would be impossible for sS^fe
them to confederate in .\ T J3§ lib
an attempt to throw
off the British yoke.
" At all events," he
said, " they could not
maintain such an inde-
pendency without a
strong naval force,
which it must forever
be in the power of
Great Britain to hinder
them from having."
Hutcheson died in
Glasgow in 1746.
Hutchings, Will-
iam, Continental sol-
dier; born in York,
Me., Oct. 6, 1764. He
and Lemuel Cook, an-
other of the late sur-
vivors, were born the
same year, and died the same month.
They were the last survivors of the sol-
diers in the Revolutionary War. When
William was four years old the family re-
moved to Plantation Number Three, at the Castle, where he remained until the close
of the war. At the age of fifteen, having
acquired a man's stature, William entered
the Continental army. He enlisted in a
regiment of Massachusetts militia com-
manded by Col. Samuel MeCobb, Capt.
Benjamin Lemont's company, as a volun-
teer for six months. That was in the
spring of 1780 or 1781; and he was hon-
orably discharged about Christmas, the
same year, at Cox's Head, at the moutb
of the Kennebec River. He received an
annual pension of $21.60 until 1865, when
an annual gratuity of $300 was granted
by Congress to each of the five Revolu-
tionary soldiers then supposed to be liv-
ing. Only four of the number lived to re-
ceive this gratuity. William Hutchings
and Lemuel Cook were the last.
In 1865, when over 100 years of age, he
467
REMAIN'S OF FOHT GEORGE IN 1800
tion of Fort George, on the peninsula.
After the destruction of the British fleet,
his father, who refused to take the oath
of allegiance to the crown, retired to New
WILLIAM HUTCHING*
HUTCHINS— HUTCHINSON
received an invitation from the city au-
thorities of Bangor to join in the celebra-
tion of the Fourth of July there. He ac-
cepted it. A revenue-cutter conveyed him
from Castine to Bangor. The guns of
Fort Knox, on the Penobscot, gave him a
salute of welcome as he passed. At Ban-
gor multitudes rushed to get a glimpse of
the veteran as he was escorted through
the streets. Senator Hamlin delivered an
oration on that occasion, and at the close
Mr. Hutchings responded at some length
to a toast. " My friends told me," he
said, " that the effort to be here might
cause my death; but I thought I could
never die any better than by celebrating
the glorious Fourth."
Hutchins, Thomas, geographer; born
in Monmouth, N. J., in 1730; joined the
British army when sixteen years old;
was made paymaster and captain of the
00th Royal American Regiment. In 1779,
while in London, his desire for American
independence became known, and he spent
six weeks in prison on the charge of writ-
ing to Benjamin Franklin, then in France.
He is said to have lost nearly $00,000
by this affair. Later he settled in
Charleston, S. C. He was the author of
A Topographical Description of Virginia.
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and North Caro-
lina; History, Narrative, and Topographi-
cal Description of Louisiana and West
Florida, etc. He died in Pittsburg, Pa.,
April 28. 1789.
Hutchinson, Anne, religious enthusi-
ast; born in Alford, Lincolnshire, Eng-
land, about 1590; was a daughter of Rev
Francis Marbury, rector of St. Martin,
Vintry, and other London parishes. The
preaching of John Cotton and her brother-
in-law, John Wheelwright, greatly inter-
ested her, and she, with her husband, fol-
lowed them to Boston in the autumn of
1634, where she was admitted to member-
ship in the church. Being a woman of
strong mind, fluent in speech, bold in de-
fence of her convictions, she soon acquired
great influence in the church. She called
meetings of the women of the church to
discuss doctrines and sermons, and she
expressed views on religious matters which
had offended some of her fellow-passengers
on the voyage. She was tolerated for a
while, but finally the controversy between
her supporters and opponents became a
public controversy (1636). Governor Vane,
Cotton, Wheelwright, and the whole Bos-
ton church excepting five members were
her supporters, while the country clergy
and churches were united against her. The
dispute permeated every department of
the colony and influenced public action in
civil, military, and ecclesiastical affairs.
On Aug. 30, 1637, an ecclesiastical synod
at Newtown condemned her opinions, and
she was summoned before the general
court to answer. After a trial of two
days' duration, she and some of her ad-
herents were sentenced to banishment
from the territory of Massachusetts. She
went to Rhode Island, where a deputation
sent by the church at Boston vainly tried
to reclaim her. Her husband died in 1642,
when she removed, with her surviving
family, into the territory of Now Nether-
land to avoid persecution. The Indians
and Dutch were then at war. The former
invaded her retreat and murdered her, her
son, and son-in-law, and carried off her
little granddaughter, Anna Collins, in Au-
gust, 1643. Some of her neighbors also
suffered, eighteen of them being killed, and
their cattle, put into barns, were burned.
The place of the tragedy was on Pelham
Neck. The region was called Anne's Hoeck,
or Point. Several women and children were
saved in a boat. When Mrs. Hutchinson's
little granddaughter was delivered to the
Dutch at New Amsterdam, four years
afterwards, according to the terms of a
treaty, to be sent to her friends in Bos-
ton, she had forgotten her own language,
and did not wish to leave her Indian
friends. See Hutchinsonian Contro-
versy, The.
HUTCHINSON, THOMAS
Hutchinson. Thomas, royal governor;
born in Boston, Sept. 9, 1711; gradu-
ated at Harvard College in 1727, and,
after engaging unsuccessfully in com-
merce, studied law, and began its practice
in Boston. That city sent him to London
as its agent in important business; and
he represented it in the general court for
468
HUTCHINSON, THOMAS
ten years. In 1752 he was chosen judge
of probate; was a councillor from 1749
to 1766; was lieutenant-governor from
1758 to 1771; and was made chief-justice
of the province in 1768. At that time he
held four high offices under the King's ap-
pointment, and he naturally sided with
the crown in the rising disputes, and be-
came very obnoxious to the republicans.
When, in 1769, Governor Bernard was re-
called, Hutchinson became acting-governor
of Massachusetts, and was commissioned
governor in 1771. He was continually en-
gaged in controversies with the popular
Assembly, and often with his council. The
publication of some of his letters (1773),
which proved that he had been for years
urging upon Parliament the necessity for
the strict enforcement of power over the
colonies, raised a storm of indignation,
and his recall was demanded. This indig-
nation was increased by his action con-
cerning the landing of cargoes of tea in
Boston, and he sailed for England, June
1, 1774, where he was rewarded with a
pension. He never returned to his native
country. He wrote and published a his-
tory of Massachusetts from the first set-
tlement until 1750. The official residence
vi the governor of Massachusetts was
called the " Province House." It was a
large brick building, three stories in
height, and was formerly decorated with
the King's wms, richly gilded. A cupola
surmoMnted the roof. In front of the
house was a lawn, with an iron fence,
and on each side of the gate was a large
oak-tree. The ground sloped, and in front
were about twenty stone steps. The King's
arms are in possession of the Massachu-
setts Historical Society. Hutchinson died
in Brompton, near London, June 3, 1780.
Hutchinson took a seat in Governor
Bernard's council, January, 1767, where
he had no right. The Massachusetts As-
sembly resented this usurpation, this
" lust of power," in intruding into an
elective body to which he had not been
chosen. The council, by unanimous vote,
denied the pretensions of the intruder, for
the language of the charter was too clear
to admit of a doubt; yet Bernard urged
the interposition of the British govern-
ment to keep him there. This conduct of
the crown officers greatly irritated the
people.
When, in May, 1770, he called a meet-
ing of the Assembly at Cambridge, that
body insisted that, by the terms of the
charter, the general court could only be
held at Boston. A dispute arose that con-
sumed much of the time of two sessions,
and it was October before the Assembly
would agree to proceed with needed busi-
ness, and then under protest, after a
day spent in solemn humiliation and pray-
er. Then they made a bitter complaint
against the governor because he had with-
drawn from the castle in Boston Harbor
THB PROVINCE HOUSE.
the company in the pay of the province
and given the fortress up to the regulars.
They also complained of the unusual num-
ber of ships-of-war in Boston Harbor; all
469
HUTCHINSON, THOMAS
of which they charged to misrepresenta- companied its refusal with a sneer at the
tions at court by Governor Bernard, as selfishness of the Bostonians. The King
well as the incumbent. They appointed had heard and believed that the Boston
Dr. Franklin as agent of the province in clergy preached toleration for all kinds of
England. And then began that series of immoralities for the sake of liberty, and
contests between Hutchinson and the peo- scores of other tales, which Hutchinson
pie which speedily caused his exile from did not deny; and for two hours the con-
his native land. versation went on, until the King was sat-
Early in 1773, letters written by Gov- isfied that Boston would be unsupported
ernor Hutchinson and others of the crown in its rebellious attitude by the other col-
officers in Massachusetts to Mr. Whately, onies. " The author of this intelligence,"
one of the under-secretaries of the govern- says Bancroft, " became at once a favorite,
ment, were put into the hands of Dr. was offered the rank of a baronet, and was
Franklin, agent for Massachusetts, by Dr. consulted as an oracle by Gibbon, the his-
Hugh Williamson, of Philadelphia. In torian, and other politicians at court."
these letters the popular leaders were Boston Tea Party. — In his history of
â– vilified, the liberal clauses of the colonial Massachusetts Bay, Governor Hutchinson
darter were condemned, the punishment gives the following account of the de-
of Bostonians by restraints upon their struction of tea in Boston Harbor:
commercial privileges was recommended,
and " an abridgment of what are called The Assembly being prorogued, there
English privileges " in America, by coer- was again room to hope for a few months
cive measures, was strongly urged. Frank- of freedom from civil contention. The
lin saw in these letters evidences of a con- complaint against the governor was gone
spiracy against his country by enemies in to England; the salaries of the judges
its bosom, and he sent them to Thomas were suspended for the consideration of
Cushing, speaker of the Massachusetts the next session: these were the two sub-
Assembly. They were finally published, jeets of controversy peculiar to Massa-
and created intense excitement through- chusetts colony. Not more than two or
out the colonies. The tempest of indigna- three months had passed before a new
tion which they raised was fearful to subject was brought on, which had its
Hutchinson and his friends. When a com- effect on all the colonies, but greater in
mittee waited upon him for an explicit Massachusetts than in any other,
answer as to the authenticity of his own When the affairs of the East India Corn-
letters, he replied, " They are mine, but pany were under the consideration of
were quite confidential." This was not Parliament, to facilitate the consumption
satisfactory, and the Assembly adopted a of tea, a vast quantity whereof then lay
petition to the King for his removal. The in the warehouses, it was determined to
writers of the letters were Thomas Hutch- export a part of it, on account of the com-
inson, Andrew Oliver (lieutenant-govern- pany, to the colonies, there to be sold by
or), Charles Paxton, Thomas Moffatt, factors at a much lower price than it
Robert Auchmuty, Nathaniel Rogers, and could be afforded by particular merchants
George Rome. See Franklin, Benjamin, who purchased it in England. When the in-
So eager was the King to see Governor telligence first came to Boston, it caused
Hutchinson, of Massachusetts, on his ar- no alarm. The 3d. duty had been paid
rival in England in July, 1774, that he the last two years without any stir, and
was hurried by Lord Dartmouth to the some of the great friends to liberty had
presence of his Majesty without time to been importers of tea. The body of the
change his clothes. He gave the King people were pleased with the prospect of
much comfort. He assured him that the drinking tea at less expense than ever.
Port Bill was a wise and effective method The only apparent discontent was among
for bringing the Boston people into sub- the importers of tea, as well those who
mission; that it had occasioned extreme had been legal importers from England,
alarm; that no colony would comply with as others who had illegally imported from
their request for a general suspension of Holland : and the complaint was against
commerce ; and that Rhode Island had ac- the East India Company for monopolizing
470
HUTCHINSON, THOMAS
a branch of commerce which had been passed that the inhabitants of the town,
beneficial to a great number of particular by all means in their power, will prevent
merchants. And the first suggestion of the sale of the teas exported by the East
a design in the ministry to enlarge the India Company, and that they justly ex-
revenue, and to habituate the colonies to pect no merchant will, on any pretence
parliamentary taxes, was made from Eng- whatever, import any tea liable to the
land; and opposition to the measure was duty. Committees were also appointed
recommended, with an intimation that it to wait on the several persons to whom
was expected that the tea would not be the teas were consigned, and in the name
suffered to be landed. The committees of of the town to request them, from a re-
correspondence in the several colonies soon gard to their characters, and to the peace
availed themselves of so favorable an op- and good order of the town, immediately
portunity for promoting their great pur- to resign their trust. Each of the con-
pose. It soon appeared to be their gen- signees gave an answer of the same im-
eral determination that, at all events, the port, that, as they were not yet acquaint-
tea should be sent back to England in the ed with the terms upon which the teas
ships which brought it. The first motions were consigned to them, they were not
were at Philadelphia, where, at a meet- able to give a definite answer to the re-
ing of the people, every man who should quest of the town. The answers were all
be concerned in unlading, receiving, or voted to be daringly affrontive to the
vending the tea was pronounced an enemy town, and the meeting was immediately
to his country. This was one of the eight after dissolved.
resolves passed at the meeting. Three vessels were expected every hour
The example was soon followed at Bos- with the teas. The consignees were
ton. The people were summoned, by noti- afraid of exposing themselves and their
fixations posted in different quarters, to bondsmen to damages, which might arise
meet at the tree of liberty, to hear the from a refusal or neglect to execute their
resignation of the consignees of the tea, trust; on the other hand, they were anx-
which was then daily expected. The con- iously concerned for their personal safety,
signees also, by a letter left at one of their and made their application to the govern-
houses, were required to attend at the or. He foresaw that this would prove
same time at their peril. The people met, a more difficult affair than any which
but, the consignees not appearing, a com- had preceded it since he had been in the
mittee was appointed to acquaint them at chair. The controversies with the coun-
one of their warehouses where they had cil and house had a tendency to deprive
met that, as they had neglected to at- him of the esteem and favor of the peo-
tend, the people thought themselves war- pie; but he had not been apprehensive of
ranted to consider them as their enemies, injury to his person. He was now to en-
They treated the message with contempt, counter with bodies of the people col-
and the people, many of whom had fol- lected together, and a great proportion of
lowed the committee, forced open the them the lowest part of the people, from
doors of the warehouse, and attempted to whom, when there is no power to restrain
enter a room in which the consignees, them, acts of violence are to be expected,
with some of their friends, were shut up; He knew that the council would give him
but, meeting with resistance, they soon no aid. A man of the most influence
after dispersed, and the body of the peo- among them had said to him that he was
pie who remained at the tree, upon the of opinion, instead of any attempts to
return of their committee, dispersed also, suppress the motions of the people, it
This seems to have been intended only as was more advisable to recommend to the
an intimation to the consignees of what consignees to reship the tea to England,
they had to expect. Two days after, He had no expectations of being able to
what was called a " legal " meeting of the protect the persons of the consignees or
inhabitants was held in Faneuil Hall, the property under their care. He con-
Here the resolves which had been passed sidered that, if the ships came into the
by the people of Philadelphia were first harbor above the castle, they could not
adopted; and then a further resolve pass by it again without a permit under
471
HUTCHINSON, THOMAS
his band, and that his granting such per- assistance, in order to the recovery of
mit would be more than he should be able them. He acquainted them with the at-
to justify. He therefore advised to their tack upon the house of one of the con-
anchoring without the castle, and their signees, their dread of further violence
waiting for orders; and this advice was upon the arrival of the tea, which was,
approved of by the consignees, and by the expected every hour; that he had called
owner of the ship first expected, if not by upon the civil magistrates, and had di-
the owners of the other ships; and orders rected a military company of the inhabi-
were given to the pilots accordingly. tants to hold themselves in readiness to
All design of riots and acts of violence obey their orders, in suppressing all
had been disclaimed by the conductors of riotous assemblies of the people; but all
measures for preventing the tea from had been to no purpose. One of the coun-
being landed. A great number of rioters cil observed that the last riot was not
assembled, notwithstanding, before the of the most enormous kind; that in Sir
house of Mr. Clarke, one of the con- Eobert Walpole's time mobs had been fre-
signees, in the evening, and attempted to quent in England. Government there was
force their way in, broke the windows then forced to give up the excise, and Sir
to pieces, and otherwise damaged it, so as Robert had promised never to bring it
to cause the occupiers to remove out of it. on again; the people would not bear the
One of the consignees fired with ball upon cider act; and the disorders among the
the mob, from one of the windows, soon people here were caused by unconstitu-
after which the rioters dispersed. tional acts of Parliament. Another ob-
The next day a town-meeting was held served that sending the tea by the East
in Boston, for the sole purpose of in- India Company to America was the plan
quiring of the consignees whether they of the ministry, in order to raise a reve-
were prepared to give a definite answer nue; that he dreaded the consequences,
to the request of the town. They in- and was of opinion that the only way
formed the town that they had received to prevent them was by the consignees
advice from their friends in England of resigning their trust.
such engagements in their behalf, merely While this debate was going on, the
of a commercial nature, as to put it out consignees delivered their petition to the
of their power to comply with the request secretary, some parts whereof, after it
of the town. Immediately upon receiv- had been read, they were called in to
ing this answer the meeting dissolved it- explain; and having signified that they
self. This sudden dissolution struck were in danger of violence to their per-
more terror into the consignees than the sons, and that they feared the destruc-
most minatory resolves. The same even- tion of the tea, if there should be any
ing, by the advice of some of their attempt to land it, they prayed for pro-
friends, they resolved to petition the gov- tection to both, promising to wait for
ernor and council to take under the pro- further directions from the East India
tection of government the property of the Company, and in the mean time to take
East India Company, which they were no steps towards the sale of the tea with-
willing to resign, in order to its being out permission from the governor and
landed and secured, until further direc- council. When they had withdrawn, the
tion from the owners. This measure was gentleman who had proposed their re-
charged to the governor, who knew noth- signing explained himself, not intending
ing of it until he came to town from his a resignation into the hands of the govern-
house in the country, the next morning, or and council; and exception was taken
to attend a council summoned upon the to their having any concern with the
general state of the province; nor had tea, lest they should make themselves
he any expectation of success from it. liable to answer for any damage which
The governor laid before the council might happen to it. But, some of
the distracted state of the province from the council desiring an adjournment, the
the measures of the inhabitants of Bos- matter was continued from Eriday until
ton, who were in possession of the powers Tuesday following, and, there being then
of government, and required advice and but a bare quorum present, it was moved
472
HUTCHINSON, THOMAS
that the governor should make a further arrived, and anchored below the castle
adjournment, to which he consented; and, Notification in a form* proper to inflame
the selectmen of Boston having been the people was posted up, calling upon
first sent for, it was recommended to them to assemble; and while the governor
them to use their endeavors to preserve and council were sitting on the Monday
the peace of the town, and they expressed in the council chamber, and known to be
their opinions that, while the affair was consulting upon means for preserving the
under the consideration of the governor peace of the town, several thousands, in-
and council, the people would remain habitants of Boston and other towns, were
quiet. assembled in a public meeting-house at
Several members appeared upon this ad- a small distance, in direct opposition and
journment, who had not been present be- defiance. The council, when they had con-
fore. Mr. Bowdoin acquainted the gov- sidered the exception which the governor
ernor that he had reduced his thoughts had made, ordered a recommitment of the
to writing, which he begged leave to read, report; but it was returned without any
and to lay the paper on the table. To this material alteration, all advice to secure
the governor excepted as irregular, and the tea upon its being landed being ex-
as it would make an ill precedent. After pressly refused, because such advice would
much debate, and after the council had, be a measure for procuring payment of the
in general, discovered a disinclination to duty. Three or four of the council in the
any other act or advice than a formal call debate appeared to disapprove of the re-
upon the peace officers to be vigilant, which port, but, when the question was put, it
had been often done, and as often met passed unanimously; and the last and
with contempt, a motion was made that, senior councillor, though he had argued
as the opinion of the council was evident, very strongly against it, gave his voice
a committee might be appointed to re- for it, adding that it would not do for
duce it to a proper form. There was no him to be alone. The council advised the
room to doubt that the design was to governor's calling upon the magistrates