IRLF
I II
c 3 D3? ma
HE REGIONS OF
OSTEOLOGY
ARTHROLOGY
TOLDT
"DAL
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
SAN FRANCISCO MEDICAL CENTER
LIBRARY
Gift of
St. Francis Hospital
Medical Library
La Crosse. Wise.
:DAL.
AN ATLAS
OF
HUMAN ANATOMY
FOR STUDENTS AND PHYSICIANS
BY
CARL [TOLDT, M.D.
ASSISTED BY
PROFESSOR ALOIS DALLA ROSA, M.D.
&bapteo to Englisb ano Smerican an& International 'terminology
BY
M. EDEN PAUL, M.D. BRUX., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.
FIRST SECTION
A. THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY
B. OSTEOLOGY
(FIGURES i TO 377 AND INDEX)
REVISED EDITION
5
NEW YORK
REBMAN COMPANY
141, 143 AND 145 WEST SGrn STREET
', r.
Copyright, 1919, by
RKl'.MAN COMPANY
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE
THE science of human anatomy is purely descriptive in its methods, the field it covers is not very extensive, and its
boundaries s^z sharply limited ; it is, therefore, one of the few sciences in which something closely verging on finality
and completeness has been attained. Even, however, if no new anatomical data are likely to be forthcoming, there is yet
scope for originality in the method of presentation of those data of which the science now consists ; and originality of
this kind Professor Toldt's "Atlas of Human Anatomy" exhibits in a high degree. In the many admirable manuals of
human anatomy now extant in English, the illustrations, even when numerous, as they are often, and when good, as they
are occasionally, form a mere supplement usually a very imperfect supplement to the text. Atlases of anatomy, and
useful atlases, also exist in English, but all are quite fragmentary. Some, like the well-known and valuable, but somewhat
antiquated, " Illustrations of Dissections," consist of a series of pictures of selected regions carefully prepared on the
cadaver : these are models for the imitation of the student in his own dissecting work, but are not of much value for
private study. Others, like Bellamy's English edition of Braune's atlas of frozen sections of the human body, present a
small number of anatomical facts from a striking and unfamiliar point of view. But among English works, an accurate
pictorial representation of all the data of human anatomy, carefully drawn to scale from actual specimens, and arranged
suitably for systematic study, has hitherto been lacking.
Whilst a true knowledge of anatomy, a knowledge that will through life supply the needs of the physician and the
surgeon in their practical work, can be obtained only in the dissecting-room, the student's labours with scalpel and forceps
niust be preceded and supplemented by systematic private study. Now, for this purpose, the textual descriptive treatise
is, net alone sufficient ; or, if sufficient, it is so at an excessive expenditure of time and labour. Both in his work
preparatory to dissection and in his revision of his anatomical knowledge subsequent to dissection, the energy of the
student will be enormously economized if he has at hand a graphic representation of every structure named and described
in his systematic treatise. An increased use of the visual or graphic method, both in the acquirement and in the
revivification of knowledge, is a feature of the age in all educational departments ; but this English translation of Professor
Toldt's work is, as far as the English-speaking races are concerned, the first adequate application of the method to the
study of human anatomy.
In speaking of the finality and completeness of anatomical science, one exception must be made, and this exception
relates to anatomical terminology, which, though nearly completed, has not yet attained finality. Had there been a
universal anatomical nomenclature a nomenclature, that is, adopted by, or even fully intelligible to, anatomists of all
nationalities an English edition of this work would have been superfluous. Anatomy, however, like all other sciences,
has suffered from the dispersion of tongues that ensued on the Renascence, when the good and the evil of mediaevalism
became inextricably confounded, and were cast away together, and the inestimable gift of a language common to the
learned of all lands was lost for ever. The German-speaking peoples have a fairly complete and fairly pure Latin
anatomical nomenclature, needing, however, to be eked out here and there by the vernacular ; whilst in England, as in
France, a strange and bastard dialect, half Latin and half vernacular, has come into use. Uncouth jargon as it is, being
current and familiar, it is not likely in England and America ever to be replaced by the more consistent terminology in
use in the anatomical schools of Germany and Austria ; I have, however, in this English edition of the "Atlas of Anatomy"
retained the terminology of the original side by side with the English translation, distinguishing between the two by a
difference of type.
In some cases, in the nomenclature used by the author, terms are met with which have no counterpart in English
anatomical terminology : either because the author regards as normal a structure which English anatomists regard as a
variety ; or, and far more commonly, because the structure in question, though normal, is unimportant, and English
anatomists have therefore neglected to name it. Sometimes, in such cases, I have given a literal English translation of
the Latin name used by the author ; sometimes, however, a periphrasis has been required to explain what the structure
is, or to account for the absence of an English name, and this periphrasis, when lengthy, has been printed as a foot-note.
In all such cases, an asterisk is prefixed both to the Latin name and to its English equivalent, to indicate to the reader
that there is something unusual in the terms employed.
I must further point out that in a few instances the author's nomenclature actually conflicts with that commonly used
in England, so that the literal translation of the author's name for a certain structure is applied in England to a structure
totally different. For instance, what the author calls canalis pterygopalatinus is in England called the posterior palatine
or palatomaxillary canal, while the pterygopalatine canal of English anatomists is called by the author canalis
pharyngeus. But for this warning, beginners might imagine such divergencies to be due to carelessness on the part of
the translator or to errors of the press.
A further difficulty has arisen from the fact that English anatomical nomenclature is itself not yet finally settled, nor
even wholly consistent. Not merely is the same structure often known by several names ; but, which is worse, the same
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE
name is sometimes applied to two different structures Reform is therefore needed, but it is not the part of a translator
to undertake it, and I have perforce been content to follow the authorities. .\iy leading autnomy has been the tenth
edition of Quain's "Elements of Anatomy." but I have also had Macalister's "Text-boou ot Human Anatomy" in
constant requisition. From these works I have, when more than one name is used to denote any structure, taken all
those in common use, the order in which the alternative names have been printed showing most often the relative
frequency of employment ; in a few cases, however, where a name less commonly used has appeared to me distinctly
preferable for any reason to an alternative name more commonly used, I h ive given the less usual but preferable name
the precedence. To this small extent only have I been influenced by my own views in the matter of anatomical
terminology ; and, with the exception of those names which for the reason already furnished are preceded by an asterisk,
all the terms in the English nomenclature are in use by one or more of the leading English authorities.
As regards the terminology employed in the United States of America, the contributions of the scientific investigators
of that country to anatomy have, owing to tue early perfection of this branch of study, been far less extensive than in the
case of the other sciences ancillary to medicine ; and the science of anatomy was for the most part taken bodily over,
text-books, terminology, and all complete. A few differences, however, exist, and I have therefore collated my manuscript
with that useful little work, Young's "Synopsis of Human Anatomy," and any divergent terms in use in America only
have been inserted in my translation, and distinguished by the addition of the letters " U.S."
A considerable number of the references to the figures will be found to be in the English nomenclature only. These
are either cases in which the English and the International descriptive terms were identical, and the printing of both was
therefore superfluous ; or else cases in which in the original the reference was wholly in German.
Measurements given in the original in centimetres have in all cases been reduced to inches. In illustrations of foetal
parts the age of the fcetus is given in months from the date of fertilization of the ovum. On the Continent, however, the
period of utero-gestation is usually reckoned as ten '' months " of four weeks each ; not, as with us, as nine calendar
months. To avoid mistake, I have in all such cases <fter the word "month" or "months" added in parentheses the words
" months of four weeks each."
I cannot dismiss mention of the works of reference I have employed without alluding to the German-English
" Dictionary of Medical Terms," by Treves and Lang a book invaluable to all those engaged in the translation of
German medical works.
Since this Atlas is intended for the use of beginners, as well as for that of advanced students of human anatomy and
of practitioners of medicine, I may fitly conclude this preface with a few words on the general principles of anatomical
nomenclature. For descriptive purposes the body is regarded as being in the upright posture, with the arms extended
by the sides, and the hands fully supinated, so that the palms look forward. With this attitude kept in mind, the meaning
of the terms superior and inferior, anterior and posterior, external and internal, is obvious. Sometimes, however,
descriptive terms of another kind are used, to remove the confusion liable to arise from the adoption by man of an
attitude different from that of all the other vertebrata, and to homolog ze the nomenclature of human with that of
comparative anatomy. Thus, cephalic and caudal in comparative anatomy correspond respectively with superior and
inferior in human anatomy ; ventral and dorsal, with anterior and posterior. Dividing the body into right and left
halves by a vertical median plane, which cuts the surface of the body at the median line, medial or mesial and la/,->,il
correspond respectively with internal and external in denoting position respectively nearer to, or more remote from, the
median pla e. Other lerms in frequent use are stipe > 'ficial and deep, central and peripheral, proximal and distal ' ; these
are self-explanatory.
In some cases descriptive terms applied to portions of certain structures denote the relation of these portions to
other structures, as when we speak rf the vertebral and the sternal extremities of the ribs, or the acromial and the
sternal extremities of the clavicle. Terms of similar import are radial and ulnar applied to structures of the forearm ;
tibial and fibular (or peroneal} of the leg ; palmar and dorsal of the hand ; plantar and dorsal of the foot ; flexor and
extensor of any of the extremities. It is to be noted that internal and external are sometimes used in a sense different
from that previously explained, being employed to denote the interior and exterior positions respectively, either in relation
to the general axis cf the body or to the axis of one of its cavities. In this sense, for instance, we may speak of the
internal and the external tables of the cranial vault, or of the internal and the external oblique muscles of the abdomen ;
but it is, as a rule, better to use the words inner and outer to denote this relation, and to reserve internal and external for
position in r spect to the median plane.
Finally we have to explain the terms used to denote certain directions, more e-pecially the direction of certain
sec' ions : these are horizontal and vertical, requiring no definition ; sagit'al, denoting a dorso-ventral direction either in
or parallel to ihe median plane ; and frontal or coronal, which are synonymous texms, denoting direction in a transverse
vertical plane.
The definition of many of the terms used in descriptive anatomy, such as condyle and luberosity, process and tubercle,
sinus and cavity, ligament, tendon, and aponeurosis, would be superfluous, since the student w 11 best gain an accurate
notion of their meaning by an examination of the structures to which they are respectively applied.
M. EDEN PAUL.
ALDERNEY, August, 1903.
CHR:
&
REGIONES
CORPORIS HUMANI
THE REGIONS
OF THE HUMAN BODY
THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY
Palmar regions
of the fingers
Temporal region
Orbital region
Oral region
Anterior region of the neck
Internal region of the elbow
Posterior region of the elbow /
Region of the olecranon
Anterior region of elbow
Anterior
bracniai
Mammary
region
Axillary region
Axillary fossa
External pectoral region
Inframammary region
jr * , .
Me^ogastric region
External abdominal region
Umbilical region
Inguinal region
Region of the hip
Pubic region
Subinguinal region
Trochanteric region
Fudendal region
UDgual regions
/ B *
Patellar region L- S3
Internal re-
tromalleolar
region
Calcaneal
region
External region of the neck
Deltoideo-pectoral triangle
Infraclavicular region
Deltoid region
"- Sternal region
External brachial region
Anterior region of the elbow
External region of the elbow
Dorsal region of the forearm
Dorsal region of the hand
Internal malleolar region
Dorsal digital regions of the foot,
Ungual regions &i
FIG. i. ANTERIOR SURFACE OF THE BODY.
Regions of the Human Body.
Regiones
volares
digitorum
"Reg.
volaris
I manus
THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY
R. temporalis
orbitalis
R. cubiti
R. cubiti posterior/-''
R. olecrani/ R axillaris
Fossa axillaris
R. colli anterior
R. colli lateralis
~ ^ -Trig, deltoideo pectorale
R. infraclavicularis
R. deltoidea
_R. sternalis
\- l \ R. brachii lateralis
R. cubiti anterior
R. cubiti lateralis
R. antibrachii dorsalis
R. pectoris lateralis'
R. inframammalis
Regf>nesoga?tnca
R. abdominis lateralis
R. umbilicalis .
R. inguinalis
R. coxae
R. pubica "
R. subinguinalis-""
R. trochanterica - '''
R. pudendalis "'
wcf- v
1 R. dorsalis manus
Regiones unguiculares
R. malleolaris medialis
Regiones dorsales
digitorum pedis.
Regiones unguiculares .
FIG. la. ANTERIOR SURFACE OF THE BODY.
Regiones Corporis Humani.
THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY
Ungual regions^. |
Dorsal regions of the fingers ->
Temporal region [-
Auricular region -
Mastoid region ~~~
Nuchal furrow
Acromial region
External brachial region
Internal brachial region-
External region of the elbow
Region of the olecranon
Posterior region of the elbow
Palmar region of the
hand
Palmar regions of the
fingers
ccipital
region L i;
rsa
region
of the
hand
Acromial Anterior
region brachial region
Deltoid region
External pectoral region
Hypochondriac region
External abdominal region
Posterlo
region of
he knee
Posterior region of the elbow
External region of the elbow
*' Region of the olecranon
Poplite.il space (the ham'
External retromalleolar region
External malleolar region
Calcaneal rejrion
FIG. 2. POSTERIOR SURFACE OF THE BODY.
Regions of the Human Body.
THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY
3a
Regiones unguicularc
Regg. dorsales digitorum'
R. temporalis
R. auricularis
R. mastoidea
Fovea. nuchae
R. acronialis -
._ posterior
iit : lateralis
'^R. olecrani
R. brachii lateralis
R. brachii medialis-
R. cubiti lateralis-
R. olecrani"
R. cubiti posterior
Regio
volaris manus
Regiones
volares digitorum '""
R. pectoris lateralis
R. - '
scapul
aris \J. R. hypochondriacs
R. abdominis lateralis
R. trochanterica
R. perinealis
R. retromalleolaris lateralis
FIG. 20,. POSTERIOR SURFACE OF THE BODY.
Regiones Corpons Humani.
THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY
Supraorbifcd regie*.
Upper palpehral region \
Lower palpebral region
Zygomatic region
Infraorbital region
Upper labial region -
Lower labial region
Submental region
Hyoid region
Subhyoid region
Auricular region
Mastoid region
Suprasternal region
Suprasternal n
Infraclavicular region.
Laryngeal region
noteh^
~~~><
Lesser supraclavicular foisa
Greater supraclavicular fossa
Deltoideo -pectoral
triangle '
Omoclavicular triangl )
/ *
1 Known also an the infraclaviculur triangle or in fradavicular fossa, and .-;ometimes called MoMcnheimer's space.
FIG. 3. HEAD AND NECK.
Regions of the Head and Neck.
THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY
R. supraorbttalis
R. palpebralis superior^ \
R. palpebralis inferio
R. zygomatica
R. infraorbitalis
R. labialis superior
R. labialis inferior
R. submentalis
R. auricularis
R. mas to idea
R. hyoidea
R. subhyoidea'
R. laryngea
Fossa retromandibularis
R. suprasternalis
<-
Fossa jugularis
Fossa Bupraclavicularis minor
Trigonum omoclavicular
^Fossa supraclavicularis
major
Trigonum
deltoideo-pectorale
FIG. 30. HEAD AND NECK.
Regiones Capitis et Colli.
ta 2
THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY
, ... - ""' | Perineal region
'" X'''
FIG. 4. MALE PERINEAL REGION.
> Perineal region
FIG. *,. FEMALE PERINEAL REGION.
Perineal Region.
THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY
perinealis
FIG. 4. MALE PERINEAL REGION.
Reg. perinealis
FIG. 54:. FEMALE PERINEAL REGION.
Regio Perinealis.
OSTEOLOGIA
OSTEOLOGY
THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES
10
THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES
Volkmann's canal
Sharpey's fibres
Outer fundamental Jamellae
Lacunas
("Osseous corpuscles")
Haversian system of lamellae
Interstitial lamellae
Haversian canal
FIG. 6. PORTION OF A CROSS-SECTION THROUGH THE COMPACT TISSUE OF A LONG BONE.
Volkmann's canal
Outer fundamental lameUse
Lacunae
("Osseous corpuscles";
Interstitial lamellae
Interstitial lamella*
Haversiaii canal
- Haversian system of lamellae
p IG- 7. PORTION OF A LONGITUDINAL SECTION THROUGH THE COMPACT TISSUE OF A LONG BONE,
Microscopical Structure of Bone.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES
Cancellous bone tissue
Substantia spongiosa
Medullary spaces of the cancellous
tissue
Surface of the cross-section
Compact bone tissue
Substantia compacta
v Haversian systems of lamellae
Surface of the longitudinal section
Volkmann's canals
Outer fundamental lamellae
FIG. 8. DIAGRAM OF THE STRUCTURE OF BONE.
Thickening of the periosteum__
at the site of origin of a
muscle
Periosteum
Compact bone tissue
Substantia compacta
Bone-marrow
Medulla ossis
Exposed surface
of the bone
Periosteum
V,
Periosteum
FIG. 9. PART OF THE MIDDLE SEGMENT OF THE FEMUR FROM WHICH THE PERIOSTEUM
HAS BEEN PARTIALLY REMOVED.
The medullary canal (cavum medullare) has been opened, and the hone-marrow (medulla ossis) is seen.
Periosteum and Bone-Marrow (Medulla Ossium).
2 2
THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES
Great tuberoaity -
Tuberculum majus
- Head of the humerue
Caput humeri
Trochlea of the humerus
Trochlea humeri
- Olecranon fosaa
Fossa olecrani
FIG. 10. PROXIMAL PORTION IN
FRONTAL SECTION.
FIG. ii. DISTAL PORTION IN
SAGITTAL SECTION.
Humerus Arm-bone : Substantia compacta et substantia spongiosa ossium Compact and
cancellous tissue of the bones.
Ossa longa Long bones.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES
13
Olecranon
Olecranon
Tuberosity of the ulna
Tuberositas ulnae
V,
FIG. 12. PROXIMAL PORTION IN
SAGITTAL SECTION.
Ulna.
Head
Capitulum
Tuberosity of the radius
Tuberositas radii
Nutrient canal
Canalis nutricius
Head
Capitulum
Styloid process
Processus styloideus
FIG. 13. DISTAL PORTION IN
FRONTAL SECTION.
Styloid process
Processus styloideus
FIG. 15. DISTAL PORTION.
FIG. 14. PROXIMAL PORTION.
Radius.
Substantia compacta et substantia spongiosa ossium Compact and cancellous tissue of the bones.
Ossa longa Long bones.
14
THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES
Great trochanter
Trochanter major
FIG. 16. PROXIMAL PORTION IN
FRONTAL SECTION.
Head of the femur
Caput femoris
Internal condyle
Condylus medialis
'External condyle
Condylus lateralis
p IG> !7_ DISTAL PORTION IN FRONTAL SECTION.
Femur Thigh-bone : Substantia compacta et substantia spongiosa ossium-Compact and
cancellous tissue of the bones.
Ossa longa Long bones.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES
15
External tubercle of the spine of the tibia
Tuberculum intercondyloideum laterale
External tuberositjr -
Condylus lateralis
I Internal tubercle of the spine of the tibia
I Tuberculura intercondyloideum mediate
Internal tuberosity
Condylus medialis
Internal malleplus
( Malleolus medialis
FIG. 18. PROXIMAL PORTION IN
FRONTAL SECTION.
FIG. ig. DISTAL PORTION IN
FRONTAL SECTION.
Tibia Shin-bone : Substantia compacta et substantia spongiosa ossium Compact and
cancellous tissue of the bones.
Ossa ionga Long bones.
16
THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES
FIG. 20. THIRD LUMBAR VERTEBRA IN HORIZONTAL SECTION.
FIG. 21. SIXTH DORSAL
VERTEBRA IN SAGITTAL
SECTION.
FIG. 22. BODY OF THE SECOND LUMBAR VERTEBRA IN FRONTAL SECTION.
Vertebrae : Substantia compacta et substantia spongiosa ossium Compact and cancellous tissue
of the bones.
Ossa brevia Short bones.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES
17
Anterior surface
Facies anterior
FRONTAL SECTION. SAGITTAL SECTION.
FIG. 23. Os CUNEIFORMS 111.. THE EXTERNAL CUNEIFORM BONE.
Head of the astragalus
Caput tali
Superior articular surface oi the astragalus
Trochlea tali
The posterior of the two facets articulating
with the calcaneum
Facies articularis calcanea posterior
FIG. 24. TALUS, THE ASTRAGALUS, IN SAGITTAL SECTION.
Posterior articular facet for the astragalus
Facies articularis posterior
Articular facet for the cuboid "
Facies articularis cuboidea
" Tuberosity of the os calcis
Tuber calcanei
FIG. 25. CALCANEUM, THE Os CALCIS, IN SAGITTAL SECTION.
Ossa tarsi Tarsal bones : Substantia compacta et substantia spongiosa ossium Compact and
cancellous tissue of the bones.
Ossa brevia Short bones.
18
THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES
_ Articular surface for the fibula
Facies articularis fibulae
Oblique line
Linea poplitea
Nutrient foramen
Foramen nutricium
Nutrient canal
Canalis nutricius
Medullary canal
Cavura medullare
FIG. 26. NUTRIENT FORAMEN AND NUTRIENT CANAL OF THE RIGHT TIBIA.
SEEN FROM BEHIND.
by sawing away a portion of the snaft the whole length of the nutrient canal has been
opened up.
Nutrient Foramen and Nutrient Canal of a Long Bone.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES
19
Nutrient foramen
Foramen nutricium
Nutrient foramen
Foramen nutricium
i
Nutrient
Canales nutricii
Inner cortical substance
Substantia corticalis in-
terna
-Nutrient canals
Canales nutricii
Cancellous tissue
Substantia spongiosa
Outer cortical substance
Substantia corticalis externa
FIG. 27. OUTER SURFACE OF LEFT ILIUM.
By the removal of the outer compact layer and the cancellous tissue of a portion of the bone, the nutrient canals
have been displayed. The bristles projecting towards the right above and below show that the nutrient canals
into which they have been inserted open on the inner surface of the bone that turned away from the observer.
Inner table
Lamina interna
Canal of the diploe
Canalis diploicus
Outer table
Lamina externa
Diploe
Diploe
Diploe
Diploe
Outer table
Lamina externa
FIG. 28. Os PARIETALE, PARIETAL BONE, PREPARED TO SHOW THE DIPLOE AND THE
COMPACT INNER TABLE. SEEN FROM WITHOUT.
Substantia compacta, substantia spongiosa, et canales nutricii Compact tissue, cancellous
tissue, and nutrient canals.
Ossa plana Flat bones.