was compiled for the Emperor Hadrian. From this, as I
have already elsewhere deduced,^ it appears that the
Iloman name of the city (the Caercei of the Britons) was
Clausentum, standing at the eastern inland extremity of
the great triple estuary, Trisanton. The recent exposure
of the Boman city walls has, therefore, in all probability,
shown us some remains of the fortifications of Clausen-
tum. Of the existence of the city some sixty years
before, the evidence of the inscription of the time of the
Emperor Claudius has already been quoted. The Bomans
did not here, as in the case of York and London, and
many other places, Latinise the native name, but applied
a name of their own, which has been supposed to mean
the closed or enclosed harbour, which might apply to the
remoteness from the sea, and the sheltered state of the
branch of Trisanton, which stretches nearly up to the
city. This translation of the name Clausentum, suggested
^ Kemble, No. 1008 ; Birch, Cartularium Saxonicum, No. 198.
2 A cast of tlie seal is preserved in the British Museum, Department
of MSS., No. xxxvi, 185.
â– ^ Arch. Juuntal, vol. for 1878, p. o08.
TIIETU ROMAN FORM AND FOUNDATION. /l3;l - ~<^^^
Oil the supposition that tlie name belonged to Bii^iemHTj:
on tlie Itchen, near Southampton, is quite as appli^ble ^
to Clausentum for Chichester. ^ - JLI^''
It now only remains to describe briefly the result of"^
the excavations made at the suggestion of Mr. C. Iloach
Smith, V.P., FS.A., in August 1885, at the city wall,
with the aid of a view of the bastion where the Roman
remains of the wall are now thus brought into view, and
a plan of the city, showing the whole circuit of the walls
as they exist. This plan is taken from the Ordnance
Map of Sussex, published in 1880, made to the scale of
f) inches to a mile. The Ordnance Map shows the bas-
tions of the walls correctly. In this particular very few
of the published maps of the city are correct. By show-
ing an actually thick wall rather than merely the thin
line of the parapet, I have tried to make the bastions on
the accompanying engraving more distinct.
No doubt these bastions are some of the turelli men-
tioned in the Patent Roll already quoted, of 1369-70, and
then ordered to be repaired. It is quite probable, too,
that they w^ere then more numerous than now, for at the
present time there are none in the north-east quarter of
the walls, and only one in the north-west quarter, whilst
in the south-east quarter there are three, which appear
to me to be the full original number ; and in the south
face of the south-west quarter there are two, probably
also the full original number, for the west face of this
quarter is so short that the whole length of it may have
been sufficiently flanked by the western gate tower.
The bastion selected for examination is the eastern of
the two in the south face of the south-west quarter, at x
on plan. There was no appearance above ground of
Roman workmanship in the faces of the bastion. A
straight trench was dug {a, h, c, d, e,f, on plan) parallel
to the face of the wall, and to the tangent of the semi-
circular front of the bastion. This trench was 24 feet
long, 7 feet wide at the ends, and 4 feet wide at the front
of the bastion, at its greatest apparent projection. The
trench was dug so as to remove the earth to a depth of
6 feet 3 inches. When only a few inches had been re-
moved, it was apparent that the flint facing of the bas-
tion had under it a construction which had formed the
132 CHICHESTER : THE CITY WALLS,
base of a larger bastion of similar form, and which justi-
fied Mr. Roach Smith's theory announced beforehand,
that in course of ages the original Boman facing and sub-
sequent facings having perished and fallen away, the
walls had from time to time been refaced, and that they
had lost somewhat in thickness. It was curious to notice,
on the western part, how its exposure to the salt sea-
breezes of the south-west, so prevalent here, and dele-
terious to all buildings, had destroyed the face to a much
greater depth than on the east side. This diminution
from the original size of the bastion is distinctly marked
on the plan at a tof. The original work thus disclosed
is of rubble sandstone set in Roman mortar, as is shown
by the mixture of crushed brick with the sand and lime
of the mortar. It is left only about 1 1 inches high in
the western part, and about 2 feet 3 inches high in the
eastern part.
It was found that this rubblework stands on a plinth
built to the form of the rubblework, in wrought masonry,
with a chamfered edge, the whole depth of the plinth-
course being 11 or 12 inches. In the portion disclosed
by the trench made, this plinth measured 19 feet along
its curved face, and was formed by eleven stones, with
large points of mortar between them, three-quarters to
one inch, or even more, in width at each joint.
Immediately under the plinth the further progress of
the digging disclosed that the foundation was formed by
two courses of dressed stone brought from quarries (still
worked) at Pulborough, Sussex. These foundation-courses
are laid to a rectangular plan, the front line of the upper
course being an exact tangent to the curve of the plinth.
The lower course projects 6 inches beyond the upper, and
the length along the front of it is 19 feet 8 inches. The
joints are large, and filled with Roman mortar. The top
course is 11 inches thick, and the under course 12 inches
thick.
Beneath the under course it was found that the ori-
ginal foundation had been laid in the bottom of the
trench dug by the Roman workmen, by filling in about 8
or 9 inches with flint and chalk rammed and beaten
down to a compact mass, thereby also compacting the
ground beneath.
THEIR ROMAN FORM AND FOUNDATION. 133
Our trench was carried down about 9 inches lower ; but
the additional depth only showed that the ground liad
never been disturbed lower than the Roman foundation,
and that the wall here stands on a solid, clayey formation.
The extreme depth of the Roman foundation was not
more than 2 feet 8 inches below the ground-surface when
it was laid, but is about 5 feet below the surface of the
meadow which now lies outside the walls in this part.
One small copper coin of Gallienus was found, and
placed in the Museum. Many fragments of Roman tile,
roofing and paving, and Roman bonding brick, were dug
out, but no ceramic or ornamental ware. The excavation
has been since filled in so as to cover the undermost bed
of compacted rubbish and the two square foundation-
courses, but to leave in sight the Roman curvilinear
plinth and the Roman rubble base of the bastion.
At the same time another examination was made, 50
feet westward from this bastion, by a digging 26 feet long,
6 feet wide, and 3 feet deep, against the main wall. At
this point the face of the main wall breaks forward 2 feet.
It was hoped that something might be disclosed to show
the reason of this divergence in the straight line of the
face of the wall, but nothing was found in the masonry
marking any Roman foundation there. Most likely the
Roman work is masked behind this projection, the founda-
tion of which is only 3 feet below the present surface of
the meadow, and the ground undisturbed lower.
Immediately westward of this is another and much
more considerable projection, apparently of the city wall;
but this projection is, in fact, the Deanery of media)val
times. Close to it, or in this part, must have been the
postern, bricked up with only one brick thick, which Sir
William Waller, if the resistance to the Parliamentary
forces had compelled an assault, had arranged to blow in
with gunpowder. In the old Deanery walls are frag-
ments of Norman, Early English, and perhaps Elizabethan
masonry. It was pulled down when the ^^I'esent Deanery
was built by Dean Sherlock in 1725. A breach had been
made in the city wall for the construction of this ancient
Deanery. It did not stand upon the wall ; but, in the
form of a spacious tower, it bestrode the foundation of the
Avail, and broke its continuity. It nuist have had a
134 CHICHESTER: THE CITY WALLS,
vastly pleasant prospect across the pastures to the waters
of " Cymenshore".
The second bastion of the south-west quarter is still
further westward, and comes into that portion of the
walls which lies within the Bishop's grounds. No doubt
an excavation here would reveal results somewhat like
those of the recent experiment at the other bastion.
The three bastions in the south-east quarter appear to
be of like history with those of the south-west quarter.
The one nearest to the south gate of the city is so clad
with ivy that it is hard to examine its face now. The
next one, eastward, has had its core dug out so as to form
a flight of steps clown through it, from the walk on the
top of the wall, to the ground outside of the wall. In
this excavation through the bastion many marks of
Roman material are visible. This bastion is in the pri-
vate grounds of a house which was built at the beginning
of the present century, and which bestrides the founda-
tion of the city wall almost exactly at the south-east
point by compass.
For the construction of the house the city wall was
pulled down, as long before it had been done for the old
Deanery; and here, I imagine, was found the fragment of
a Roman inscribed stone which the accounts of the disco-
very say was obtained in 1809 from the foundation of the
city wall, near the east entrance of the city, and near to
one of the towers, having only these letters on the upper
corner fragment of the stone :
According to sketch
..NVSAT
But also engraved by
D M
of the Rev. B.Per-
...lElVS
Thomas King : —
..NVSAT
kins : —
...LXXXV
...IRIVS
..LXXXV
The third bastion of the south-east quarter is near to
the East Gate, and faces directly east.
The bastion in the north-west quarter of the city is
thus accounted for in Hay's History of Chichester, p. 341.
In speaking of the attack on the city by the Parliament-
ary forces in 1643, he says : "At this time the bastion
on the north walls, between the two west lanes, was
erected, and appears to have been constructed of the
stones of the two small churches of St. Pancras and St.
Bartholomew, which they had razed on account of their
THEIR ROMAN FORM AND FOUNDATION. 135
being posited without the walls," Now, and as far back
as living memory goes, this bastion is, and has been, a
detached mass of flint and rubble masonry. There are
living citizens who remember when it was a feat which
challenged the power of the most athletic of the boys to
jump from the top of the wall to the top of this bastion.
This feat was accomplished by some ; but as the masonry
of the bastion has more and more perished, and the facing
of the wall itself, where the bastion was attached, and
the parapet has been completed all through, behind the
bastion, the jump cannot be accomplished. I do not find
any mark of Roman work or material in this bastion, nor
of the material of mediaeval date which Hay's account of
its origin led me to look for. The narrow strip of ground
outside the wall, into which this bastion projects, still
belongs to the Corporation, and is known as " The Cam-
pis.
I have already suggested the probability of the exist-
ence, anciently, of other bastions in the north quarters of
the city. The Rev. Alexander Hay (p. 211), writing in
1804, seems to point out the foundations of one. He
speaks of a " fort without the walls, and joining to the
walls on the north-east corner, the foundation of which
still remains in the garden belonging to Mr. James
Dawes." Near to this, but within the walls, he describes
the existing mount where we know the Norman castle
stood ; and upon the mount remains of a "tower or cita-
del, the foundations thereof may be traced all round
the top, except the part opposite the glacis." There is
no doubt this mount was a citadel of even older than
Roman times, as it seems, from the way in which the
walls of Roman foundation are carried outwards, to form
a more acute ano-le than at the other chano;es in their
O "...
course, with the special object of including within their
circuit the citadel itself
The history of the walls, and the now clearly demon-
strated fact of their Roman foundation, do much to dispose
of the popular error which has so long connected the name
of Cissa with the origin of the name of the city. I have
quoted Camden to show how from a.d. 1599 his authority
made that error popular. But it had a still older origin.
He took it from Roger of Wendover, the original writer
1886 11
136 CHICHESTER: THE CITY WALLS, ETC.
o? Flores Historiarum, who died in a.d. 1237, and whose
work was repeated and continued by Matthew Paris im-
mediately on Koger's death. Thus in their history, at
A.D. 514, it is written, "Ella, quem omnes Saxones pro
rege habuerunt, defunctus est. Eegnavitque pro eo Cissa
lilius ejus, de cujus nomine Cicestria, quam ipse fundavit,
nomen sortita est."
Camden did not repeat this statement that Cissa
founded the city, because he believed from Henry of
Huntingdon, who wrote a century before Roger of Wen-
dover, that the city had a British origin and a British
name, " Caer-cei", and because he knew the city existed
in Boman times ; yet he missed the point that the name
is accounted for by Henry of Huntingdon's information
of its British name, much more satisfactorily than by
adopting Roger of Wendover's derivation of it.
137
THE OLD TRADERS' SIGNS IN WESTMINSTER
HALL.
BY H. STER CUMING, ESQ., V.P., F.S.A. SCOT.
{Read Jan. 20, 1886.)
The sightseer who strolls into Westminster Hall to sur-
vey its grand proportions, its noble roof with carved
hammer- beams of chestnut, and to gaze on the sapient
gentlemen who flit about in powdered wigs and black
gowns, may perchance reflect on some of the mighty
deeds which have been enacted within its ancient walls,
the parliaments which have here been held, the state
trials, the gorgeous assemblies, the coronation-banquets,
with the plumed cliampion and his cast-down gauntlet,
and yet never give it thought that this vast palatial hall
was for full a century and a half employed as a sort of
bazaar where busy trafiic held domain. The shops, or
rather stalls, of this bazaar or mart were, according to
Strype (b. iii, p. 280), occupied by booksellers, law sta-
tioners, and sempstresses, the rents received from them
belonging, by right of ofiice, to the Wai'den of the Fleet.
On Sunday, Feb. 20, 1630-31, the Hall was found on
fire "by the burning of the little shops or stalls kept
therein", as Laud has recorded in his Diary. Pepys enters
in his Diary, suh "20 Jany. 1659-60, — at Westminster
Hall, where Mrs. Lane and the rest of the maids had
their white scarfs, all having been at the burial of a young
bookseller in the Hall." In the epilogue to William
Wycherley's comedy of TJie Plain Dealer (4to., 1676),- it
is said, —
*' In Hall of Westminster
Sleek sempstress vends amidst the courts her ware."
The business carried on in Westminster Hall is thus
described by Tom Brown in his Amusements, etc. (1700):
" We entered into a great Hall where my Indian was
surprised to see, in the same place, men on one side with
11*
188 OLD traders' SIGNS
baubles and toys, and on the other taken up with the
fear of judgment, on which depends their inevitable des-
tiny. In this shop are to be sold ribbons and gloves,
towers and connnodes, by word of mouth. In another
shop lands and tenements are disposed of by decree. On
your left hand you hear a nimble-tongued, painted semp-
stress with her charming treble invite you to buy some
of her knicknacks ; and on your right a deep-mouthed
cryer commanding impossibilities, viz., silence to be kept
among women and lawyers." The same author tells us,
in his Comical Vieiv of the Transactions in the Cities of
London and Westminster {sub Oct. 31), " Barristers troop
down to Westminster at nine, cheapen cravats and hand-
kerchiefs, ogle the sempstresses, take a whet at the Dog,
or a slice of roast beef at Heaven, fetch half a dozen turns
in the Hall, peep in at the Common Pleas, talk over the
news, and so with their green bags (that have as little in
them as their noddles) go home again."
About the year 1735 Henry Gravelot made a drawing
of the interior of Westminster Hall, which was after-
wards engraved by Charles Mosley. It shows the courts
of law at the upper end of the building, and a line of
shops or stalls on either side. Those on the river-side
seem to be, — first, a bookseller ; second, a mathematical
instrument maker ; third, a bookseller ; fourth, a dealer
in female attire ; fifth, a bookseller ; and sixth, another
seller of female commodities. On the other side of the
Hall, beginning nearly opposite the last mentioned stall,
is a bookseller's, then a print and map-seller's, and lastly,
a dainty establishment presided over by a girl who dealt
ill rufHes, turnovers, etc., worn hj the beaus and belles of
the period. This view, therefore, represents nine shops
or stalls, four of them being occupied by booksellers, one
by a printseller, one by a dealer in mathematical instru-
ments, and three by sellers of dress and personal finery,
or " sempstresses", as Ned Ward styles them in his Lon-
don Spy, and which title is also employed by Tom Brown,
Strype, and others.
If these four book-stalls in Gravelot's drawing are to
be taken as an indication of the number that were here
from the foundation of the mart, they must have fre-
quently changed their signs ; but it is not improbable
•IN WESTMINSTER HALL. 139
that there were more booksellers in the Hall during the
seventeenth century than there appear to have been in
the succeeding age.
We are in the dark respecting the signs adopted by
the sempstresses and some other traders ; but most of
the booksellers have recorded theirs on the title-pages of
their works, and the few which have come to notice are
here rehearsed in alphabetical order.
Tlie Angel, as a sign, appears to have been in general
an abstract from the scene of the Salutation ; but when
it took its place in Westminster Hall it was, in all pro-
bability, as the badge of King Richard 11. A family of
the name of Fox carried on the bookseller's trade for
many years under the sign of The Angel, for we find by
the title-pages of their publications that there was a
T. Fox in 1689, a Joseph Fox in 1696, and a J. Fox in
1761. John Dunton, in his singular autobiography, en-
titled his Life and Errors (1705), describes Mr. Fox of
Westminster Hall as " a refined politician".
The Ball, plain, coloured, and gilt, was a very favourite
sign with the old Londoners. The one in Westminster
Hall may have been the royal orb, as most appropriate
for such a locality. In 1662 The Ball was held by Row-
land Hall, bookseller. Can the following jingle preserve
the name of this old publisher ?
" Wise Master Hall
With head like a ball,
That 's not very tall
Nor yet very small,
Has got a nice stall
In the big old Hall,
With books for us all,
Both the great and small.
So we '11 give bim a call
On Monday."
The Black Bear did duty as the sign of William Grant-
ham, bookseller, both in Westminster Hall and St. Paul's
Churchyard at the same time. Grantham's name is seen
on the title-pages of works from 1657 to 1670.
The Black Spread Eagle was the early sign of Matthew
Gillyflower, whose name will again be found when we
reach The Spread Eagle and Crown.
The Gilt, sometimes The Golden Cup was the sign of
140 OLD TRADERS SIGNS
John Bartlet, bookseller, who displayed the like insignia
at his shop in St. Paul's Churchyard, 1631.
The Goat rarely occurs as a trader's sign, but we find
it adopted as such by Francis Constable, who occupied a
bookseller's stall in Westminster Hall during the second
quarter of the seventeenth century. He seems to have
begun business about the year 1616, in St. Paul's Church-
yard, and thence removed to King Street, Westminster,
where he died Aug. 1, 1647. I am indebted to Mr. W.
G. B. Page for this information, who will in his forth-
comino- treatise on the booksellers' si^is of London give
a full account of Constable's peregrinations, and the
many works which he published.
The Judges Head, as we learn from the Daily Couvant
of Dec, 17, 1718, was the sign of a bookseller named
Charles King, who continued his calling in Westminster
Hall as late as 1730.
The King s Arms were emblazoned as signs in all direc-
tions so soon as Charles II recovered the throne of his
ancestors ; and we might well expect to find it in West-
minster Hall. William Hinchman here kept a book-
seller's stall with this sign in 1672.
The Kings Head, probably a portrait of Charles II, was
the sign of two booksellers in the seventeenth century.
J. Collins traded under the royal head from 1668 to 1670,
and William Hensman from 1672 to 1689.
The Sjyread Eagle and Crown has the look of a union
of two signs under one denomination ; and certain it is
that the king of birds was not always associated with
the emblem of monarchy. The sixth edition of Tlie Lady's
New Years Gift, or Advice to a Daughter, was " printed
by W. H. for M. Gillyflower, at The Spread Eagle in
Westminster Hall, 1699"; and in the same year Matthew
Gillyflower was one of the sellers of Monsieur de la Bru-
y ore's Characters, or the Manners of the Age.
The White Hart, the well known badge of Richard II,
was here the sign of Henry Mortlock. In 1675 the duo-
decimo volume of Sir Walter Raleigh's Remains was
printed for Henry Mortlock at The Phccnix in St. Paul's
Churchyard, and at The White Hart in Westminster Hall.
Mortlock was still in business In 1686. Benjamin Barker
succeeded to Tlie While Hart as early as 1703, and con-
IN WESTMINSTER HALL. 141
tinned here for several years. A Short Introduction to
Grammar, for the Use of the Kin r/s School at Westminftter,
was printed for " B. Barker at The White Hart in West-
minster Hall, 1720." The following are the titles of other
works printed for Barker at The White Hart : —
A Brief and Plain Exposition of the Church Catechism,
composed for the Use of a Private School erected and main-
tained at the Cost and Charges of severed Charitable Per-
sons belonging to the New Church in Westniinster. To
which are added some Useful Ejaculations and Prayers.
By Thomas Jekyll, D.D., late Preacher at the said New
Church in Westminster. The Fourth Edition. 1721.
12mo. 116 pages.
The Great Importance of a Religious Life Consider d :
To which are added some Morning and Evening Prayers.
The Fourth Edition. 1721. Price 1 s.
A New Manual of Devotion, in Three Parts. Part I
containing Prayers for Families and Private Persons.
Part II containing Offices, — 1, of Humiliation ; 2, for the
Sick ; 3, for Women with Child. Part III consisting of
an Office for the Holy Communion : to which are added
some Occasional Prayers. The Third Edition, corrected.
Price 2s. 6d. 1721.
J. Stagg was another Westminster Hall bookseller, but
his sign does not seem to be indicated on the title-pages
of the works he published. He was in business here as
early as 1722, and as late as 1740. Somerville's Hobbinol,
or the Rural Games : a Burlesque Poem in Blank Verse,
was printed for J. Stagg in Westminster Hall.
When we consider the arrangements of Westminster
Hall in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, how
large a portion was then taken up by the law-courts, etc.,
it would appear that a very limited space could have
been allotted for the traders' stalls ; and when we further
reflect that these traders were of divers sorts, we are
forced to the conclusion that the booksellers could not
have claimed a very large area for the display of their
works. But few as their stalls may have been, it is a
question if we have yet arrived at a complete list of their
signs ; and we may feel assured that Barker, Bartlet,
(/ollins. Constable, Fox, Gillyflower, Grantham, Hall,
Hensman, Hinchman, King, Mortlock, and Stagg, do not
142 OLD TRADERS SIGNS IN WESTMINSTER HALL.
embrace the whole of the names of those who here dealt
in literature.
And what has become of the names and signs of all
the smart sempstresses and others who here rented
stalls ? Have they, like their owners, for ever faded from
sight and memory 1 Or, in due time, will some plodding
archaeologist drag to light some musty and long forgotten
document which will enable us to repeople, as it were,
the old Hall with its former tenants, beholding again, in