Jersey City, March 31, 1855; elected as-



sociate of the National Academy of
in 1879, and academician in 1882. He has
made a specialty of historical paintings,
and has contributed many drawings il-
lustrating the wars of the United States
to the illustrated periodicals.

Gay, Ebenezer, clergyman; born in
Dedham, Mass., Aug. 26, 1696; gradu-
ated at Harvard in 1714; became pastor
of the Congregational church at Hing-
ham, Mass., which he served for seventy
years. During the Revolution he sympa-
thized with the British. The sermon
which he preached upon the completion
of his eighty-fifth year was published in
America and reprinted in England. It
is generally known as The Old Man's Cal-
endar. He died in Hingham,Mass.,in 1787.

Gay, Picard du, explorer; born in
France and lived in the seventeenth cen-
tury; was with Michael Ako and Father
Hennepin on an expedition to discover the
sources of the Mississippi River. On April
11, 1680, they reached Wisconsin, and not
long afterwards discovered the cataract
which Hennepin named the " Falls of St.
Anthony." They remained in this district
about three months, and then returned
to Canada by the way of the St. Lawrence
River.

Gay, Sydney Howard, historian; born
in Hingham, Mass., in 1814; began the
study ot law, but abandoned it and con-
nected himself with the anti-slavery move-
ment; was editor of the Anti- slavery
Standard in 1844-57; managing editor of
the New York Tribune for some years ; and
subsequently was connected with the Chi-
cago Tribune and the New York Evening
Post. He wrote a History of the United
States (4 volumes), to which William Cul-
len Bryant furnished a preface, and also
many valuable suggestions. He died on
Staten Island, N. Y., June 25, 1888.

Gayarre, Charles Etienne Arthur,
historian; born in New Orleans, La., Jan.
9, 1805; studied law in Philadelphia; ad-
mitted to the New Orleans bar in 1830:
served his State in various capacities until
1835, when he was elected to the United
States Senate, but was unable to take his
seat on account of ill health. He was
abroad eight years, and on his return was
again sent to the State legislature; sub-
sequently appointed secretary of state.
Among his works are Louisiana as a



GEARY— GEIGEB



French Colony; Louisiana under the
Spanish Domination; Louisiana: Its Colo-
nization, History and Romance; A Com-
plete History of Louisiana, etc. He died
in New Orleans, La., Feb. 11, 1895.

Geary, John White, military officer;
Lorn in Mount Pleasant, Westmoreland
co., Pa., Dec. 30, 1819; became a civil
engineer, and served as lieutenant-colonel
of a Pennsylvania regiment of volunteers
in the war with Mexico, wherein he was
wounded, and for gallant services was
made colonel of his regiment. He was
first commander of the city of Mexico
after its capture. He went to San Fran-
cisco in 1848, and was the first mayor of
that city. Returning to Pennsylvania, he
was appointed territorial governor of
Kansas in July, 1856, an office he held
one year. Early in 1861 he raised and
equipped the 28th regiment of Pennsyl-
vania volunteers. In the spring of 1862



ernor of Savannah and brevet major-gen-
eral. In 1866 he was elected governor of
Pennsylvania, and held the office till with-
in two weeks of his death, in Harris-
burg, Feb. 8, 1873.

Geddes, James Lorraine, military offi-
cer; born in Edinburgh, Scotland, March
19, 1827; emigrated to Canada in 1837;
subsequently returned to the continent and
enlisted in the Indian army, serving in
the Punjab campaign; emigrated to Iowa
in 1857; at the outbreak of the Civil War
enlisted as a private, but soon received a
commission, and ultimately was made
brevet brigadier-general of volunteers. He
wrote a number of war songs which be-
came very popular, among them The Stars
and Stripes and The Soldier's Battle-pray-
er. He died in Ames, la., Feb. 21, 1887.

Geiger, Emily, heroine; born in South
Carolina about 1760. While General
Greene was pursuing Lord Rawdon




KMII.Y (JKIOKR'H AKI'K-T.



he was promoted brigadier - general, and towards Orangeburg, he wished to send
did good service throughout the war, be- « message to General Sumter, then on the
coming, at the end of Sherman's march Santee, to take a position in front of the
from Atlanta to the sea, military gov- enemy and impede his flight. The errand

40



GELELEMEND— GENERAL ARMSTRONG

was a most perilous one, and no man in General Armstrong, The, a noted
the army was bold enough to undertake it, privateer, fitted out in New York in
for the Tories were everywhere on the 1812. The merchants of New York fitted
alert. Emily Geiger, a girl of eighteen out no less than twenty-six fast-sailing
years of age, volunteered to carry the let- privateers and letters-of-marque within
ter to Sumter. Greene told her its con- 120 days after the declaration of war
tents, so that, in case she found it neces- (1812), carrying about 200 pieces of arti!-
sary to destroy it, the message might be lery, and manned by over 2,000 seamen,
delivered orally. The girl mounted a fleet Among the most noted of these privateers
horse, crossed the Wateree at the Camden was the General Armstrong, a moderate-
ferry, and, while passing through a dry sized schooner, mounting a " Long Tom "
swamp, was arrested by some Tory scouts. 42-pounder and eighteen carronades. Her
As she came fi'om the direction of Greene's complement was 140 men; her first eom-
army, her errand was suspected. She was mander was Captain Barnard; her see-
taken to a house at the edge of a swamp, ond, Capt. G. R. Champlin. Early in
and a woman employed to search her. March, 1813, while Champlin was cruising
When left alone, she ate up Greene's let- oil' the Surinam River, on the coast of
ter, piece by piece, and no evidence being South America, he gave chase to the Brit-
found against her, she was released with ish sloop-of-war Coquette, mounting twen-
many apologies. She passed on to Sum- ty-seven guns and manned by 126 men
ter's camp, and very soon he and Marion and boys. They engaged in conflict be-
were co-operating with Greene. Emily tween nine and ten o'clock (March 11,
afterwards married a rich planter on the 1813). Supposing his antagonist to be a
Congaree. British letter-of-marque, Champlin ran

Gelelemend, or Kill-Buck, a chief of the Armstrong down upon her, with the
the Delaware Indians; born in Penn- intention of boarding her. When it was
sylvania in 1737. During the Revolution- too late, Champlin discovered that she
ary War he did all in his power to keep was a heavier vessel than he suspected,
his people neutral, a stand which aroused They poured heavy shot into each other,
the animosity of those in his tribe who and for a while the fight was very obsti-
had joined the English. In 1788 he join- nate, within pistol-shot distance. Champ-
ed the Moravian mission in Salem, O., lin was wounded and his vessel severely
receiving the name of William Henry, bruised, but, getting free from the Co-
He died in Goshen, O., in 1811. quette by a vigorous use of sweeps, the

Genealogies, American. In recent Armstrong escaped under a heavy fire
years, and especially since the organization from her antagonist. The Tammany So-
of the various patriotic societies, there ciety of New York gave the captain an
has been a much larger attention paid to elegant sword, and voted thanks to his
the gathering and perfecting of family companions in the fight. In 1814 the
records than ever before. The chief pres- General Armstrong was under the cont-
ent desire is confined in a large measure itiand of Capt. Samuel C. Reid, and in
to an ambition to become allied to one September she was in the harbor of Fayal,
or more of the patriotic orders, and this one of the islands of the Azores, belong-
desire has become so widely spread and ing to Portugal. It was a neutral port,
deep-rooted that the public libraries of and Reid did not expect to be disturbed
the country have found it necessary to there by British vessels. He was mis-
assemble county histories and genealogical taken.

works in one place for the convenience On the 26th Commodore Lloyd appeared

of this class of investigators. The same off the harbor with his flag-ship, the

desire has also increased the publication 1'lantagenet, seventy-four guns; the frig-

of family records. The genealogical lit- ate Rota, forty-four, Captain Somerville;

erature of the United States is now ex- and the brig Carnation, eighteen, Captain

ceedingly voluminous. One of the earliest Bentham; each with a full complement

and most important publications of this of men. The Armstrong had only seven

character is Savage's New England Gene- guns and ninety men, including her offi-

alogies. cers. In violation of the laws and usages

41



GENERAL ARMSTRONG— GENE ST



of neutrality, Lloyd sent into the harbor,
at eight o'clock in the evening, four large
and well-armed launches, manned by
about forty men each. At that time Reid,
suspecting mischief, was warping his ves-
sel under the guns of the castle. The
moon was shining brightly. The barges
and the privateer opened fire almost
simultaneously, and the launches were
driven off with heavy loss. At midnight
fourteen launches were sent in, manned
by about 500 men. A terrible conflict en-
sued, which lasted forty minutes, when
the launches were again repulsed, with a
loss of 120 killed and 130 wounded. At
daylight (Sept. 27) a third attack was
made by the brig Carnation, which opened
heavily, but was soon so cut up by the
well-directed guns of the Armstrong that
she hastily withdrew. The privateer was
also much damaged, and it being evident
that she could not endure a fourth attack,
Captain Reid directed her to be scuttled,
to prevent her falling into the hands of
the British. She was then abandoned,
when the British boarded her and set her
on fire. While the British lost over 300
men in the three attacks, the Armstrong
lost only two men killed and seven wound-
ed during the ten hours.

To Captain Reid and his brave men is
justly due the credit of saving New
Orleans from capture. Lloyd's squadron
was a part of the expedition then gath-
ering at Jamaica for the invasion of
Louisiana. The object of the attack on
the Armstrong was to capture her, and
make her a useful auxiliary in the work.
She so crippled her assailants that they
did not reach Jamaica until ten days
later than the expedition intended to sail
from there. It had waited for Lloyd, and
when it approached New Orleans Jackson
had made ample arrangements to receive
the invaders. Had they arrived ten days
sooner the city must have fallen. The
State of New York gave Captain Reid
thanks and a sword, and he was greeted
with enthusiasm on his return to the
United States. The Portuguese government
demanded and received from the British
an apology for the violation of neu-
trality, and restitution for the destruc-
tion of Portuguese property at Fayal dur-
ing the action. That government also de-
manded satisfaction and indemnification



for the destruction of the American vessel
in their neutral port. This was refused,
and neither the owners of the vessel nor
their heirs ever received indemnification
for their losses either from Great Britain
or Portugal.

Genest, or Genet, Edmond Charles,
diplomatist; born in Versailles, France,
Jan. 8, 1765. His literary talent was
early developed. At the age of twelve
years he received from the King of Swe-




EDMOND CHARLES GENEST.

den a gold medal for a translation of the
history of Eric XIV. into Swedish, with
notes by himself. He was a brother of
the celebrated Madame Campan, and was
brought up in the French Court; yet he
was a republican. Attached to the em-
bassies of Berlin, Vienna, London, and
St. Petersburg, he maintained his repub-
lican bias, and on his return from the
Russian Court (1792) was appointed min-
ister to the United States. He had al-
ready been made adjutant-general of the
armies of France and minister to Hol-
land by the revolutionists, and employed
in revolutionizing Geneva and annexing
it to France. He arrived at Charleston,
S. C, April 0, 1793. He was received
with open arms by the Republican, or
Democratic, party. He was disposed to
treat the United States government with
contempt, believing the people would



42



GENEST, EDMOND CHARLES



not sustain it in its coldness towards
the French revolutionists. He came with
blank commissions for naval and military
service, and before he proceeded to the
seat of government to present his creden-
tials he fitted out two privateers at
Charleston to prey on British commerce,
and gave authority to every French con-
sul in America to constitute himself a
court of admiralty to dispose of prizes
brought into American ports by French
cruisers. One of these vessels, L'Embus-
cade, went prowling up the coast, seizing
several small vessels, and finally captur-
ing a British merchantman within the
capes of the Delaware, when she proceeded
in triumph to Philadelphia, where she
was received with acclamations of joy by
the excited people. Upon the bow of
L'Embuscade, her foremast, and her stern
liberty-caps were conspicuous, and the
British colors were reversed in the prize,
with the French colors flying above them.
Fourteen days later Genest arrived by
land at Philadelphia, where, according to
preconcert, a number of citizens met him
at the Schuylkill and escorted him into
the city, while cannon roared and church
bells rang out merry peals of welcome.
There he received addresses from various
societies, and go anxious were his admir-
ers to do homage to the representative of
the authors of the Reign of Terror in
France that they invited him to a public
dinner before he had presented his cre-
dentials to the President of the United
States.

Genest presented his credentials to
Washington in person (April 19, 1793),
and found himself in an atmosphere of the
most profound dignity. He felt his own
littleness as a mere political enthusiast
while standing before the representative
of true democracy in America, and of the
soundest principles of the American re-
public. He withdrew from the audience
abashed and subdued. He had heard ex-
pressions of sincere regard for the people
of France that touched the sensibilities
of his heart, and he had felt, in the cour-
tesy and severe simplicity and frankness
of the President's manner, wholly free
from effervescent enthusiasm, a withering
rebuke, not only of the adulators in pub-
lic places, but also of his own pretensions,
aspirations, and offensive conduct. Once



out of the presence of Washington, he be-
came the same defiant champion of the
" rights of the people," affecting to be
shocked at the evidences of monarchical
sympathies in the President's house. He
there saw a bust of Louis XVI., and de
dared its presence in the house of the
President of the United States was an
" insult to France," and he was " aston-
ished " to find that relatives of Lafayette
had lately been admitted to the presence
of the President. His feelings were speed-
ily soothed in a great banquet-hall of his
republican friends, May 23, 1793, where
his ears were greeted with the Marseilles
Hymn, and his eyes delighted with a " tree
of Liberty" on the table. His heart was
made glad by having the red cap of Lib-
erty placed on his own head first and then
upon the head of each guest, while the
wearer, under the inspiration of its sym-
bolism, uttered some patriotic sentiment.
At dinner, at which the governor of Penn-
sylvania (Mifflin) was present, a roasted
pig received the name of the murdered
French King, and the head, severed from
his body, was carried around to each of
the guests, who, after placing the cap of
Liberty on his own head, pronounced the
word " tyrant," and proceeded to mangle
with his knife that of the poor pig. One
of the Republican taverns in Philadelphia
displayed as a sign a revolting picture of
the mutilated and blood-stained corpse of
Queen Marie Antoinette.

This madness ran a short course, and its
victims became heartily ashamed of it.
Genest took this for a genuine and settled
feeling, and acted upon it. Meanwhile
the insulted government took most digni-
fied action. The captured British mer-
chantman was restored to its owners, and
the privateers were ordered out of Ameri-
can waters. Orders were sent to the col-
lectors at all American ports to seize all
vessels fitted out as privateers, and to
prevent the sale of any prize captured by
6uch vessels. Chief-Justice Jay declared
it to be the duty of grand juries to present
all persons guilty of such violation of the
laws of nations with respect to any of the
belligerent powers. The French ambassa-
dor and his friends were greatly irritated.
Pie protested, and the Secretary of State
(Jefferson), who had favored the enthu-
siasm of Genest's reception, finding he had



GENEST— GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE UNITED STATES



a troublesome friend on his hands, plain-
ly told Genest that by commissioning pri-
vateers he had violated the sovereignty of
the United States. With offensive per-
tinacity, Genest denied this doctrine as
contrary to right, justice, and the laws
of nations, and threatened to " appeal
from the President to the people"; and in
this the Republican newspapers sustained
him. Secret Democratic societies which
had been formed became more bold and
active, and Genest, mistaking the popular
clamor for the deliberate voice of the na-
tion, actually undertook to fit out a pri-
vateer at Philadelphia, in defiance of the
government, during the President's ab-
sence at Mount Vernon. It was a vessel
captured by L'Embuscade, and Genest
named her The Little Democrat.

Governor Mifflin, like Jefferson, had be-
come sick of the " Citizen," and he inter-
fered. Genest would not heed his threats
nor the persuasion of Jefferson. He de-
nounced the President as unfaithful to
the wishes of the people, and resolved to
force him to call Congress together.
Washington, on his return to Philadel-
phia, and informed of the insolence of
Genest, exclaimed, " Is the minister of the
French republic to set the acts of the gov-
ernment at defiance with impunity?" Hia
cabinet answered " No ! " The most ex-
acting country could not counsel longer
forbearance, and the French government
was requested, July, 1793, to recall its
minister; and it was done. There was a
reaction in the public mind towards a
more patriotic attitude. The insolence of
Genest had shocked the national pride.
On April 22, 1793, the President issued
a proclamation of neutrality, which the
radical Democrats denounced as an
" edict of royalty." Genest — succeeded by
M. Fouchet, a man equally indiscreet —
did not leave the country, as he did not
think it prudent to return. Marrying the
daughter of Gov. George Clinton, he be-
came a naturalized citizen of the United
States. He was twice married, his second
wife being a daughter of Mr. Osgood, the
first Postmaster-General under the new
Constitution. Fond of agriculture, he
took great interest in its pursuit; and his
last illness was occasioned by attendance
at a meeting of an agricultural society
of which he was the president. He was



known as " Citizen Genest," a title as-
sumed by the French revolutionists, and
imitated by their American admirers. He
died in Schodak, N. Y., July 14, 1834.

Geneva Convention. See Red Cross.

Geneva Tribunal of Arbitration. See
Alabama Claims.

Gentry, Meredith Poindexter, legis-
lator; born in North Carolina, Sept. 15,
1809; removed with his father to Tennes-
see in 1813; elected to the State legislat-
ure in 1835; to Congress in 1839. When
his State seceded he entered the Confed-
erate Congress. He died at Nashville,
Tenn., Nov. 2, 1S66.

Geographical Society, American, an
organization established in 1852. It aims
to encourage geographical exploration
and discovery; to examine and spread
new geographical information; and to
found a suitable place in New York where
accurate information of every part of the
globe may be obtained. Its headquarters
are at 11 West Twenty-ninth street, New
York City. Its officers in 1900 were:
President, Seth Low; vice-presidents, W.
H. H. Moore, Gen. Egbert L. Viele, C. C.
Tiffany, D.D. ; corresponding secretaries —
foreign, William Libbey ; domestic, Chand-
ler Robbins; recording secretary, Anton
A. Raven. The membership in 1900 was
1,200.

Geological Society of America,
founded in 1888. Officers: President,
George M. Dawson, Canadian Geological
Survey, Ottawa, Canada; secretary, H. L.
Fairchild, University of Rochester; treas-
urer, I. C. White; editor of the Bulletin
of the Geological Society of America, J.
Stanley Brown. In 1900 there were 245
fellows. The entrance fee is $10, and the
annual dues $10.

Geological Survey of the United
States, a branch of the Department of
the Interior, founded in 1879, when it in-
cluded only the geological examination of
the Territories; but in 1881 it was en-
larged so as to comprise the entire
country, and its corps were gradually in-
creased till the survey became the most
important of all governmental organiza-
tions for the purpose of geological ex-
amination. The director of the survey
has charge of the classification of the
public lands, the examination of the geo-
logical structures, mineral resources, and
44



GEORGE I.— GEORGE II.

products of the national domain, and of George (Augustus) II., King of Great
the survey of the forest reserves. In Britain; son of the preceding and Sophia
1900 the chief officers were: Director, Dorothea; born in Hanover, Oct. 20, 1683.
Charles D. Wolcott; Division of Hydrog- In his childhood and youth he was neg-
raphy, chief, F. H. Newell; Division of looted by his father, and was brought up
Mineral Resources, chief, David T. Day; by his grandmother, the Electress So-
Division of Physical and Chemical Re- phia. In 1705 he married a daughter of
searches, chief, G. F. Becker; Division of the Margrave of Brandenburg- Anspach, a
Topography, Forest Reserves, Henry woman of superior character and ability.
Gannett. He was made a peer of England the next
George (Lewis) I., King of Great year, with the chief title of Duke of
Britain, born in Osnabriick, Hanover, May Cambridge. He was a brave soldier under
28, 1660; eldest son of Ernest Augustus, the Duke of Marlborough. In 1714 he ac-
Elector of Hanover, and the first sover- companied his father to England, and was
eign of the Hanoverian line. His mother proclaimed Prince of Wales Sept. 22. The
was Sophia, daughter of James I. of Eng- prince and his father hated each other
land. In 1681 he went to England to cordially, and he was made an instrument
seek the hand of his cousin, the Princess of intrigue against the latter. The Prin-
Anne (afterwards Queen), in marriage, cess of Wales was very popular, and the
but, being ordered by his father not to father also hated her. At one time the
proceed in the business, he returned, and King proposed to send the prince to Amer-
married his cousin Sophia Dorothea. By ica, there to be disposed of so that he
act of the convention of Parliament in should have no more trouble with him.
1689, and by Parliament in 1701, the sue- He was crowned King Oct. 11, 1727. His
cession of the English crown was so fixed most able minister was Walpole (as he
that in the event of a failure of heirs by was of George I.), and he and the clever
William and Mary, and Anne, it should Queen ruled the realm for fourteen years,
be limited to the Electress Sophia, of He, in turn, hated his son Frederick,
Hanover, George's mother, passing over Prince of Wales, as bitterly as he had
nearer heirs who were Roman Catholics, been hated by his father. It was during
By the treaty of union with Scotland the later years of the reign of George II.
(1707) the same succession was secured that the War of the Austrian Sue-
for its crown. By the death of Sophia cession and the French and Indian War
three months before Queen Anne died, (in which the English- American colonies
George became heir-apparent to the throne were conspicuously engaged) occurred,
of the latter because of failure of heirs, During that reign England had grown
and he succeeded her. His son, the Prince amazingly in material and moral strength
of Wales, became openly hostile to his among the nations. The wisdom of Will-
father in 1718, and at Leicester House iam Pitt had done much towards the ac-
he established a sort of rival court. This quirement of the fame of England, which
enmity arose from the treatment of the had never been greater than in 1760.