romance of chivalry or an Arthurian idyl than a life of
an eminent ecclesiastic. Even Columba's rejection of the
episcopate is romantic. His power was in training dis-
ciples, and one of the chief of the Monastery daughters
of lona was in the Holy Isle of Northumbria.
The work of Christianising of the Midlands, and the
final triumph over heathenism, may be said to be mainly
the work of the two brothers, St. Chad, or St. Ceadda,
and St. Cedd. St. Chad, of Lichfield, was educated under
the great St. Aidan, at the Monastery of Lindisfarne,
under the Columban rule. From Northumbria he went
over to Ireland, then the special home of learning, while
Western Europe was desolated by the barbarians in
what is called the Dark Ages. Here he w^as a great
friend of St. Eo^bert, another Saxon of the Lindisfarne
school, who seems to have had some influence on hmi.
Then returning to England, he lived with his brother
Ceadda in the Abbey of Lestingay in the Yorkshire
Wolds. He was consecrated Bishop by Bishop Wini of
Winchester, and two British Bishops, in 666.
His brother Cedd conducted a mission among the Mid-
land people. It is said that the terrible King Penda did
not really persecute them, only saying he was angry
" with those who would not obey their god in whom
they believe". Cedd thence went to Essex, and was made
Bishop of London. He was commemorated on January 7,
and St. Chad, his brother, on March 2.
St. Chad was very active in his episcopate ; but when
Archbishop Theodore came on his visitation, doubts were
raised as to St. Chad's consecration being valid. The sub-
ject is one hardly suited to our consideration now. Suffice
it to say that Chad consented to have what rites were
needed superadded, and retired meekly to Lestingay.
Jaruman of Mercia having died, Chad was appointed
to the see of Mercia. He was a most active Bishop, and
resided close by his church in Lichfield when not travel-
OF THE MIDLANDS 135
ling in his diocese. Probably to him we owe the crowning
work of the conversion of Mercia, which had been so long
delayed by divers causes, especially by the reign of the
heathen King Penda.
St. Chad was buried at Lichtield, which is connected
with his memory. Here the see, in the eighth century,
was for a time raised to the position of an archbishopric
in the days of King Offa.
To sum up the main points of our history as bearing on
the conversion of Britain : —
1. The conversion of England from heathenism to
Christianity was not a dramatic event suddenly occur-
ring, but a long series of events covering several cen-
turies ; probably a period as long as that which inter-
vened between the Wars of the Ptoses and our own
times and the reign of Victoria.
2. The conversion of Britain had to be twice done in
most parts, though not in the far West or in Wales.
Britain became Christianised, and was then conquered by
the Saxon pagan invaders, who were themselves ulti-
mately converted, the Mercians being about the last.
3. The forces which achieved the work were complex,
i.e., the Gaulish missionaries, the Irish, the Scoto-Irish,
the followers of Columba, and the Italians of Augustine.
4. The crowning of the work is connected with the
brothers Cedda and Chad in the Midlands.
The whole subject is one of deep interest, though the
lio-ht thrown on it is not as clear as we can wish. The
effects are visible and palpable and important, though m
part the causes and agents are still obscure.
THE CHAPEL OF LEDE OR LEAD,
IN THE PARISH OF EYTHER-CUM-OZENDYKE, YORKS.
BY C. R. B. BAKRETT, ESQ., M.A.
HE manor of Lede was in feudal times a
tenancy of the honor ot Pontefract, and
is a detached portion of the parish of
Ryther. I was led to explore its little
chapel while investigating the surround-
ings of .the battlefield of Towton. It
may be remembered by some of my
readers that, years after the sanguinary fight at that
historic spot, Richard IH, when King, commenced to
build an expiatory chapel near to but north of Saxton
Church, — a good point in his character, though history
passes it over. Towton battlefield lies between Saxton
and the village from which it derives its name. Bos-
worth Field, in later times, was fought and lost, and the
expiatory chapel remained unfinished. Li these days no
relics thereof are visible, though the site is remembered
by the place-name, Chapel Garth.
It was in quest of possible monuments to those slain
at Towton that I turned my way to Lede Chapel. Of
its exterior there is not much to be said, and the illus-
tration will, I think, sufficiently show its present appear-
ance. Lede Chapel stands unsurrounded by any wall,
and in the middle of a field. About 40 yards west of the
Chapel are the ruined remains of Lede Hall ; but these,
though I carefully explored them, presented nothing
worthy of note.^ At the east end of the Chapel indica-
1 A new hall or farmhouse .stcands to the north of the old one. Relics
of the old stone manor-house are visible, to which a more modern
THE CHAPEL OF LEDE Oil LEAD.
137
tions in the turf point to foundations of some kind.
These may possibly belong to a chancel now destroyed,
though the present outer eastern wall (unless wonder-
fully rebuilt at the restoration in 1784) sliows no sign of
having been an addition.
The total length of the tiny Chapel is about 18 ft.
Kude oak benches, mostly out of the perpendicular, line
its aisles. An ancient and misshapen font stands at the
west end, beneath the west window, and close by it is a
small and very dilapidated parish chest. The north side
of the east end is occupied by a rickety pulpit and
reading-desk ; the south, by the Squire's pew ; and the
intervening space contains a small, mean table, to do
•J^^
Lede Chapel.
duty for an altar. This is enclosed by a lath swing-gate
which does duty for a rail. All the woodwork i'li^the
budding is painted— or was once painted— white, with
the exception of two extremely handsome and well-carved
gilt wooden bosses, relics of the ancient roof, which now
hang on either wall.
On a first glance at the interior, the casual visitor
would turn away probably disappointed, but investiga-
tion showed me that there were matters of interest'^in
Lede Chapel whicli repaid me for mv walk.
house (now in ruins) has been built on. Of the "fair manor place of
tymber", mentioned by Lehind, nothing remains.
138 THE GHAPEL OF LEDE OR LEAD.
1st. At the door is the fragment of a body-stone bear-
ing, incised on its face, the base of a cross and a Calvary.
I can, I think, give a fair suggestion as to the person to
whom this was erected, and will do so later. Hunting
about the pulpit and beneath it, I found, used as one of
its steps, an interesting fragment of a body-stone bear-
ing an incised cross, with chalice, etc. ; a fragment of
another tomb decidedly, for the two portions {i.e., this
and that of the door) will not fit together. In front of
the swing-gate before mentioned lie in a row four rude
heraldic stones, while beneath the swing-gate, and form-
ing the greater part of the pavement of the sanctuary
(save the mark!), I found the stone altar-slab which in
pre-Reformation times topped the Chapel-altar. Of this
altar-stone there can be no question, for its live consecra-
tion crosses are plainly visible. This was, I take it, a
most interesting discovery ; for as far as I can ascertain
the slab has hitherto been undescribed.
I will now pass to a more detailed description of the
four body stones.
No. 1 has at its head the arms of Tyas (Teutonicus or
Tiesci), viz., a fess, in chief three mallets sinister-
ways in bend. I for a purpose omit the tinctures.
No. 2 shows the same coat, and the inscription (Lom-
bardic), —
" Nobilis : miles : Balduinus Teutonicus", etc.
No. 3 has a plain shield, but bears the legend,—
"Nobilis Dominte Margoria cujus anime propicietur Deiis.
Amen."
No. 4 shows the shield with this variation, that the
mallets are dexterways in bend. This has an inscription,
" ^ Priez : pur : lalme Franconis Tiesci . ici gist Chevaler."
Now, on my return to London, I proceeded to endea-
vour to identify the coat-armour, and though I find it
perfectly possible to identify the persons buried as mem-
bers of the family of Tyas (formerly Le Tyeys, Teutoni-
cus or Tiesci), 1 have been utterly unable to get any
V.tD(i'X^K^C\ lHTe-<?-VC\R w
THE CHAPEL OF LEDE OR LEAD. 189
blazon exactly like the carved shields on the tombs,
Burke gives Tyas (Jeulonici, co. York ; he meant Teuto-
nici) as argent, a fess between {sic) three hammers, each
in bend, siiiisterways, sa. Also, gales, a fess between
three hammers, each in bend (dexterways, as no contrary
direction is given) argent. (See fig. B.)
Some herald (and Burke duly gives the blazon) mis-
took mallets, firstly for mullets (five-pointed stars), and
secondly for martlets (birds) ; hence we have the two
other blazons. The blazon which is most nearly correct
is derived from a Roll about 1262-92 (HarL MS. 6137),
where it is given as the coat of Franc Le Tyeys.
Compare with slab 4 of " Franconis Tiesci", viz., argent,
a fess gules, in chief, three mallets of the last. This is
also in the Roll of the Society of Antiquaries (fifteenth-
century copy of 1300 Roll).
I will now state a few particulars about the Tyas
family ; scanty, I fear, but not devoid of interest. My
information is derived purely from documents still in
existence.
From the Cornpotus of Bolton I find that^ in 1316,
Baldwyn Tyas was Constable of Skipton Castle. It may
be remembered that the office of porter of Skipton was
hereditary in the Ferrant family. Probably No. 2 is the
tomb of this worthy old warrior and official. In a
charter of John de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, circa 1220, we
have as witnesses, Ebrardo Teutonico (? Guerardo Gerard),
and Baldwino Theuton. Baldwin appears to have been
a family name. In 1235, or thereabouts, the same pair
appear as witnesses to another charter of John, Earl of
Lincoln. This charter concerned the church of Eccles.
The names in this document are "Guerardo et Balde-
wyno Theutonicis". Two years later Baldwyn witnesses
a grant to the monks of Stanlawe of the mediety of the
church of Blackburn, which Adam, the son of Henry,
held with the chapel of Walton and their appurtenances.
Similar Tyas signatures are attached to other deeds of a
like kind.
In the reign of John lived Sir Baldwyn Teutonicus or
De Tyas, who granted to Sir Robert de Holland, in free
marriage with Johan his daughter, all his lands in Roch-
140 THE CHAPEL OF LEDE OR LEAD.
dale, viz., in Biitterworth, Cleggs, and some other places.
Joban survived her husband, and married as her second
husband Sir John de Byron.
In 1285, or thereabouts, Mauger le Vavasur, a younger
brother of Sir William le Vavasur of Hazlewood, received
from Sir John Hazlewood, his father, a toft with a croft
and an oxgang of land, for the term of his life, in the
town and territory of Cockesford. The deed is undated,
but it was witnessed by Sir William, the elder brother,
and Sir Francis Tyas and others.
Now the Vavasours are still at Hazlewood, ti mansion
about three miles from Lead Hall and Chapel. Cocks-
ford yet belongs to their estates, and is distant about
three miles from Lead. It was noted as being a ford at
.the time of the battle of Tow ton. The Cock River or
Beck runs within 150 yards of Lead Chapel.
Sir Francis Tyas, I believe, had no male issue ; but he
had a daughter, Emeline, who married Adam Scargill of
Thorpe, and had issue one Warine. Sir Francis Tyas is
styled " lord of the manor of Lede", but he was the last
of that name tliere.
In 1381 Thomas, son and heir of Sir William Scargill,
Knight, paid 8s. ScZ. relief to the honour of Pontefract
for the twelfth part of a knight's fee in Bolton, in Brad-
ford Dale. This Thomas is probably the one who is
known to have been settled at Lede, on the manor once
belonging to Sir Francis Tyas.
By her will (proved Oct. 17, in the year of her death,
1421), Johanna Scargill, wife of Thomas Scargill, desired
that her body should be buried in the choir of the Chapel
of the Blessed Mary de Lede.
The arms of the Scargills of Thorpe Stapleton were,
ermine, a saltier gules, but sometimes the saltier was
engrailed.
In 1553, on March 1, there remained a charge of £10
in annuities, and £68 in pensions, on the Priory of Swyne.
Among the names of the sixteen pensioners occurs that
of Elizabeth Tyas, who was in receipt of £2. After the
spoliation, Swyne Convent was sold to Sir Bichard
Gresham, Kt. As late as 1621 a distant connection (for
the direct line had died out), one Thomas Tyas, was sell-
THE CHAPEL OF LEDE OR LEAD, 1 4 1
ing ail acre and a half of land in Yorkshire. The name
is still to be met with in some of the Yorkshire towns,
notably Doncaster.
It may be mere conjecture on my part, but I incline
to think that the broken slab at the door of the Chapel
is the tomb of the Johanna Scargill that I have men-
tioned. In one or two old books I have seen five tomhs
named as existing in Lede. There are certainly only four
now. But how about the choir of the Chapel ? Can this
merely be a figure of speech to express " in front of the
high altar"? I think it must be. Granted that in the
turf outside there are evidences of foundations, there do
not appear to be any traces of new work in the east wall,
as I have already mentioned. Also, behind the worm-
eaten panelling on the south side of the present "Squire's"
pew is a hollow suspiciously like a piscina.
The family of Tyas, Teutonicus, Tiesci, or Tyeys, must
not, however, be confounded with the Tyes (Barons).
The arms of the Tyes are usually given as, anjent, a
chevron gules, though one variation gives a coat of which
I have no blazon, viz., on a fess, between two chevronels,
three mullets. It is that of Walter de Teye, lord of
Stengrave [vide letter of Barons to Pope Boniface VIII,
1301, regarding the Scotch succession).
The baronies of Tyes — for there were two — have but a
brief history. In 1299 a Henry de Tyes held lands in
Oxfordshire. He died in 1308, having been summoned
as a Baron to Parliament from 1296 (Feb. 6) to 1307
(Aug. 26). He was succeeded by his son, also Henry,
who was summoned to Parliament from 1313 (Jan. 8) to
1321 (May 15). Henry, second Baron, joined Thomas,
Earl of Lancaster, was taken prisoner at Borough Bridge,
and executed in London. He was succeeded by his sister
Alice, who married Warine d'Isle.
Walter de Tyes, in the case of the second barony, was
summoned by writ on the same date as Henry. He
owned lands in York and other counties, and served in
the Scottish wars. In the eleventh year of Edward II
he was Joint-Governor of York with Robert de Hiistings.
Walter Lord Tyes married Isabel, daughter of John de
Stengrave, and widow of Simon PatshuU. Dying child-
142 THE CHAPEL OF LEDE OR LEAD.
less, his niece Margaret, the daughter of his brother
Koger, succeeded him, and the barony became extinct.
To this family belonged the Sir Henry Tyeis who
received a sumptuous present of plate from King Ed-
ward II on Cliristmas Day, in the fourteenth year of his
reign, wlien the festival was kept at Westminster.
Touching this now extinct family of Tyes (Barons),
Bossewell, in his Workes of Armor ie, instances, among
five other coats " partaking of the canton", that of Tyas ;
but it is the Tyes coat of the baronial family, not that
of Lede Hall, which is so mentioned.
This little chapel, and the fragments of family history
which gather around the four slabs in its floor, are per-
haps hardly worthy subjects for a paper ; at least, some
may think so. To me, however, the little known in anti-
quity has ever a cbarm ; and I love to preserve, as far as
in me lies, the memories of out-of-the-way spots. Of the
Tyas family of Lede who can now say anything ? None
of them seem to have done anything of note. Quietly
they appear to have lived, for three or four generations,
on their little manor,- — a rather clerkly race, it would
seem, quite in early times. Now and again — nay, quite
frequently — earning the honour of knighthood ; though
why, or on what occasions, none can now discover. And
in their tiny little chapel their gravestones are pre-
served to us. How comparatively few small county
families can show a similar record !
Of the Scargills, a far better-known Yorkshire family,
the threads connecting them with Lede are not of re-
markable interest. We find them paying fines during
the reign of Henry VI for lands in Lede, Saxton, Lede
Woodhouse, and later on other fines. In this latter case
the name of a William, son of Roger de Lede, occurs ;
but who he was, or who his father was, is not to be easily
explained. A John Scargill died in 1472, and was buried
at Leeds, in the St. Trinity's choir of St. Peter's Church.
The Scargills had in 1448-9 charged Lede with a share
of sixteen marks, paid to support a charity in the parish
church of Whitkirk.
A curious indenture between "William Scargill the
Elder, Esquyer", and Thomas Ka, " gentylman", referring
THE CHAPEL OF LEDE OR LEAD. 143
to the sale of some land, is extant, which bears date Feb.
IG, "in the year of the regne of Kynge Edward forth
[the] second (1462)."
The male line direct of the Scaroills of Lede ended in
Sir Robert, Kt., who left two daughters and coheirs,
Margaret and Mary. They married Sir John Gascoigne
of Cardington, in Bedfordshire, Kt., and Sir Marmaduke
Tonstall of Brantingham, respectively. Good old Leland
notes in his Itinerary, — " Leade, an hamelet wher Skar-
gil had a fair manor place of tymber. Skargil, a late
knight, left 2 donghtters to his heires, whereof Tunstalle
wedded one, and Gascoyne of Bedefordeshire the other."
Sir Bobert and Dame Jane Scargill lie buried beneath an
alabaster tomb in the parish church of Whitkirk," within
the chantry quire, besides her late husband", etc. The
inscription, now defaced, ran —
" Orate pro a'ia Eob' Scargyll iiiilitis et D'ne Joli'e uxor' suae at
antecessorum n'nim fundatorum liujus cantarie quor' aiar^ pp.
Deiis."
But with Lede Chapel the Tyas family will be remem-
bered : witness their tombs. Of the Scargils later, no
inscription now remains, though one at least was buried
there. And in this spot, twice a year only, is service
held, amid the mouldering wooden benches and quaint
surroundings which I have mentioned. It is a relic —
perhaps a sad one — still a relic, the description of which
is not entirely without interest.
(proceeMnge of (U (^eeociatxon.
Wednesday, 1 April 1896.
Chas. H. Compton, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.
Lady Paget, 6 Scroope Terrace, Cambridge, was duly elected a
Member of the Association.
Thanks were ordered by the Council to be returned to the respective
donors of the following presents to the Library : —
To the Society, for " The Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin
Society", vol. viii, Parts 3, 4, 1894 ; and "The Scientific Trans-
actions", vol. V, Series 2.
,, ,, for "Transactions of the Glasgow Archaeological Society",
New Series, vol. ii, Part IV.
,, ,, for " Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scot-
land", 1894-1895.
,, ,, for "Journal of the Royal Institute of British Archi-
tects", vol. iii, 3rd Series.
The paper which was announced to be read this evening was post-
poned to a future meeting.
Wednesday, 15 April 1896.
Chas. H. Compton, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.
Dr. Winstone exhibited an early seal-matrix, thirteenth century,
found at Eynsforth, on the river Darenth. It bears a flower, and the
legend, s' hvg'. fil'. ham', lentecak. He also exhibited a medal com-
memorative of the Battle of the Hogue in 1692, and a pistol- shaped
match-striker and candlestick combined, made by Cartmel at Don-
caster.
Mr. C. Davis exhibited a leaden merchant's mark used for sealing
goods, sixteenth century.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.SSO(:iATIC)N. 14:")
Mr. Oliver exhibited an oaken carving representing^ a female saint
holding a chalice and sword, probably from a Dutch church.
Mr.G. Patrick, //on. <S'ec., exhibited two fine oval plaques of Battersea
enamel : one, a card-scene, with figures of three children ; the other, a
soldier's farewell. It was thought that each was a copy from well-
known paintings of celebrated artists.
Mr. W. Nichols exhibited a brown glazed-ware flask made in shape
of a house with chimney, etc., found at Bromley, Kent, at a consider-
able depth below the surface of the ground, in recent excavations.
Seventeenth century.
Mr. G. Patrick, Hon. Sec, read a paper by Lady Paget, entitled
"Notes on some Ancient Stone Forts in Carnarvonshire", and exhi-
bited the illustrations which accompanied it. The paper will 1 e found
printed above, at pp. 97-111.
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.
6 MAY, 189G.
Rev. S. M. Mayiiew, M.A., V.P., ix the Chair.
The Chairman opened the ballot, and appointed scrutators.
Dr. "W. de Gray Birch, F.8.A., Hon. Sec, read the
Secretaries' Report for the Year ending 31 Dec, 1895.
" The Honorary Secretaries have the honour of laying before the
Associates of the British Archaeological Association, at the Annual
Meeting lield this day, the customary Report of the Secretaries on the
state of the Association during the year 1895-6.
" 1. During the past year a considerable number of books have been
presented to the Library. The action of the Library Sub-Committee
will determine, or has determined, the future of this property of the
Association.
"2. Thirty-four of the more important papers which were read at
the recent Congress held at Manchester, and during progress of
the session held in London, have been printed in the Journal for 1895,
which is illustrated with forty-nine plates and woodcuts ; some of
which have been wholly, or in part, contributed to the Association by
the liberality of friends and A.-^sociates, to whom grateful recognition
is due in this behalf.
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCJATIOX. 147
" 3. The Honorary Secretaries are glad to say they have in hand a fair
amount of papers which relate to the Stoke-on-Trent Congress of 1895,
and other papers read in London, which have been accepted for publi-
cation and illustration in the Journal, as circumstances will permit.
Nevertheless, they desire it should become generally known that
authors should transmit their papers and drawings to the Editor as
soon as convenient after being laid before the Association, in view of
their publication in due course.
"W. DE G. Birch \ „ „
,. ^ -D ( Hon. Sees.
*' G. Patrick j
Mr. C. H. Compton proposed the alteration to Rule 2, p. iv,
"Chairman of meetings", of which he had given notice. It was
seconded by Mr. Nichols, and carried unanimously. The Rule now
stands correct as printed in the prospectus for the current year.
Mr. S. Rayson, Sub-Treasurer, presented the balance-sheet, and
made observations on the state of the finances of the Association, in
the unavoidable absence of the Treasurer.
The ballot was taken with the following I'esult : —
President.
Vice-Presidents.
Ex ojHcio — The Duke of Norfolk, K.G., E.M.; The Duke of Sutherland,
The Marquess of Bute, K.T., LL.D.; The .Marquess of Ripon, E.G.;
G.C.S.I.; The Earl of Hardwicke ; The Earl of Mount-Edgcumbe ;
The Earl Nelson; The Earl of Northbrook, G.C.S.I.; The Earl
of Wincuilsea and Nottingham; The Lord Bishop of Ely ; The
Lord Bishop of St. David's; The Loud Bishop of Llandaff ;