Maryland Law School, and
the New York Law School. He was Pro-
fessor of Law in the Cleveland College of
Law, and Lecturer on Taxation in the
Western Reserve University. He is author
of Taxation and Taxes in the United
States, under the Internal Revenue Sys-
tem, 1791-1S95.
Howe, George Augustus, Viscount,
military officer; born in England in 1724;
succeeded to his father's title when he
was eleven years of age. In 1757 he was
commissioned colonel of the 60th (Royal
American) Regiment. Later in the year
he was made colonel of the 55th Foot, and
soon afterwards brigadier-general, and
sent to America with General Abercrom-
bie in the spring of 1758. He led the
right wing of the army in the expedition
against Ticonderoga. At the head of an
advanced party, he met a detachment of
French troops in the forest between the
foot of Lake George and Ticonderoga, and
in a skirmish with them was killed at
the outset on July 8, 1758. His body
was taken back to the head of the lake,
and thence to Albany, by Maj. Philip
Schuyler, where it was entombed in the
family vault of the Schuylers. There it
remained several years. The remains
were finally placed in a leaden coffin and
deposited under the chancel of St. Peter's
Church, in Albany. When his remains
were taken from the vault his hair, which
had been cut short as an example for his
soldiers, had grown to long, flowing and
beautiful locks. The province of Massa-
chusetts erected a monument to his mem-
ory in Westminster Abbey. Lord Howe
was elder brother of Richard and Will-
iam Howe. His fall was regarded as
an ill omen in the army, and produced
almost universal consternation and lan-
guor. Mante says: "With him the soul
of the expedition seemed to expire." Aber-
crombie returned with his troops to Al-
bany.
Howe, Henry, historian; born in New
Haven, Conn., Oct. 11, 1816. He pub-
lished his first book, Eminent Mechanics,
in 1839; canvassed New York State in
the following year with John W. Bar-
ber (q. v.) for material for their His-
torical Collections of New York. The
other publications of Messrs. Barber and
Howe include Our Whole Country; His-
torical Collections of Ohio; Historical
Collections of Virginia; Historical Col-
lections of New Jersey; The Great West;
Adventures and Achievements of Ameri-
cans; Outline History of New Haven;
and Times of the Rebellion in the West.
Howe, Julia Ward, author; born in
New York, May 27, 1819; educated
privately; married in 1843 Samuel Grid-
JULIA WARD HOWB.
ley Howe (q. v.), with whom prior to
the Civil War she conducted the Boston
Commonwealth, an anti-slavery paper.
After the war she became actively inter-
rv.— 2]
432
HOWE
ested in the cause of peace, woman suf-
frage, prison reform, and other movements.
For many years she was a Unitarian
preacher and a popular lecturer. She
wrote the Battle Hymn of the Republic
(see below) ; Passion Flowers; Words for
the Hour; A Trip to Cuba; The World's
Own; From the Oak to the Olive; Later
Lyrics; Sex and Education ; Memoir of
S. G. Howe; Life of Margaret Fuller;
Modern Society ; Is Polite Society Polite ?
From Sunset Ridge, etc.
BATTLE HYMN OF THE REPUBLIC.
Mine eye hath seen the glory of the coming
of the Lord :
He is trampling out the vintage where the
grapes of wrath are stored ;
He hath loosed the fateful lightning of his
terrible swift sword ;
His truth is marching on.
I have seen him in the watch-fires of a hun-
dred circling camps ;
They have builded him an altar in the even-
ing dews and damps ;
I can read his righteous sentence by the dim
and flaring lamps,
His day is marching on.
I have read a fiery gospel writ in rows of
burnished steel :
" As ye deal with my contemners, so with you
my grace shall deal ;"
Let the Hero, born of woman, crush the ser-
pent with his heel,
Since God is marching on.
He has sounded forth the trumpet that shall
never call retreat ;
He is sifting out the hearts of men before
his judgment seat ;
Oh, be swift, my soul, to answer him ! be
jubilant, my feet !
Our God is marching on.
In the beauty of the lilies Christ was born
across the sea.
With a glory in his bosom that transfigures
you and me ;
As he died to make men holy, let us die to
make men free,
While God is marching on.
Howe, Mark Antony de Wolfe, edi-
tor; born in Bristol, R. I., Aug. 28, 1864;
graduated at Lehigh University in 1886,
and at Harvard University in 1887. He
is author of The Memory of Lincoln; and
Phillips Brooks (in the Beacon Biog-
raphies Series).
Howe, Richard, Earl, naval officer;
born in England, March 19, 1725; was edu-
cated at Westminster and Eton; and suc-
ceeded to the Irish viscounty and the
family estate on the death of his brother,
George Augustus Howe, killed near Ticon-
deroga in 1758. In 1739 he was a mid-
shipman in Anson's fleet, and was made
post-captain for gallantry in 1745. He
entered Parliament in 1757, and in 1765
was made treasurer of the British navy.
In October, 1770, he was promoted to rear-
RICHARD HOWE.
admiral of the blue, and in 1776 was sent
to command the British fleet on the Amer-
ican station, charged with a commission,
jointly with his brother, William Howe, to
make peace with or war upon the Ameri-
cans. They failed to secure peace, and
made war. After leaving the Delaware
with his fleet, in 1778, he had an encounter
ofl' Rhode Island with a French fleet, under
the Count d'Estaing, when he disappeared
from the American waters. In 1782 he
was made admiral of the blue, and cre-
ated an English viscount; and in Septem-
ber of that year he relieved Gibraltar, and
received the thanks of both Houses of Par-
liament. In 1787 he was made admiral of
the white, and in August the next year
was raised to an earldom. Because of a
complete victory over the French, which
he obtained in 1794, he was rewarded
with a gold medal, the Order of the
Garter, and the commission of admiral
of the fleet, which he resigned in 1797.
His last service in the royal navy was
persuading mutineers at Spithead to re-
turn to duty. He died in England, Aug.
5, 1799. In St. Paul's Cathedral a fine
monument was erected to the memory of
Admiral Howe.
Howe, Robert, military officer; born in
Brunswick county, N. C, in 1732; was in
the legislature in 1773; was one of the ear-
434
HOWE
liest and most uncompromising of the pa- capture of St. Augustine. He met with
triots of the Cape Fear region, and was hon- very little opposition before he reached the
ored with an exception, together with Cor- St. Mary River, where the British had
nelius Harnett, when royal clemency was erected a fort, called Tonyn, in compliment
offered to the rebels by Sir Henry Clinton, to the governor of the province. On the
in 1776. He was appointed colonel of the approach of Howe they destroyed the fort;
1st North Carolina Regiment, and with his and, after some slight skirmishing, re-
command went early into the field of Revo- treated towards St. Augustine. But the
lutionary strife. In December, 1775, he Americans were driven back from Florida
joined Woodford at Norfolk, in opposition by a fever which swept away nearly one-
to Lord Dunmore and his motley army.
For his gallantry during this campaign,
Congress, on Feb. 29, 1776, appointed him
one of five brigadier-generals in the Con-
tinental army, and ordered him to Vir-
ginia. In the spring of 1776, British spite
towards General Howe was exhibited by
Sir Henry Clinton, who sent Cornwallis,
fourth of their number, and rendered their
retreat absolutely necessary.
Howe, Samuel Gridley, philanthro-
pist; born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 10,
1801 ; graduated at Brown University in
1821; became a physician; and sympa-
thizing with the Greeks in their struggle
for independence, went there in 1824, and
with 900 men, to ravage his plantation served as a surgeon in the army and in
near old Brunswick village. He was other capacities until 1830. In 1831 he
placed in chief command of the Southern became interested in the establishment of
troops in 1778, and was unsuccessful in an institution for the blind in Boston,
an expedition against Florida and in the The Perkins Institute was the result. It
defence of Savannah. His conduct was was put in operation in 1832, with Dr.
censured, but without just cause. Among Howe at its head. In that institution,
others whose voices were raised against through the unwearied efforts of Dr.
him was Christopher Gadsden, of Charles- Howe, Laura Bridgman, a deaf, dumb,
ton. Howe required him to deny or re- and blind girl, became educated. Dr.
tract. Gadsden would do neither, and a Howe, while in Europe, preparatory to
duel ensued. They met at Cannonsburg, opening the institution, engaged a little
and all the damage either sustained was in politics, and was in a Prussian prison
about six weeks. He was ever active in
every good work. He went to Greece
again in 1867, as bearer of supplies to the
Cretans in their struggle with the Turks.
In 1871 he was one of the commissioners
sent by the government of the United
States to Santo Domingo to report upon
the annexation of that island to the Amer-
ican Republic. He died in Boston, June
6, 1876.
Howe, Timothy Otis, legislator; born
in Liverpool, Me., Feb. 24, 1816; admit-
ted to the bar in 1839, and began practice
in Readfield; was elected to the legislat-
ure in 1840. Subsequently he removed to
Wisconsin. He was circuit judge in 1850-
56; then resumed practice. He was elect-
ed to the United States Senate as a Re-
publican in 1861, and served till 1879;
a scratch upon the ear of Gadsden by was a delegate to the International Mone-
Howe's ball. Howe died Nov. 12, 1785.
In retaliation for incursions from Flor-
ROBERT HOWE.
tary Conference in Paris in 1881 ; and was
appointed Postmaster - General by Presi-
ida (q. v.), General Howe, at the head of dent Arthur in December of the latter
2,000 Americans, mostly militia of South
Carolina and Georgia, attempted the
year. He died
25, 1883.
Kenosha, Wis., March
435
HOWE
Howe, William, military officer; born proffered service of commander-in-chief of
in England, Aug. 10, 1729; was, by il- the British army in America. After
Gage's recal
Howe, and
legitimate descent, uncle of George III
He entered the army as cornet of dra
goons, and distinguished himself under command
Wolfe at Quebec. Made colonel of infan
try in 1764, he rose to the rank of major
it was offered to General
ccepted. He was in chief
the battle of Bunker
(Breed's) Hill, June 17, 1775, and when
forced to leave Boston, March, 1776, went
with his troops to Hali-
fax. In August, the
same year, he landed a
large number of troops
on Staten Island, near
New York. With them
the Americans were de-
feated in battle on Long
Island, Aug. 27, 1776,
and for this he was soon
after knighted. He took
possession of New York
City, Sept. 15, and was
defeated in battle at
White Plains (q. v.),
Oct. 28. On Nov. 16 he
captured Fort Washing-
ton, on Manhattan Isl-
and, and in July, 1777,
sailed in the fleet of his
brother, Admiral Howe,
for Chesapeake Bay.
Marching for Philadel-
phia, he defeated Wash-
ington in battle on
Brandywine Creek, Sept.
11, 1777, and entered
Philadelphia on Sept. 20.
Howe repulsed an attack
made by Washington,
Oct. 4, at Germantown,
and spent the ensuing
winter in Philadelphia.
In May, 1778, he was
succeeded by Sir Henry
Clinton, and returned to
England. Sir William
was made lieutenant-gen-
eral of ordnance in 1782,
general in 1772. In May, 1775, he arrived and in 1786 colonel of dragoons and full
â– IS WILLIAM HOWE.
at Boston with reinforcements for Gen-
eral Gage. At that time there was much
general. In 1795 he was appointed gov-
ernor of Berwick, and on the death of his
reluctance among British officers to serve brother, in 1799, succeeded to his Irish
against the American colonists. The Earl
of Effingham and the eldest son of Will-
viscounty. Howe was governor of Plym-
outh and a privy-councillor at the time
iam Pitt resigned their commissions of his death, July 12, 1814.
rather than engage in the unnatural ser- Howe, William Wirt, lawyer; born
vice; and General Oglethorpe, the senior in Canandaigua, N Y., in 1833; served
general of the royal army, declined the in the Union army during the Civil War;
436
.'ILLIAM DEAN* HOWELLS.
HOWELL— HOYT
studied law and practised in New Or- George William Curtis in 1892. He is the
leans, La.; and became judge of the author of Life of Abraham Lincoln; Vene-
chief criminal court of New Orleans, and tian Life; Italian Journeys; Life of Ruth-
associate justice of the Supreme Court erford B. Hayes; The Undiscovered Coun-
of Louisiana. He is author of Municipal
History of New Orleans; and Studies in,
the Civil Laic.
Howell, George Eogers, clergyman;
born in Southampton, N. Y., June 15,
1S33; graduated at Yale College in 1854,
and at the Princeton Theological Semi-
nary in 1S64. His publications include
The Early History of Southampton, L. I.,
with Genealogies ; and papers, including
Linguistic Discussions; The Open Polar
Sea; Heraldry in America; etc. He died
in Albany, N. Y., April 5, 1899.
Howell, Riciiard, military officer ; born
in Newark, Del., in 1753; was one of the
number indicted for participating in fir-
ing the cargo of tea at Greenwich, N. J.,
in November, 1774; promoted major in
1776; governor of New Jersey in 1794- try ; A Woman's Reason; Christmas Every
1801. He wrote a poem to welcome Wash- Day; The Day of Their Wedding; An
ington to Trenton, N. J., when the latter Open-Eyed Conspiracy ; Stories of Ohio;
passed through that city on his way to Ragged Lady ; Their Silver Wedding Jotir-
New York to be inaugurated President, ney, and many others. He was also the
He died in Trenton, N. J., April 28, 1802. editor of Choice Biographies, with Essays,
Howell, Robert Boyte Crawford, and Library of Universal Adventure.
clergyman; born in Wayne county, N. C, Howland, Weston, inventor; born
March 10, 1801; graduated at Columbian about 1S1G; was a cabin-boy on a mer-
College, Washington, in 1S26; ordained chant-ship early in life, and rose to the
in the Baptist Church, Jan. 27, 1827; command of a vessel. He afterwards left
pastor at Nashville, Tenn., for many the sea and became a ship chandler and
years. During the Civil War he was a commission merchant, and remained in
strong advocate of the Confederacy. His this business till 1860, when he began
publications include The Early Baptists the manufacture of oil. He was the first
of Virginia, etc. He died in Nashville, in the United States to discover a method
Tenn., April 5, 1868. of refining petroleum. Mr. Howland was
Howells, William Dean, author; born a member of the New Bedford board of
in Martin Ferry, O., March 1, 1837. His aldermen in 1S66, and collector of the
education was largely acquired in Ohio port of New Bedford in 1886-90. He
newspaper offices, where he worked as died in Fairhaven, Mass., May 19, 1901.
compositor, correspondent, and editor. In Hoyt, Albert Harrison, author; born
1861-65 he was United States consul in in Sandwich, N. H, Dec. 6, 1826; grad-
Venice, and while there studied Italian uated at Wesleyan College in 1850, and
language and literature; in 1S65-66 was became a lawyer; paymaster in the army
in 1862-66; received the brevet of lieu-
tenant-colonel in 1865; was editor of the
an editorial writer on The Nation, and in
1866-72 its assistant editor; in 1S72-S1
editor of the Atlantic Monthly; in 1886-91 Xew England Historical and Genealogi-
st editorial contributor to Harper's Maga- cal Register in 1868-76. His publica-
zhie, and later for a short time editor of tions include Necrology of the Neio Eng-
the Cosmopolitan Magazine. In 1900 he land Colleges; Capt. Francis Goelet's
was called to occupy the Editor's Easy Journal of his Visit to Boston, Salem,
Chair in Harper's Monthly Magazine, etc., in lV{5-50 ; Letters of Sir William
which had been vacant since the death of Pepperrell, Bart.; History of the New
437
HOYT— HUDSON
England Historical and Genealogical Reg- Hubbardton, Battle at. Generals
ister; Notes, Historical and Bibliographi- Fraser and Riedesel, with British and Ger-
cal, on the Laics of New Hampshire; The man troops, began a pursuit of the Ameri-
Name Columbia, etc. cans as soon as their flight from Ticonde-
Hoyt, Epaphras, historian; born in roga was discovered. They overtook their
Deerfield, Mass., Dec. 31, 1765; was ma- rear-guard, about 1,200 strong, July 7,
jor-general of the Massachusetts militia. 1777, at Hubbardton, Vt. The main body
His publications include Treatise on the of St. Clair's army had marched towards
Military Art; Military Instructions; Castleton, leaving the rear-guard
Cavalry Discipline; Antiquarian Research-
es, etc. He died in Deerfield, Mass., Feb.
8, 1850.
Hoyt, Henry Marttn, governor;
born in Kingston, Pa., June 8, 1830;
graduated at Williams College in 1849;
became a lawyer in 1853; served in the
Civil War; promoted lieutenant-colonel;
was taken prisoner in January, 1863,
while making a night assault on Fort
Johnson, and was imprisoned at Macon,
Ga. At the close of the war he was
brevetted brigadier - general ; was govern-
or of Pennsylvania in 1878-83. He was
the author of Controversy between Con-
necticut and Pennsylvania; and Pro-
tection vs. Free Trade. He died in
Wilkesbarre, Pa., Dec. 1, 1892.
Hubbard, Lucius Frederick, govern-
or; born in Troy, N. Y., Jan. 26, 1836;
received an academic education; settled
in Minnesota in 1857; entered the Na-
tional army in 1861; served in numerous
battles with marked distinction; re-
ceived the brevet of brigadier-general;
was governor of Minnesota in 1882-87.
He wrote a paper on Minnesota pub-
lished in 1886 in the North Americmi Re-
view.
Hubbard, Samuel Dickinson, legis-
lator; born in Middletown, Conn., Aug.
10, 1799; graduated at Yale College in
1819; inherited large wealth and became
a manufacturer; was a member of Con-
gress in 1845-49 and United States Post-
master-General in 1852-53. He died in
Middletown, Conn., Oct. 8, 1855.
Hubbard, William, clergyman: born
in England in 1621; came to America in
1630; graduated at Harvard College in
1642, and later was ordained in the Con-
gregational Church ; was pastor in
Ipswich, Mass., in 1665-1703. His pub-
lications include History of New Eng-
land; A Narrative of Troubles with the
Indians, etc. He died in Ipswich, Mass.,
Sept. 14, 1704.
438
under
Col. Seth Warner, to gather up stragglers.
While waiting their arrival, Warner was
struck by the van of the pursuers, and a
sharp engagement took place. Colonel
Francis, of New Hampshire, was killed.
The Americans were dispersed, and fled,
excepting 200 who were made prisoners.
The pursuers lost almost as many in killed
and wounded, and soon gave up the chase.
St. Clair, with about 200 men, made his
way through the woods to Fort Edward.
The Americans also lost 120 in killed and
wounded. The British captured about 200
stand of arms.
Huddy, Joseph. See Asgill, Sir C.
Hudson, Charles, author; born in
Marlboro, Mass., Nov. 14, 1795; became
a Universalist clergyman in 1819, and
was pastor at Westminster, Mass., for
twenty years; was a member of Congress
in 1841-49. He was the author of History
of Westminster; History of Lexington;
Genealogical Register of Lexington Fam-
ilies; Congressional Reports on Protection
Policy; Capital Punishment; The North-
eastern Boundary, etc. He also pre-
pared numerous congressional reports.
He died in Lexington, Mass.,
1881.
Hudson, Frederic, journalist;
Quincy, Mass., in 1819; settled
York City in 1836; and was connected
with the Herald for thirty years, being
managing editor when he retired. He
published Journalism in the United States
from 1690 till 1S72. He died in Concord,
Mass., Oct. 21, 1875.
Hudson, Henry, navigator; born
about the middle of the sixteenth century;
was first employed by English merchants,
in 1607, to search for a northeastern pas-
sage to India. He sailed from Gravesend
on May 1, 1607, in a small vessel manned
by only ten men and a boy — the latter
his son. In lat. 80° N., on the eastern
coast of Greenland, he was stopped by
the ice-pack. He fought the ice-floes and
May 4,
born in
in New
HUDSON, HENRY
storms for many weeks, and then re-
turned to England in September, bear-
ing only the fruit of the discovery of
the island of Spitzbergen. Neither
he nor his employers were dishearten-
ed, and late in April, 1608, he sailed
again, expecting to make a passage
between Spitzbergen and Nova Zem-
bla. Again he was compelled by the
ice to turn back. His employers were
now discouraged, and Hudson went
over to Holland and offered his ser-
vices to the Dutch East India Com-
pany, and they were accepted. On
April 6, 1609, he sailed from Amster-
dam in the Half Moon, a stanch ves-