108
NOTES ON SOME ANCIENT
parts, were innumerable small buildings, mostly circular,
and regularly faced within and without, but not disposed
in any certain order. These buildings had been much
higher, as is evident from the fall of stones which lie
scattered at their bottoms ; and probably had once the
form of towers, as Sir John Wynne asserts. Their dia-
meter in general is from 12 to 18 ft. The walls were in
certain places intersected with others equally strong. On
the north-west and south-east sides of the plain are
marks of two roads of a zigzag form, with remains of
w^alls on both sides, which lead to the summit. There is
a well cut in the live rock, and always filled with water."
" Seriol, brother to Helig, had also a hermitage on Pen-
maenmawr, beynge then an uncouth desarte and unfre-
quented rocke, beynge so thicke of woode that a man
once entered coulde hardly behoulde or see skie or firma-
ment.
There w^as also another smaller " Dinas" at the head of
the Nant, going down to Llanfairfechan. But the largest
r /
Exterior of Sally- Tort of Tre'r Ceiri.
and most perfect fort now remaining in Wales is that of
Tre'r-ceiri Lleyn, Carnarvonshire. The Myalls are still
15 ft. high in some places. There is no trace of mortar ;
and it is a marvel walls could have stood so long without
it. They were perpendicular inside and out, and there
was room for a person to walk along the top, behind a
breastwork rising from the outer face. The breastwork
was high enough to have defended those within from the
1 From an old MS,
STONE FORTS TN CARNARVONSHIRE. 109
missiles of the enemy. Within are the remains of nume-
rous huts of either round or rectangular shape. By some
the name " Tre'r Ceiri" is thought to mean the Fort or
Town of Giants.
Another account given is that of EiH (Yr), written
also Yr Eifyl or Eiffyl. "A high mountain on the sea-
coast of Carnarvonshire. On the top of one of its three
heads is a surprising fort of vast stones, called Tre'r Ceiri.
I read in an old manuscript that the Princes of Scotland,
upon the defeat and death of their countryman, Elidir
Mvvyn-fawr, killed by Khun ap Maelgwn, landed their
forces, and burnt the country from Eifl to Hergyn (Erg-
ing Urchinfield)."^
Belyii. — "Belyn, a great man from Lleyn in Carnarvon-
shire, mentioned in i\\e Triads, 'And is said to have fought
with Edwin, King of the Northumbrians, in Bryn Cenau
in Ehos, in the county of Denbigh. This Prince was a
terrible scourge to the Saxons. "-
Departure of the Gwyddyl. — " The departure of the
Picts from what is now called England and Wales, is
noticed in Claudian's poetical description of the exploits
of Theodosius in clearing Roman Britain of that day of
the Picts, Scots, and Attacotts, a.d. 396."'''
The (rwydell. — "Urien Kheged came into South Wales,
and was instrumental, with the sons of Ceredig ap
Cunedda, and his nephew, in expelling the GwyddeHans,
who had a footing there from about the time of Maxen
Wledig.'"^
"Ceredig ap Cunedda, a chieftain, was instrumental,
with his brothers, in driving the Irish from North Wales
in the middle of the fifth century, and as a reward for
his services he received that part of Wales called Tyno
Coch, or the Red Valley, to which he gave the name of
Caredigion, or Caredig's country.""'
1 W. D.
- Rev. Evan Evans, Specimens of the Poetry of the Ancient Welch
Bards (1764).
- John R. Tudor, The Orkneys and Shetland (188:3).
* Mabinogion.
'â– > S-aimiel llii-sh Meyrick, History and Anfiijidtics ut' the County of
Cardiyanshire (I8l0j.
110 NOTES ON SOME ANCIENT
Llan-y-Givyddol, on the Coast of Holyhead.— "The
place of the Irishman ; that is, the s[)ot on which Cas-
wallon, of long shanks, killed Serrigi, the King of Ire-
land"; the name of Holyhead being, according to the old
manuscript by John Jones, of Gelly Lydvy, " Caer
Ddwyr", and afterwards " Caer Gybi".
Eeading " Eobin Dhn's" prophecy caused my thoughts
to wander. This must be my excuse for introducing the
" Castle Spectre" and " Gogarth Abbey":
"I'll rise and dress myself in Mona's Isle,
Tlieii in Caerlleon to breakfast stay awhile
In Erin's land my noontide meal I'll eat.
Return and sup by Mona's fire of peat."
An aged friend, writing to me, mentions about the
romantic elopement of Margaret Plantagenet, daughter
of Edward III, with her lover, which gave rise to the
" Castle Spectre". She adds, " I recollect a song^ or
pretty glee composed by Richard Kelly, the comedian,
which was to be sung by the sailor in the boat at the
Water Tower of Conway Castle, below the window of the
Princess, the words of which commence with, —
" Sleep you or wake you, lady bright ?
8ing, Megan,! Qh ! Oh ! Megan le ;2
This is the fittest hour for flight ;
Sing, Megan, Oh ! Oh ! Megan le.
"Now from your tyrant father's power.
Beneath the window of your bower,
A boat now waits to set you free,
Sing, Megan. Oh ! Oh ! Megan le."
The Abbey of Gogarth was a summer residence belong-
ing to the Bishops of Bangor. In September 1881, when
driving from Llandudno, in Carnarvonshire, round the
Great Orme's Head, the driver stopped when nearly
opposite the ruins of Gogarth Abbey, at a little wayside
refreshment-cottage, to give his horse water. Without
alighting from the carriage, the writer observed, built
into a low wall by the cottage, a marble basin or font,
seemingly of Anglesea marble. On inquiring where it
1 Megan is the Welsh foi' Margaret. - Pronounced " le".
STONE FORTS IN CABNARVONSHlRE. Ill
came from, the woman re|jUed without hesitation, " Oh !
it is the old font from the Abbey there", pointing to
Gogarth Abbey.
In Apiil or May 1890, at my request, Prof. Th — ■, of
Cambridge, kindly walked round Great Orme's Head, to
the little refreshment-cottage, to make inquiries about the
font from Gogarth Abbey. The woman said she had sold
the font, some years back, to a Mr. Allen, at the Queen's
Hotel, Llandudno, for £2. AVhether he was the proprie-
tor or a visitor she could not tell. She then had in her
possession two marble basins for holy water from Gogarth
Abbey, one on each side of the little gateway.
ON THE DOLIUM AND DOLIOLUM.
BY II. SYER CUMING, ESQ., F.S.A.SCOT., V.P.
[lieud 5 Feb. 189(3.)
lOGENES lived in a tub, — such is the
popular saying, and such is the vulgar
belief, — which has as much foundation
ill truth as the nursery myth that a cer-
tain old lady, together with her nume-
rous offspring, dwelt in a shoe. The
home of Diogenes was a huge earthen
vessel called j^ithos by the Greeks, and ccdpar and dolium
by the Romans ; the latter being the later and common
designation of this gigantic bowl. In that curious Greek
epigraph on lead, described in our Journal (xxv, p. 395),
it is recorded that Diogenes lived in a pithos ; and
Juvenal (Satire xiv, 308) tells us that the naked cynic
dwelt in a dolium that would not take fire ; if smashed,
another could be built by the morrow, or the same one
repaired with a little lead ; i.e., riveted in like way as we
see was done with fractured Samian ware. Winckelman,
in his MonumeyUi Antichi (tom. ii, p. 229 ; Roma, 1821),
has given an engraving of a bas-relief found in the Villa
Albani, which exhibits the philosopher reclining in his
jpitJiOii, whilst in converse with Alexander the Great at
the gate of the Metroum, or Temple of the Mother of the
Gods, at Athens. This enormous vessel is rejDresented
with an almost globose body, wide mouth, with thick
rounded brim, part of which is broken away; and one side
of the bowl appears to have been cracked, and mended
with broad rivets. The Villa Albani sculpture is of high
value, for it proves that the ancients believed that Dio-
genes' snug retreat was an earthen vessel, and shows us
ON THE DOLIUM A.ND DOLIOLUM. 113
its actual form, wliicli will be a guide to the identification
of both doliu and doliola.
The vast size of the dolia rendered them serviceable
for many different purposes, and they were employed to
hold dry substances as well as fluids. We gather from
Plautus {Pseudolus, ii, 2, 64), Seneca {Ej). 36), and Pro-
culus {Dig., 33, 6, 15), that new wine was kept in dolia
before it was bottled ofi' into ampliorce ; and Varro (De
He Rustica, i, 22, 4) and Cato {De Re Rustica, 10, 4, and
11, 1) speak of their employment for oil, vinegar, etc.
They were provided with trpercula^ or lids, which looked
much like immense earthen dishes ; and these, Pliny tells
us [Hist. Nat., xiv, 21), when employed to cover the wine-
vessels should be treated with mastick, Bruittian pitch,
and other matters.
Some huge dolia were exhumed at Antium (Torre or
Porto d'Anza), which measured 6^ ft. in height, and
3 ins. in thickness, and having on them inscriptions indi-
cating their capacity at 18 amphovce, equal to about
107 gallons of our measure.
In the British Museum is a fragment of a papyrus
giving an account how two hundred Egyptians were
secretly conveyed in jars into a fortress of the Juima,
and were thus enabled to take it ; and these jai s, like
those of the Forty Thieves in the Arabian Nights, we may
presume, resembled the Greek ^^iVAo^- and Roman dolium.
Earthen vessels of enormous capacity and varied form
are still made in France, Italy and Spain, and in many
parts of the East ; and the perfect bodies of the Corouda
chiefs of Brazil were formerly interred in large jars, but
more in shape of ollce than dolia.
Though there is ample evidence, both written and
tangible, of the extensive use of dolia on the Continent,
it is doubtful if there be any trace of their employment
in this country, their place having been supplied, in some
degree, by urnce, serice, and large ollce. But though the
dolium is absent, its diminutive, the doliolum, occurs
among Roman remains, and served not only for domestic
purposes, but for the reception of the ashes of the dead.
Its leading characters are its almost globose body and
wide, expanded mouth, with rounded edge : it bears, in
114 ON THE DOLItTM AND DOLIOLUM.
fact, a close resemblance in form to the glass bowls in
which golden carp were wont to be kept. Doliola occur
of various sizes, but seldom exceed a foot in height, and
were wrought in several parts of England ; but the inha-
bitants of Londinium appear to have drawn their chief
supply from the fornaces of Kent and Essex. ^ I have
a portion of the upper part of a very fine and large
doliolum from one of the kilns discovered in Token-
house Yard, Lothbury, Oct. 24, 1865. It is of a deep
greyish-black hue, with shining streaks on the shoulder.
The mouth must have measured 8 ins. in diameter in the
open, and the brim has an inward declension. I have
also a fine and perfect doliolum which was exhumed in
St. Martin's-le-Grand in 1824, when excavating for the
Dolium, the Home of Diogenes.
Prom a Bas- Relief discovered in the Villa Albani.
foundation of the new Post Office, and which was
formerly in the Kempe Collection. It is of hard, highly-
fired clay, of a dull reddish tint, and measures 7| ins. in
height, 27^ in circumference ; and the mouth, 5| dia-
meter in the open, and 7^ to the edge of the brim. The
body, just above its greatest swell, is decorated with a
band of four incised lines ; and the brim shelves in, like
that of the doliolum of red ware found at Headington,
near Oxford, and engraved in our Journal (vi, p. 64, tig. 2).
These shelving brims indicate that they were designed
to receive opercida in the manner shown in the black-
^ For an account of Kent pottery, see Journa/, ii, p. 134 ; and for
that of Essex, xxxiii, p. 468.
ON THE DOLIUM AND DOLIOLUM.
115
ware doliohwi, with its lid, found at Old Ford in Middle-
sex, given in our Journal (iv, p. '393, iig. 3). Another
feature to mention in the specimen now described is its
slightly convex base, a peculiarity observable in Roman
vessels of the fourth century.
I have a good portion of a black- ware doliolum, full
4^ ins. high, which was exhumed in the Steelyard, Upper
Thames Street, in Nov. 18G4, which has a convex base,
which is also seen in the pitcher-shaped vessel found on
the site of St. Michael's, Crooked Lane, April 1831,
described in the Archaologia (vol. xxiv, p. 200, PI. 44),
and in our Jouiiial (xxiv, p. 394), which was formerly in
the Kempe Collection, and now in my own museum.
Doliolum, found in dij^ging for the Foundation of the New Post-Office,
St. Mavtin's-le-Grand, Loiidon, 1824.
A doliolum closely resembling the one from St. Martin s-
le-Grand was discovered on the site of theRoyal Exchange
inl841,and is now in the Guildhall Museum. It measures
6 ins. in height, and 6f ins. across the outer edge of the
rim. It is described in the Catalogue of the Antiquities
found in the Excavations at the Xew Roijal Exchange
(p. 6, No. 15).'
Besides the doliola already referi-ed to in our Journal,
^ Though this Catalogue bears the name of William Tite as its
author, it Avas really written by the late Richard Tliomson, of the Lon-
don Institution. It abounds with errors. To take but one glaring
instance, — all the Upchurch pottery is called " Gaulish".
116 ON THE DOLIUM AND DOLIOLUM.
a few others may be mentioned. In vol. iii, p. 250, are
delineated two fine specimens which were found near
Billericay, Essex; and in the same vol. (p. 331) are two
more, which were exhumed near St. Alban's Abbey
Church ; and another doliolum, from Stone, near Ayles-
bury, in Buckinghamshire, is engraved in vol. xx, p. 278.
Touching the material of doliola, it may be noted that
the overwhelming majority are of different shades of
black- ware produced in smother-kilns, and that those of
red, reddish-brown, and gray paste are but seldom met
with ; and though most of the doliola were designed to
receive opercida, but few of these are discovered, and,
when found, are generally in a fragmentary state.
There are probably few collections of Roman pottery
that cannot boast of more or less perfect examples of
doliola, but they are so mixed up and confounded with
their more graceful and slender companion, the o//a, that
for the sake of correct nomenclature it is most desirable
to draw a line of demarcation between the two vessels.
Generally speaking, the doliola are wider than they are
high ; the olke, higher than they are wide. Crude and
brief as these observations are, they may yet aid the
inquirer how to distinguish the doliolum from the dolium,
and the former again from the oft-recurring olla.
NOTES ON WINCHESTER HOUSE,
SOUTHWARK.
BY G. PATRICK, ESQ., A.R.I.B.A., HON. SEC.
{Kead 6th Nor. 1895.)
BOUT the middle of September last, when
away from town, 1 received a letter
from a gentleman, a member of a busi-
ness firm in South wark, drawing my
attention to the demolition of certain
houses in Stoney Street, South wark,
which resulted in the discovery of some
ancient masonry, etc., supposed to have formed a part of
old Winchester House, the old-time residence of the
Bishops of that diocese. Unfortunately, being away
from town, I was unable to visit these remains at the
time ; and when I did go the ground was nearly all
filled in. From correspondence I have held with Mr.
Elliott, the gentleman in question, and from further
inquiries I have made, I gather that the discoveries
were more interesting than important : they consisted of
some 20 feet of massive walling of chalk and flint, in
one part of which was a four-centred archway, bricked
up, possibly in Elizabethan times. This masonry had
formed a part of the houses, which were built up with it,
and underground were extensive cellars with arches
and massive beams of oak. The site of these buildings
lies between Clink Street and Winchester Street, facing
towards Stoney Street, not far from the west end of
St. Mary Overie Church ; it has been cleared and levelled
to increase the area of the Borough Market.
The Palace is recorded to have been originally built in
1107 by Walter Giffard, the Bishop of Winchestei', upon
land belonging to the Priory of Bermondsey, to which
house a quit-rent appears to have been paid ; as (in the
118 WINCHESTER HOUSE, SOUTHWARK.
Antiquarian Itinerary, dated 1815) it is recorded that
in 1366 a writ was addressed to the Barons of the
Exchequer for the payment of £8 due for the late Bishop
of Winchester's lodgings in Southwark. I do not know
whether any portion of Bishop Walter Giffard's building
is now extant — most likely not, for the Palace seems to
have been enlarged and rebuilt, and in later times is
described to have covered a large area, and to have been
built round two courtyards or quadrangles. The
remains which from time to time have been brought to
light, and the building as represented in the old ruins,
indicate a date some centuries later. It is not possible
now to say to what particular portion of the old house
the recently demolished walls may have belonged ; but
I venture to think they formed a part of the outer
buildings, because the old maps and views represent the
chief apartments to be nearer to and facing the river,
wuth a terrace walk. The Palace is known to have
possessed a landing-place from the river — called the
Bishop of Winchester's Stairs — and some remains in
Clink Street, consisting of an arch of brickwork, may
indicate their position. Stow speaks of the house as
being " a very fair house, well repaired, with a large
wharf or landing-place."
The Builder of September 28th, noticing these dis-
coveries, says that " in Bobert Wilkinson's plan of 1811,
Winchester House and Winchester Yard are plotted
between Stoney Lane (west) and the dock and Church
Street (east). A corresponding plan of 1827 seems to
show that the east gable-end of the Gothic hall abutted
upon the dockside." In Hollar's View of London, 1660,
the hall is indicated, and some buildings to the south of
it ; and, in an old view dated 1560, the hall is seen with
four large pointed windows ; but at the eastern end a
gabled building runs north and south, apparently forming
the eastern side of one quadrangle. In the year 1881
some remains of the old Palace buildings were met with
and demolished : they consisted of a three-light window
and a four-centred depressed arch of similar date to that
just pulled down in Stoney Street. These remains were
above the ground, and about 75 ft. westwards and
WINCHESTER HOUSE, SOUTHWARK. 119
parallel with Clink Street. In 1814 a destructive fire
consumed some mills and warehouses which had been
erected on the site of* the Palace, and disclosed extensive
and interesting remains, consisting of a massive wall and
gable-end, with an unusual style of* circular window
{vide engraving in Antiq. Caht.). This window, with
arches and other remains ot* the old Palace, I believe
still exist, although difficult to see, as they are built up
into the walls of modern grain and other warehouses.
Attached to the Palace was a noble and spacious
park, consisting of some seventy acres in extent, and
adorned with fountains and statues. The present Park
Street is a memorial of this old pleasaunce. In Elizabethan
times, however, this fine park had become very much
curtailed, for, in a map of 1560, the Bull and Bear
Gardens are shown situated close to Winchester House,
and only a few trees remain to represent the Park. The
brewery of Barclay and Perkins occupies the site of
Shakespeare's Globe Theatre, and covers a part of the
old Winchester Park. Some important historical events
are connected with Winchester House. Here, in 1423,
was held the wedding feast on the occasion of the
marriage of James I, King of Scotland, with Joan, eldest
daughter of John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset, and brother
to Cardinal Beaufort, which marriage was celebrated at
the Church of St. Mary, close by. Bishop Gardiner
lived here in great state, and gathered together a famous
library, which was destroyed when the Palace was
sacked by the Kentish rebels under Sir Thomas Wyatt.
The last Bishop to reside here was Lancelot Andrewes,
who died in the Palace in 1626, and lies buried in St.
Saviour's Church.
The Parliament in 1642 ordered the Palace to be used
as a prison ; and here were confined Sir Kenelm Digby
and Sir Francis Donnington, the former of whom used
to while away the weary hours by making imitation
jewels and other chemical experinients. In 1649 the
Palace was sold for £4,830 8.s'. {jd. to one Thomas
Walker, a merchant, resident at Camberwell ; but it
reverted to the diocese at the Restoration, and some time
afterwards the house was in great part demolished, and
] 20 WINCHESTER HOUSE, SOUTHWARK.
witli what remained of the Park was let on building
leases to increase the revenues of the See.
The surrounding neighbourhood in the Middle Ages
was largely ecclesiastical, for grouped closed by was the
London residence of the Bishop of Rochester (built on
part of the land originally belonging to Winchester
House, and granted in 1299 to the Priory of St. S within
in Winchester), and which stood to the south, on the
site of the present Borough Market ; also the residences
of the Abbots of Waverley and Battle, the Abbot of St.
Augustine, Canterbury, the Abbot of Hyde, and the
Prior of Lewes, in Sussex ; which, with Winchester
House itself and the famous Priory and grand Church of
St. Mary Overie, now St. Saviour's, must have presented
a striking picture of the architectural beauty of old
Southwark to the wayfarer approaching London Bridge
by the highway from Kent and Surrey.
A word or two may perhaps be allowed upon the
place-names of the locality. Stoney Street is considered
to be of Ptoman origin, called by the Saxons Stane or
Stanie Street, It led to the ferry across the river to
Dowgate Hill and on to Watling Street, and was
the highway before the building of London Bridge.
Church Street, of course, is named after St. Saviour's
Church, which abuts upon it at the west end. Montague
Close was the old cloister of the Priory Church, and
takes its present name from Sir Antony Browne,
Viscount Montague, who obtained possession after the
dissolution of the monasteries. Clink Street is a survival
of the time when a prison was established here belonging
to the liberty of the Bishop of Winchester, according to
the historian Strype : it was a prison for trespassers on
the liberty of the Clink, or for brawlers on Bankside.
William Haughton, the dramatist, and John Duke,
the player, both in the times of James I, were confined
in the Clink, as recorded by Peter Cunningham in his
JIandhook of London ; and " living right over against the
Clink on the Bankside", in the time of Queen Elizabeth,
was Philip Henslowe, the master of the bears ; and later on
Mr. Edward AUeyn, founder of Dulwich College, dwelt
"harde by the Clinke by Banksyde neere Winchester
House."
CHESTERTON.
BY UEV. T. W. DALTRY, M.A.
(Read 15tJ, Aug. 1895.)
HIS Camp is evidently Roman, from its
quadrangular formation, as well as from
its name. The North Vallum and Foss
alone are left to us, and they are earth-
works of massive construction ; but
there are also traces of the east and
west defences : on the east the road
now called Newcastle Street runs in a hollow which was
clearly the course of the Foss, and down to it the
ancient Vallum still slopes, on which stand Chesterton
Old Hall and other houses : on the west there are very
slight traces of the Vallum, which has doubtless been
thrown into the Foss, and entirely obliterated it : the
southern line of the Camp probably ran along the course
of what is called the " Old Lane", and beyond it through
a field to the western boundary : it is perhaps i-epre-
sented by a very slight elevation of the land along the
field, and, if so, it would seem that Old Lane, like
Newcastle Street, ran along the course of the Foss.
Looking at the Camp from the Apedale Road, and also
at the higher elevation of the ground within, where the
middle hedge and ditch now are, I have sometimes
thought that the Camp was enlarged westward : or it
may represent the division of the Camp by the Praetorian
way, to the gate of which the strip of land that still
crosses the Foss on the north side has given access.
Ward, in his History of St oke-iipon- Trent, published in
1842, says, " Along the rampart, on the outer side of it,
appears to be the way which led by a gradual ascent
from the north-east corner of the station to the centre or
Prastorium, over a draw-bridge."
The earliest notice of this Camp is to be found in
122 CHESTERTON.
Erdeswick's Survey of Staffordshire, which was hegun in
1593, and continued by him to his death in 1603. He