matic, and over that the chasuble, whilst depending from
the left arm is the maniple. There are but small remains
1 According to Mr. Gordon M. Hills, the learned rircliitect of the
Dean and Chapter of Chichester, this is the tomb of Bishop Robert do
Stratford, who died A.D. 13G2.
21 =
290 SEPULCHRAL EFFIGIES
of the pastoral staff, and these are on the left side of the
effigy/
In the wall of the north aisle of the choir, on a high
tomb of alabaster, the front of which is panelled and deco-
rated Avith shields, is the recumbent effigy of a bishop.
This has been ascribed, whether rightly or wrongly I
cannot say, to Bishop Adam de Moleyns, who died a.d.
1449.^ On the head is the mitra jrveciosa, much muti-
lated, as is also the face. The hands are gone, but were
conjoined, and richly gloved. The body- vestments con-
sist of the alb, over which appear the extremities of the
stole, which are tasseled, not fringed ; over this is worn
the tunic, then the dalmatic, and over all the chasuble.
The maniple depends from the left arm. The sleeves,
both of the alb and dalmatic (the latter wider than the
former) are visible. On the left side appears the pastoral
staff, the crook of which is gone. This effigy is much
mutilated.
On the south side of the nave, near the entrance into
the choir, is a plain, high tomb of Purbeck marble. This
is ascribed to Bishop John Arundel, who died a.d. 1477.
The incised brass effigy of the Bishop on the top of this
tomb is completely defaced ; the inscription on the sides
is also gone. At each corner was one of the Evangelistic
symbols, and at the sides two shields. These are also
gone.
On the south side of the north aisle of the choir, beyond
the altar-screen, is a plain, high tomb. This has been
attributed to Bishop Edward Story, who died a.d. 1503.
This, how^ever, is incorrect. The ledger or covering stone
is an ancient altar-stone; and this was possibly the monu-
ment of Bishop Barlow^ who died a.d. 1569. From each
side of this tomb an escutcheon has been torn away.
Beneath a canopy in the south wall of the south side
of the choir is a high tomb of alabaster, divided in front
into four compartments containing shields charged with
armorial bearings. On this tomb is the recumbent effigy
1 Mr. G. M. Hills is of opinion tliat this effigy is of earlier date than
the tomb on which it is placed, and consequently not that of Bishop
Lang ton.
- According to Mr. G. M. Hills this is not the tomb of Bishop Adam
do Moleyns, but is that of Bishop Story, who died a.d. 1503.
AT ClllCn ESTER. 291
of Bishop Robert Sherborne, who died A.D. 1536. llis
face is close-shaven, his hair clubbed. On his head he
wears the mitra 2'^^'eciosa with infidce attached. About
the neck is folded the amice with its parure. The otlier
vestments consist of the alb, with the parure in front, at
the skirts ; above is worn the tunic, over that the dal-
matic, and over all the chasuble with orphreys. On the
feet are round-toed sandals, which rest afifainst a lion.
The hands are gloved, and conjoined as in prayer. On
the left of the body is the pastoral staff headed wdth a
highly floriated crook. Small statuettes of angels sup-
port the head.
Opposite the tomb assigned by mistake to Bishop Story,
but on the south side, is a plain, high tomb, on which a
mitre, pastoral staff, and shield have been engraved. This
has been attributed to Bishop George Day, who died A.D.
1556.
The mural monument of Bishop Thomas Bickley, who
died A.D. 1596, is the only one in the Cathedral which
exhibits • the effigy in the ecclesiastical habit of a bishop
as worn in the reign of Elizabeth, differing altogether
from the episcopal vestments in use up to the close of
the reign of Henry VIII. The effigy of this Bishop, of
small size, only 2 ft. 6 ins. in height, is represented kneel-
ing before a faldstool, bare-headed, with moustache and
beard. Round the neck is worn a ruff. The episcopal
habit consists of a rochet with full, white sleeves, with a
black chimere, over which is worn a black tippet, — the
miscalled scarf of later days, the canonical or choral habit
of a former age, in later times mistaken for the stole.
This effigy is placed beneath a coved or semicircular arch,
over which is a horizontal pediment or entablature su[)-
ported on either side by a Corinthian column. This-
entablature is surrounded by an escutcheon surrounded
by scroll-work.
On the north side of the north aisle of the nave is a
high tomb, in front of which are six quatrefoiled com-
partments, three of wdiich contain shields, and three
statuettes in relief; which are, however, much muti-
lated. The same arrangement occurs on the op|K)site
side. On this tomb is the recumbent effigy of a lady ;
her head, neck, and chin-attire consisting of the veil and
292 SEPULCHRAL EFFIGIES
wimple ; her body-dress, of the gown and mantle. The
drapery of these is disposed in graceful folds, the sleeves
(which are apparent) of the inner vest are close-fitting,
the hands are conjoined in prayer, and at the feet are
two whelps. This is a monument of the fourteenth cen-
tury ; but the name of the lady thus commemorated is
unknown.
On a high tomb adjoining the north wall of the north
aisle of the nave are two recumbent effio-ies ; the one of
a nobleman, or knight in armour ; the other that of his
lady, lying on his right side. He is represented in a
conical basinet and camail of mail ; his head reposing on
a tilting helm, with a lion's head as the crest. An em-
blazoned jupon^ is worn over the body-armour, and a
horizontal bawdric around the hips. Attached to the
breastplate, v/hich is concealed by the jupon, is a skirt of
mail. Cuisses, genouilleres, jambs, and sollerets (the
latter laminated and pointed), defend the thighs, knees,
legs, and feet. On the left side a sword is worn ; on the
right, an anelace or dagger. A gauntlet is held in the
left hand ; the right hand is clasping that of the lady.
At his feet is a lion. The lady appears in a round head-
dress, or plaited coif, and veil worn over it ; over the
neck and chin a widow's gorget is worn. The body-dress
consists of a gown and mantle ; the drapery curiously
arranged. At the feet of the lady is a dog.
This tomb has been ascribed to Richard Fitzalan,
the fourteenth Earl of Arundel, who was beheaded a.d.
1397 ; but the armour would appear to be at least a
generation earlier than his death, and his body was
buried in London. He was twice married. His first wife
died A.D. 1385, and was buried at Lewes; his second
wife, who survived him, married again after his death.
She died a.d. 1400, and was buried at Boxgrove. This
tomb is said not to have been placed in this Cathedral
originally, but to have been brought hither from some
other church. This is probable. On the suppression of
^ A lion rampant, wliich is tliat emblazoned on the jopon, was the
coat of the Albini, Earls of Arundel, and was adopted by the Fitzalans.
John Fitzalan, eousin, and one of the heirs of Hugo de Albini, who
(lied A.D. 1213, became ninth Earl of Arundel. He died a.d. 12G2. I
think this tomb may have been that of Richard Fitzalan, thirteenth
Earl of Arundel, who died a.d. 1376, and was buried at Lewes.
AT CHICHESTER. 293
monasteries some of the sepulchral monuments in such
conventual churches as were destroyed were removed to
other churches for preservation. Of such supposed cases
9- goodly list might be made. Half a century ago tliis
tomb was in a dilapidated condition. It was restored in
1843.
The ancient sepulchral monuments in this Cathedral
have, as in other cathedrals, undergone more or less muti-
lation and change. The former notably in the civil wars
of the seventeenth century, when much destruction was
effected by the troops of the Parliamentarian army.
Brasses were stripped from sepulchral slabs, and many
supposed ascriptions to the monuments ; the exceptions
being few, are but guesswork. It would require no in-
considerable amount of investigation and patience in an
endeavour to ascertain not only the original positions of
such tombs as are doubtful, but the real personages of
whom they are commemorative. Unfortunately this is a
Cathedral of which Browne Willis did not treat.
I am indebted to the courtesy of Mr. Gordon M. Hills
for the rectification of several misstatements I had been
led into, and which I have referred to in the notes. The
omission of any notice of the canopies over certain of the
tombs was owing to the want of time, and my intention
to return and complete my notes at a future period ;
which did not, however, occur.
294
ON A FUNEREAL STONE
INSCRIBED WITH GREEK HEXAMETERS,
DISCOVERED AT
BKOUGH-UNDER-STANEMORE, WESTMORELAND,
IN RESTORING THE CHURCH, A.D. 1879.
BY THE KEV. PREBENDARY 8CABTH, V.P., M.A., F.S.A.
{Bead 2 December 1885.)
No inscription has excited more interest among scholars
in this country, or received more careful examination,
than the stone found at Brough, the ancient Roman sta-
tion of Verterw, in Westmoreland. It forms the seventh
Greek inscrijDtion recorded to have been discovered in
this island. The six preceding inscribed stones are, —
the altars found at Lanchester, co. Durham, and at Mary-
port, Westmoreland, inscribed to ASKAHDIOS, the Ro-
man ^sculapius.^ The two found at Corchester, in
Northumberland ; the one an altar to A5TAPTH2,' As-
tarte or Luna; the other to HPAKAH^, Hercules,^ now in
the British Museum. The two metal tablets found at
York ; one inscribed ©EOIS TOT HFEMONIKOT DPAI-
TOPIOT ; the other, flKEANHI KAI TH©TL And the
altar found at Chester, inscribed [©eot? awr]rip(np v-n-epfcev-
The Brough inscription is monumental. An impression
or a cast was sent at first into Germany and Denmark,
where it was thought to be Runic, and a reading pro-
pounded ; but on a careful examination, in Englahd, by
Prof Sayce, he perceived that the letters were Greek.
Accordingly, in a communication addressed to TJie Aca-
demy (14 June 1884, No. G32), he gave a reading of the
1 See Hiibncr, C. I. L., vol. vii, p. 85 ; also La;pid. Septentrionale,
No. 878.
2 See Lapkl. Sqjt,, No. 637.
3 See Hiibner, C. I. L., vol. vii, p. 97 ; also Lapid. Sept., No. G36.
4 See HiJbner, C. /. L., vol. vii, p. 48.
STONE WITtl GREEK HEXAMETERS. 295
twelve lines of which the in^jcription on the stone con-
sists, with a conjectural rendenD^ into English. The
Eev. G. F. Browne had written out tJie first two lines as
Greek, in August 1883, after seeing the engraving of the
inscription as Runic.
Further and more minute examination discovered that
the stone contained five hexameter lines, each of which
was marked by a stop (p) at the end. This was pointed
out by Professor Kidgeway in a letter addressed to The
Academij (June 21st, 1884, No. 63;^), and his opinion was
confirmed by that of other scholars. Many opinions were
elicited respecting the reading, and Professor Ilidgeway
having made a journey to Brough, examined the stone,
and obtained impressions. This further facilitated the
work of interpretation.^
An explanation of the inscription, by Mr. Arthur J.
Evans of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, appeared in
The Academy (Aug. 30, 1884).
Happily, with the concurrence of the Vicar and church-
wardens of Brough, the stone has been placed in the
Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge, where it is accessible
to epigraphists and scholars from all parts. A plate from
a photograph, and a description of it, appeared 'in Tlie
AthencBum of Nov. 22, 1884 (No. 2978).^ The length of
the stone is 23 ins., and the width 12^. The inscribed
portion has a border round it ; the sides having branches
with leaves resembling palms ; the top an oblong, divided
into two portions or panels, with lines forming crosses.
The lettering of the stone, put into Greek as now writ-
ten,^ is : —
EKKAIAEXETH TIS
lAON TTMBH SKE^BENT
rnO MOIPHS 55 EPMFP
KOMMAEHNON EDOS
^PASATH TOA OAEITHS 5?
XAIPE ST nAI HAP EMOT
KHNHEP eNHTON BIO^
^ See his letter to The Acadcmij, 9 July 1884.
^ An autotype can, I uuderstaiid, only be obtained by applyiuj^ to
the Rev. G. F. Browne, St. Catharine's College, Cambridge.
^ Sec Cambridge Universiti/ llepurler, March o, 188u.
• ^ Supply N, as read by Prof. Clark and others.
296 FUNEREAL STONE
EPnHS s? OKTTAT EH
TUS TAP MEPOnilN EHI
KIMMEPION FHi g? KOT ^ET
2EI ArA©OS TAP O UAIX EPMHS^
•X- •5«- -Sf ^
The translation of which is literally, or nearly so, as ren-
dered by Professor Clark :
" Hermes of Commagene here, —
Young Hermes, in his sixteenth year, —
Entombed by fate before his day
Beholding, let the traveller say : —
' Fair youth, my greeting to thy shrine ;
Though but a mortal course be thine,
Since all too soon thou wing'st thy flight
From realms of speech to realms of night,
Yet no misnomer art thou shown,
Who with thy namesake god art flown.' "
The first point to be noted is that the Greek word
beginning the first line (EKKAIAEXETH) must be read
EKAEXETH, or the line would be a syllable too long.
There is authority for this; and otherwise the line would
not scan.^ The next is the word aKej>9evr, which must be
rendered covered or hidden, from aKkirw. The words %at/)e
iral Trap e/xov must be regarded as a greeting to young
Hermes from his friend, or a traveller. The words KijvTrep
6vr}Tov ^Lo{v) epirrj'i are more difficult of explanation.
One writer supposes that Hermes had been lost or made
captive ; but it may relate to his past condition contrasted
with that of the god Hermes, after whom he was named.
Authority for this is given by Professor Clark.* The (v) is
omitted in the word ^iov, written /3to ; as also in r^rjv, which
is written 7?}.
The question arises, who are the Kt/xfiipLoi ? It has been
conjectured that the Caledonii are so termed, and that
Hermes may have been taken captive or perished in the
campaign of Severus against the Caledonians ; but Homer
places their abode at the entrance to Hades, and the flit-
ting of the shade of Hermes to their abode is contrasted
^ Supply N, as read by Prof. Clark and others.
^ Here a verb must be supplied, which is apparently effaced. Prof.
Clark would read AKOAOYOEl.
3 Sec Kaibel, No. 718.
â– *â– Camhrid(je University Eojiortcr, 3 March 1855, p. 4-06.
INSCRIBED WITH GREEK HEXAMETERS. 297
with the condition of the god Hermes, whose name the
youth had borne.
The last hne is defaced. In the last line but one some
of the lettering is left to conjecture; but the damaged
letters near the beginning of the line seem to make the
word ArA0O2. This reading was announced by Mr.
Browne at a meeting of the Cambridge Antiquarian
Society, 23 Feb. 1885, and independently at Berlin two or
three months later.
The peculiar form of many of the letters has led to
conjectures regarding the date of the inscription. The
stone is inscribed in uncial Greek characters. Uncial
Greek writing, according to Canon Taylor, has hitherto
been found exclusively in codices, other Greek inscriptions
being written in capitals, the forms of which differed
from those of the uncial letters. " Thus this inscription
is of peculiar interest, being the only lapidary record m
uncial characters hitherto discovered, and supplying, m
the case of several letters, transitional forms which had
hitherto been sought in vain."^
With respect to the date and the place where the in-
scription was discovered, it was most probably erected
after the expedition of Severus into Scotland, i.e., some
time after a.d. 209. At Brough-under-Stanemore w^ere
found the leaden signacula recorded in the Archceological
Journal, and exhibited at one of the meetings^ of the
Institute. These had come into the possession of Miss
Hill, who resided at Castle Bank, near Appleby, and were
shown by her to the writer of this account, Avho made
drawings of them, and sent them to Mr. Albert Way,
who at once discovered their interest. At his request
they were exhibited to the Archaeological Institute, and
a record preserved, which has led to further discoveries
of a similar kind. These signacula have letters or marks
impressed on them, and one has the words ala sab {ala
Sabiniana), a Syrian body of cavalry. Two altars have
been discovered at Magna (Carvoran), on the line of the
Iloman Wall ; one dedicated by a cohort of Hamii, and
the others by an ala with the epithet Sahiniana. These
1 Sec CamhrUl/e Universihi Rqjnrlcr, March Srd, 1885, p. tO?.^
â– â– ^ Vol. XX, p. 181; also Collectanea Antiqm, vol. vii, pp. o'i, rJ/,;uHl
vol. vi.
298 FUNEREAL STONE
were Syrian soldiers, the name Hamii being from the
Latinised form of the town or province whence the cohort
had been enrolled, — Hamath on the Orontes, also called
Epiphaneia.
Commagene, the country whence the youth commemo-
rated on the inscribed stone came, was a district of Syria,
and formed part of the Greek kingdom of Syria until it
became incorporated in the Roman empire in the time of
Vespasian. It is not improbable that in this Emperor's
time the Syrian cohort was enrolled, and sent into Britain
at a later period. The mention of Commagene, and the
fact of a youth of that nation having died in Britain
while attached to one of the bodies of Boraan soldiers
quartered in this island, is a very curious and interesting
instance of the distant parts of the world being brought
together under the Boman rule. The inscription being
composed in Greek hexameters, and the style being
Homeric Greek, is a still more interesting instance of the
cultivation of that language, and the use of it among the
educated classes.
The other Greek inscribed altars also run in hexameter
lines, as, for instance, those found at Corchester, —
ASTAPTHS^ EHMON M'E^OPA^ nOTAXEP M'ANE-
eHKEN ;
and
HPAKAEI TTPm AIOAOPA APXIEPEIA ;
and that found at Chester. In this northern and incle-
ment clime were to be found, among the Boman armies,
cultivated men who had brought with them the language
and literature of Eastern civilisation.
The stone itself is a very hard sandy grit, and has
been cut with some difficulty, and the letters are not
always easy to trace. The lower part of the last line has
been injured, and the reading of one word must of neces-
sity be conjectural. The stone has been placed in the
masonry of the tomb probably on the front face. The
palm-tree was sacred to Hermes, which accounts for the
ornamentation on the sides of the stone; also the number
four, which accounts for the devices at the top of the
stone, composed oi four lines. Each panel, composed of
^ Astartc was a Syrian goddess.
INSCRIBED WITH GREEK HEXAMETERS. 209
four lilies, lias four cross-lines within it. Also the whole
panel is contained within foin- lines. For an account of
the god Hermes and his attributes, see Smith's Classical
Dictionary of Mythohxiy, etc.
Some words used in the epigraph are probably allusive
to Hermes. Thus, OAE1TH2, — Ilermes being the god of
fraveUcrs; HKTTAT' EIITHS, allusive to swift ness^^w attri-
bute of Hermes ; MEPOnHN, articulate speaking, — to
eloquence, another attribute; KIMMEPTHN, the land of
the shades, — Hermes conducting souls thither; "^ETSEI,
allusive to the ability of Hermes in deceit.
After careful examination I think that there is no
doubt of the correct reading of the stone. The following
epitaph inscribed upon a marble now in the Fitzwilliam
Museum, Cambridge (No. 27 in the Sculpture Room),^ but
apparently of a date considerably anterior to the Brough
Stone, gives a good idea of the inscriptions on Greek
funereal monuments, and has certain features in common
with the epitaph to Hermes : —
Telji66eo<; Aaaelo'^ X^^P^'
TeL/jboOeo'?, 6 Tldrpa^; 6cno<; (f)(o<i, iral^ he Aaaeio^;,
rpi? h€K('na<i irecov T6p/j,aTLaa<; €0ave<;'
a ToXav, oLKreipoi ae 7roXuK\avaT(p errl TVfi/Sw,
vvv he avv 7]pcoct)v '^copov e^ot? ^OifJievo^.
In this epitaph, as well as in the Brough Stone, there
are errors in the cutting. Thus, in line 2, heKdTa<i is writ-
ten for h€Kdha<; ] in line 4, 7)vv is written for vvv.
A fragment of sculpture above the epitaph shows a
bas-relief of a figure on horseback, supposed to have some
peculiar reference to the ancient Cimmerian Bosphorus ;
l)ut to me it seems more probable that the stone was the
monument of a horse-soldier or officer of cavalry.
1 See C. I. Gr., 2127; Kaibel, Epijr. GVcec, 530.
300
REPORT ON THE RECENT DISCOVERIES AT
WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL.
BY THE REV. CANON COLLIER, M.A., F.S.A.
{Read 3 Fehruarij 1886.)
As Local Secretary for this part of Hants, I send a report
of the arch£eological work near Winchester, and of an
interesting work now being carried on at Winchester
Cathedral under the superintendence of the Dean. I have
taken the accounts as given in the local papers, and have
used especially the papers on the subject written by the
Dean, but have verified the statements in every case.
Every one who has interested himself in the history of
the old city of Winchester knows that there was, near
the Cathedral, another foundation of a similar character,
called the " New Minster". The chronicler says : " Iste
(Alfred) fecit in Wintonia in cjemeterio episcopalis eccle-
sise novum monasterium". This monastic society was
eventually removed to the north side of the city. The
present Dean of Winchester has cut trenches across the
Cathedral Yard, between the Cathedral and Bishop Mor-
ley's College, to see if the foundations of the New Minster
yet remain under the ground, and thus, in his own words,
" to settle for ever the uncertainty as to the position of
the New Minster." In a communication to a local paper
he says " our excavations have resulted in the discovery
of a wall 3 ft. 7 ins. broad, running due east and west
at a distance of 27 ft. from the north wall of the north
transept."^
The New Minster was built in a most unhealthy place ;
the choirs disturbed each other ; and the minsters were
^ The question of what buildings this wall was the foundation is an
interesting one. The wall is certainly early work. Was it part of the
foundation of the New Minster buildings ? Tradition is in favour of
that theory. The wall may have been the foundation of some building
connected with the New Minster, but not of the Minster itself. An
eminent local authority thinks the New Minster was at a greater dis-
tance northward tlian the wall discovered.
DISCOVERIES AT WINCHESTER CATHEDRA I- 301
SO near to|:?ether that the necessary removal of the con-
ventual body to new buildings in Hyde Meadow was car-
ried out by Bishop William GiflPard. The remains of King
Alfred and his Queen, and others, were removed to tlie
new buildings; but as Bishop Milner, the historian of the
city, complains, all these bodies were profanely disturbed
when, on the spot where the mitred Abbey of Hyde
stood^ a prison for the district was erected. A few years
ago some excavations were made on the spot where the
Abbey, and afterwards the prison, stood, and many relics
connected with the former were discovered, and carefully
preserved.
In the soil thrown from the trenches cut by order of
the Dean in the Cathedral Yard, have been found " many
fragments of Roman tiles and bricks, and a piece or two
of an encaustic tile." Near the north transept, too, has
been found a broad base of rubble, some 8 ft. under the
surface, running at right angles to this wall ; which base
turns eastward, though as yet the excavations have not
followed these indications. Stone coffins have been un-
covered, against the base of the north transept, only a
foot or so beneath the original level.
" AVhen we got round to the angle between the north
transept and the nave, I ordered", says the Dean, "the
men to clear away the stonework built round a pair of
Norman columns which support a circular arch. Here we
were rewarded by a rich succession of discoveries. First,
the Norman work showed clearly that it had been an
entrance into the church, placed in a somewhat unusual
position. I find a parallel to it in Viollet le Due, who,
under the head, ' Transept', describes a similar entrance
at Conques, in the Department of Aveyron, when he says,
'The faithful were not allowed to enter the church
through the west portals, but had to go in round the
corner.' Immediately after beginning here we got at the
beautiful head and shoulders of a figure representing an
aged king wearing a double crown of delicate carved
work, of the fifteenth century. It had been richly gilt,
and the whole figure carefully coloured. It is a piece of
real beauty, full of pathos and genius, the work of a
craftsman of no mean order. From that moment a cease-