20
THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES
Joint-cavity
Layers of the perichondrium
Calcified cartilage
(Centre of ossification of the
diaphysis)
Cortex of bone formed be-
neath the perichondrium
Primitive cartilage
Capsule of the joint
Primitive cartilage
Zone of ossification
- Endochondrally formed
bone of the diaphysis
Nutrient artery
Primary medullary space
Cortical substance
(Periosteal bone of the
diaphysis)
- Layers of the periosteum
Perichondrium
FIGS. 29 AND 30. Two STAGES IN THE INTRACARTILAGINOUS OSSIFICATION OF LONG BONES,
AS SHOWN BY LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS OF THE PHALANGES OF A HUMAN F(ETUS.
Articular cartilage
Cartilage of the
epiphysis
Centre of ossification
of the epiphysis
Zone of ossification of
the diaphysis
Diaphysis
Medullary canal
Epiphysis
Epiphysial disc
Synchondrosis epiphyseos
Zone of ossification of the
diaphysis
Diaphysis
Cancellous tissue
Substantia spongiosa
Compact tissue
Substantia compacta
Periosteum
FIGS. 31 AND 32. Two STAGES IN THE INTRACARTILAGINOUS OSSIFICATION OF THE
EPIPHYSIS OF A LONG BONE, AS SHOWN BY LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS OF THE
DISTAL PORTIONS OF METACARPAL BONES.
Development of the Bones.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES
21
Zone of altered cartilage
Vascular canals of the <
cartilage
Endochondral centre of ossification
Primitive cartilage
FIG. 33. INTRACARTILAGINOUS OSSIFICATION OF A SHORT BONE.
A section of the cuboid bone of a new-born child.
Eows of osteoblasts - -
.. . ., Tissue of the primitive
cranial membrane
'j'Z'.'t-'
Osseous spicules
FIG. 34. INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION OF THE BONES OF THE CRANIAL VAULT.
Upper half of the parietal bone of a human fuetus in the eleventh week of intra-uterine life.
Development of the Bones.
22
THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES
FIG. 35. ANTERIOR ASPECT.
\
FIG. 36. VIEWED FROM THE LEFT SIDE,
THE ARM HAVING BEEN REMOVED.
Skeleton humanum The human skeleton.
SKELETON TRUNCI
THE AXIAL SKELETON
24
THE AXIAL SKELETON
Vertebra r -A
I Carotid )
tubercle
Tuberculum I .,
caroticum )
Spine of the seventh
cervical vertebra
(vertebra prominens)
Cervica
Vertebrae
I. VII.
Vertebrae
cervicales
Vert. 13
-"'Intervertebral
foramina
Foramina
intervertebralia
Dorsal
vertebras
I. XII.
Vertebrae
thoracales
Vert. 24 -
Sacral promontory ;^
Promontorium |
Vert. 25 >
, Inter /ertebral
foramina
Foraaii'ia
in ;cr /ertebralia
Lumbar
vertebrae
I. V.
Vertebrae
lumbales
Sacral vertebra
I.-V.
Os sacrum
Vert, sacrales
SEEN FROM THE FRONT.
The coccyx
Coocygeal vertebra)
I. V.
Os coccygis
SEEN FROM BEHIND.
p IG> 37 . THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN AS A WHOLE. CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE
OF THE VERTEBRAE.
Columna vertebralis The spinal column.
THE AXIAL SKELETON
Superior articular processes
Processus articulares superiores
Pedicle j
Radix arcus
Upper costal facet
Fovea costalis superior \
Costo transverse facet
Fovea costalis transversus
Body
Corpus vertebrae /
Lower costal facet ' /
Fovea costalis inferior /
Inferior vertebral notch
Incisura vertebralis inferior
Inferior articular facet
Facies articularis inferior
Vi
Spinous process
Processus spinosus
Lamina
Arcus vertebrae
/ Transverse
/ / process
Processus
transversus
Spinal foramen
Foramen vertebrale
,Body
Corpus vertebrae
FIG. 3-8. SEEN FROM THE L,EFT SIDE. FIG. 39. SEEN FROM ABOVE.
Superior articular process
Processus articularis superior
Transverse process
Processus transversus
Body
Corpus vertebrae< N
Spinous process
Processus spinosus
FIG. 40. SEEN FROM BEFORE.
Superior articular
facet
Facies articularis
superior
Spinous process
Processus spinosus
FIG. 41. SEEN FROM BEHIND.
Vertebrae: Vertebra thoracalis VI. Sixth dorsal vertebra.
26
THE AXIAL SKELETON
Posterior tubercle
Tuberculum posterius
Anterior tubercle
Tuberculum anterius
Groove for spinal nerve
Sulcus nervi spinalis
Body
Corpus vertebrae
Inferior vertebral notch
Incisura vertebralis inferior
, I Superior articular processes
.. \Prccessus articulares superiores
L
Inferior articular facet
Facies articularis inferior
._ Spinous process
Processus spinosus
FIG. 42. SEEN FROM THE LEFT SIDE.
Body
Corpus vertebrae
Transerve process
Processus transversus
Anterior tubercle
Tuberculum anterius
Posterior tubercle
Tuberculum posterius
Inferior articular facet
Facies articularis inferior
FIG. 43. SEEN FROM BEFORE.
Spinous process
Processus spinosus
Spinal foramen
..'Foramen vertebrale
^Lamina
,- '"'Arcus vertebrae
Inferior articular process
Processus articularis inferior
Transverse process
Processus transversus
Groove for spinal nerve
Sulcus nervi spinalis
Superior articular facet
-Facies articularis superior
Posterior tubercle
Tuberculum posterius
Costo-trans verse foramen
Foramen transversarium
' -..Anterior tubercle
Tuberculum anterius
FIG. 44. SEEN FROM ABOVE.
Spinous process
-""Processus spinosus
Lamina
Arcus vertebrae
Pedicle
Radix arcus vertebrae
Inferior articular facet
Fpcies articularis inferior
Costo-transverse foramen
Foramen transversarium
FIG. 45. SEEN FROM BELOW.
Vertebrae : Vertebra cervicalis V. Fifth cervical vertebra.
THE AXIAL SKELETON
27
Superior vertebral notch
Incisura vertebralis superior
Superior articular process
Processus articulans superior
Mamillary process
Processus mamillaris
Body
Corpus vertebras
Spinous process
Processus spinosus
Inferior vertebral notch
Incisura vertebralis inferior
A
Inferior articular facet
Facies articularis inferior
FIG, 46. SEEN FROM THE LEFT SIDE.
Lamina
Arcus vertebra"
Spinous process
Processus spinosus
Superior articular process
Processus articularis superior
Mamillary process
Processus mamillaris
. Accessory process
Processus accessorius
Costal process
Processus costarius
Pedicle
Radix arcus
Spinal foramen
Foramen vertebrate
-Body
Corpus vertebra*
FIG. 47. SEEN FROM ABOVE.
Mamillary process
Processus mamillaris
Accessory process
Processus accessorius
Body
Corpus vertebrae"
Superior articular facet
Facies articularis superior
- Costal process
Processus costarius
Spinous process
Processus spinosus
Inferior articular process
Processus articularis inferior
FIG. 48. SEEN FROM BEHIND.
Vertebrae : Vertebra lumbalis II. Second lumbar vertebra.
42
28
THE AXIAL SKELETON
V,
FIG. 49. VERTEBRA THORACALIS I. FIRST DORSAL VERTEBRA. SEEN FROM BEFORE.
Transverse process
Processus transversus
FIG. 50. VERTEBRA THORACALIS XI. ELEVENTH DORSAL VERTEBRA. SEEN FROM THE LEFT SIDE.
Jl Trans verse process
Processus transversus
FIG. 51. VERTEBRA THORACALTS XII. TWELFTH DORSAL VERTEBRA. SEEN FROM THE LEFT SIDE.
FIG. 52. VERTEBRA LUMBALIS V. FIFTH LUMBAR VERTEBRA. SEEN FROM THE LEFT SIDE.
Vertebra : Transitional forms of the dorsal and lumbar vertebrae.
THE AXIAL SKELETON
Posterior tubercle
Tuberculum posterius-
Vertebral groove
Sulcus arteriae vertebralis -
Posterior arch
Arcus posterior
Lateral mass
Massa lateralis
Superior articular facet
Fovea articularis superior
Articular facet for the odontoid process
Fovea dentis
.,, Anterior arch
""Arcus anterior
Anterior tubercle
Tuberculum anterius
FIG. 53. THE ATLAS, OR FIRST CERVICAL VERTEBRA. SEEN FROM ABOVE.
Anterior articular facet
Facies articularis anterior
Odontoid process
Dens
Superior articular process
Processus articularis superior
- Inferior articular process
Vi Processus articularis inferior
FIG. 54. EPISTROPHEUS, THE Axis, OR SECOND CERVICAL VERTEBRA. SEEN FROM BEFORE.
Spiuous process
Processus spinosus
Inferior articular process
Processus articularis inferior
Superior articular process
Processus articularis superior
Posterior tubercle
Tuberculum posterius
Spinal foramen
Foramen vertebrale
Costo-transverss foramen
Foramen transversarium
FIG. 55. VERTEBRA CERVICALIS VII. SEVENTH CERVICAL VERTEBRA. SEEN FROM ABOVE.
Vertebrae: The atypical cervical vertebrae.
30
THE AXIAL SKELETON
Sacral portion of the brim
of the pelvis
Pars sacralis lineae ter-
minalis
Transverse ridges
Lineae transversae
Superior articular process
Processus articularis superior
Lateral mass
Pars lateralis
-...Anterior sacral foramina
"Foramina sacralia anteriora
Apex of the sacrum
Apex ->ssis sacri
FIG. 56. MALE SACRUM (FACIES PELVINA PELVIC SURFACE). SEEN FROM BEFORE.
Sacral portion of the brim -
of the pelvis
Pars sacralis lineae ter-
minalis
Superior articular process
Processus articularis superior
, Lateral mass
Pars lateralis
Transverse ridges
"'Lineae transversae
Anterior sacral foramina
Foramina sacralia anteriora
Apex of the sacrum
Apex ossis sacri
FIG. 57. FEMALE SACRUM (FACIES PELVINA PELVIC SURFACE). SEEN FROM BEFORE.
Os sacrum The sacrum.
THE AXIAL SKELETON
31
Superior articular process
Processus articularis superior
'External sacral crest ..
Crista sacralis lateralis
'Median sacral crest
Crista sacralis media
Articular sacral crest
'Crista sacralis articularis
"Tuberosity of the sacrum
'Tuberositas sacralis
...Auricular surface
Facies auricularis
Posterior eacral foramina
" Foiamina sacralia posteriora
Hiatus of the sacrum
Hiatus sacralis
Sacral cornu
Cornu sacrale
Apex of the sacrum
' Apex ossis sacri
FIG. 58. MALE SACRUM (FACIES DORSALIS DORSAL SURFACE). SEEN FROM BEHIND.
Sacral canal
Canalis sacralis
lutervertebral foramen
Foramen inter%'ertebrale
Median sacral crest
Crista sacralis media
Articular sacral crest
, *Crista sacralis articularis
'External sacral crest
*Crista sacralis lateralis
- Lateral mass
Pars lateralis
Posterior sacral foramen
Foramen sacrale posterius:
Anterior sacral foramen
Foramen sacrale anterius
FIG. 59. TRANSVERSE SECTION THROUGH THE SACRUM AT THE LEVEL OF THE FIRST SET OF
SACRAL FORAMINA.
Os sacrum fne sacrum.
32
THE AXIAL SKELETON
Auricular surf ace -
Facies auricularis
Sacral cornu
Cornu sacrale
Coccygeal cornu
Cornu coccygeum
Extremity of the coccyx
Apex ossis coccygis
FIG. 60. SACRUM AND COCCYX. SEEN FROM
THE LEFT
Superior articular process
Processus articularis superior
First sacral vertebra
Vertebra sacralis I.
Sacral canal
Canalis sacralis
Apex of the sacrum
Apex ossis sacn
Fifth sacral vertebra
Vertebra sacralis V.
Sacral cornu
Cornu sacrale
Coccygeal cornu
"' Cornu coccygeura
First coccygeal vertebra
Vertebra coccygea I.
FIG. 61. SACRUM AND COCCYX IN SAGITTAL SECTION
THROUGH THE MEDIAN LlNE.
Coccygeal cornu
Cornu coccygeum
First coccygeal vertebra
Vertebra coccygea I.
Fifth coccygeal vertebra
Vertebra coccygea V.
FIG. 62. COCCYX SEEN FROM BEFORE.
FIG. 63. COCCYX SEEN FROM BEHIND.
Os sacrum et os coccygis Sacrum and coccyx.
THE AXIAL SKELETON
33
Epiphyses of the vertebral bodies
Costal process
Processus costarius
Fifth lumbar vertebra
Vertebra lumbalis V.
Anterior sacral foramina
Foramina sacralia anterior
Sutures, not yet fully closed, between the
sacral vertebrae
Costal process
Processus costarius
_. Interyertebral disc
Lig. intervertebrale
First sacral vertebra
Vertebra sacralis I.
..Secondary epiphyseal plates of the
lateral mass
Fifth sacral vertebra
Vertebra sacralis V.
FIG. 64. UNILATERAL ASSIMILATION AND COMMENCING ANKYLOSIS OF THE FIFTH LUMBAR
VERTEBRA WITH THE SACRUM. SEEN FROM BEFORE.
From a boy seventeen years of age. Epiphyses on the bodies of the sacral vertebra, and along the
lateral margins of the sacrum.
Fourth sacral foramen
Foramen sacrale IV.
Ankylosis of the sacral cornu with the
coccygeal cornu
Body of the first coccygeal vertebra
Corpus vertebrae coccyges I.
Hiatus of the sacrum
Hiatus sacralis
Body of the fifth sacral vertebra
Corpus vertebrae sacralis V.
Place of ankylosis of the lateral mass of the
sacrum with the first coccygeal vertebra
FIG. 65. ANKYLOSIS OF THE SACRUM WITH THE COCCYX. SEEN FROM BEHIND.
From a man forty years of age.
Anomalous Ankyloses of the Sacrum.
34
THE AXIAL SKELETON
Protovertebral (intercostal) artery
Arteria protovertebralis (intercostalis)
Aorta -
First vertebra
Vertebra I.
Second vertebra
Vertebra II.
Third vertebra
Vertebra III.
Fourth vertebra
Vertebra IV.
First protovertebra
Protovertebra i.
Second protovertebra
Protovertebra 2.
Third protovertebra
Protovertebra 3.
4 Fourth protovertebra
Protovertebra 4.
Fifth protovertebra
Protovertebra 5.
Intervertebral ganglion
Ganglion intervertebrale
FIG. 66. DIAGRAM SHOWING THE RELATIONS OF THE PROTO-
VERTEBR.E TO THE VERTEBRAE. (FROM VON EBNER.)
Intervertebral disc
Ligamentum interver-
tebrale
Primitive cartilages
of the vertebral
bodies
Notochord
Chorda dorsalis
FIG. 67. PRIMITIVE CARTILAGES OF
THE VERTEBRAL BODIES.
From a sagittal section through the verte-
bral column of a human fcetus in the tenth
week. (Length of fcetus, 2j inches.)
Centre of ossification of
the body of the ver-
tebra
Vascular canal of the
cartilage
Centre of ossifica-
tion of the arch of
the vertebra
Primitive cartilage
of the second
lumbar vertebra
Intervertebral disc -
Ligamentum
intervertebrale
Centre of ossification
of the body of the
vertebra
'/i
^Primitive cartilage of
the arch of the first
lumbar vertebra
FIG. 69. THE THREE CENTRES OF OSSIFICATION
OF A VERTEBRA.
Horizontal section through the second and a portion of the
first lumbar vertebras of a human fetus in the beginning
of the fifth month (months of four weeks each). (Length
of fcetus, s inches.)
Notochord
Chorda dorsalis
FIG. 68. CENTRES OF OSSIFICATION
OF THE BODIES OF THE VERTEBRA.
From a sagittal section through the vertebral
column of a human fcetus in the fourth
month (months of four weeks each).
(Length of fetus, 4! inches.)
Development of the Vertebrae.
Bony portion of
the body
THE AXIAL SKELETON
,Eony portion of the arch
Epiphysis of the body
FIG. 70 FIRST LUMBAR VERTEBRA
OF A NEW-BORN CHILD.
Rudiment of a cervical rib
FIG. 72. THE SEVENTH CERVICAL VERTEBRA
OF A NEW-BORN CHILD.
Centre of ossification of
the anterior arch
35
.Epiphysis of the
articular process
Epiphysis of the costal
process
.Epiphysis of the
spinal process
Vi
FIG. 71. FIRST LUMBAR VERTEBRA IN THE
EIGHTEENTH YEAR.
Cartilaginous epiphysis
of the odontoid process
.Upper centre of ossifica-
tion of the body
FIG. 73. THE ATLAS AT THE END
OF THE FIRST YEAR.
Lower centre of ossifica-
tion of the body
FIG. 74. THE Axis AT THE END
OF THE FIRST YEAR.
Centre of ossification y-
of the epiphysis of
the odontoid process
FIG. 75. THE ATLAS IN THE FOURTH YEAR.
FIG. 76. THE Axis IN THE FOURTH YEAR.
Centres of ossification
of the lateral mass
First sacral vertebra
Vertebra sacralis I.
Primitive cartilage
First coccygeal vertebra
Vertebra coccygea I.
FIG. 77. SEEN FROM BEFORE. FIG. 78. SEEN FROM BEHIND.
Development of the Vertebrae : The centres of ossification in the sacrum and coccyx of
a child at the age of two months.
52
Centres of ossi-
fication of the
vertebral arches
- Centres of ossi-
fication of the
vertebral bodies
36
THE AXIAL SKELETON
First dorsal vertebra
Vertebra thoracalis I.
Intercostal spaces
Spatia intercostalia
Arch of the ribs
Arcus costarum
Upper opening of the thorax
Apertura thoracis superior
Anterior surface of the sternum
First lumbar vertebra
Vertebra lumbalis I.
Subcostal angle
Angulus infrasternalis
Lower opening of the
thorax
Costae verae, sternal or true ribs ; 8 12, Costae spuriae, asternal or false ribs ; 11 and 12, Costs fluctuantes,
floating ribs.)
FIG. 79. THE THORAX SEEN FROM BEFORE.
The Thorax.
7 HE AXIAL SKELETON
37
Transverse processes
Processus transversi
First dorsal vertebra
, Vertebra thoracalis I.
Angles of the ribs
Anguli costarum \-.~"
First lumbar vertebra
Vertebra lumbalis I.
Tubercles of the ribs
Tubercula costarum
FIG. 80. THE THORAX SEEN FROM BEHIND.
The Thorax.
I HE AXIAL SKELETON
FIG. 81. THE TWELVE PAIRS OF RIBS.
Ossa costalia The ribs.
THE AXIAL SKELETON
39
Ribs
Ossa costalia*;>.~"
12
x, Costal cartilages
-' Cartilagines costarum
FIG. 82. THE TWELVE RIBS OF THE RIGHT SIDE IN THEIR NATURAL POSITION.
SEEN FROM THE \RIGHT.
Costae The ribs.
40
THE AXIAL SKELETON
Groove for subolavian _.
artery
Sulcus subclavias
Articular facets
of the head
Facies articularis
capituli
Articular facet cf
the tubercle
Facies articularis
tuberculi
Costal cartilage
Cartilago costaiis
Tubercle of the rib
Tuberculum costae
Scalene tubercle
Tuberculum scaleni
(Lisfranci)
Costal cartilage
Cartilago costalis
Angle of the rib
Angulus costae
FIG. 83. FIRST (RIGHT) RIB.
FROM ABOVE.
SEEK
Tubercle of the rib
Tuberculum costae
__- Angle of the rib
Angulus costae
Eminence for the attachment of the
serratus magnus
Tuberositas costae II
/ Neck of the rib
Collum costae
Head of
the rib
Capitulum
costae
Body or shaft of the rib
Corpus costae
FIG. 84. SECOND (RIGHT) RIB.
SEEN FROM ABOVE.
FIG. 85. FOURTH (RIGHT) RIB. SEEN
FROM BEHIND.
Ridge of the neck of the rib
Crista colli costae
Body or shaft of the rib
Corpus costae
- Subcostal groove
Sulcus costae
, Ridge for the interar-
-' ticular ligament
Crista capituli
Articular facets of
the head
Facies articularis
capituli
FIG. 86. SEVENTH (RIGHT) RIB.
SEEN FROM WITHIN.
FIG. 87. TWELFTH (RIGHT) RIB.
SEEN FROM WITHIN.
Costae The ribs.
Clavicular notch
Incisura clavicularis.
Gladiolo-enaifonn
articulation
THE AXIAL SKELETON
! Intel-clavicular notch
j Incisura jugularis
The manubrium (presternum)
41
.Sternal gynchondrosis (manu-
" brio-gladiolal articulation)
Synchondrosis sternalis
Articular facet for a rib
Incisura costalis
The body of the sternum or
gladiolus (meBosternum)
s Articular facet for a rib
Incisura costalis
Ensiform or xiphoid process
(metasternum, xiphisternum)
Processus xiphoideus
'/I
/ Clavicular notch
Incisura clavicularis
- Manubrium
Manubrium sterni
-Angle of the sternum 1
Angulus sterni
- Body of the sternum or gladiolus
Corpus sterni
Articular facets for the ribs
,.' Incisurae costales
I Ensiform or xiphoid process
Processus xiphoideus
* he angle between the m anubrium and the body of the sternum
more prominent. It is then known as anguls Ludovici. or Ludwig's
FIG. 88. THE STERNUM SEEN FROM
BEFORE.
FIG. 89. THE STERNUM SEEN
FROM THE LEFT SIDE.
-;^Suprasternal bones
.-' Ossa suprasternalia
- Clavicular notch
Incisura clavicularis
The manubrium
Manubrium sterni
The body of the sternum
Corpus sterni
FIG. 90. THE UPPER PORTION OF THE STERNUM WITH THE SUPRASTERNAL
BONES (A RARE VARIETY). SEEN FROM BEFORE.
Sternum The breast-bone.
42
THE AXIAL SKELETON
Epiphysis of the tubercle
/ Epiphysis tubercnli
Epiphysis of the head
Epiphysis capituli
FIG. 91. POSTERIOR PORTION OF THE SIXTH
RIB, IN THE FIFTEENTH YEAR.
Epiphysis of the head
, Epiphysis capituli
Epiphysis of the
articular facet of
/ the tubercle
Tubercle of the rib
," Tuberculum costse
FIG. 92. POSTERIOR PORTION OF THE SIXTH
RIB, IN THE EIGHTEENTH YEAR.
FIG. 93. DIVIDED PRIMI-
TIVE CARTILAGE OF THE
STERNUM.
From a human foetus of two
months (months of four
weeks each).
FIG. 94. PRIMITIVE CARTILAGE
OF THE STERNUM.
From a human foetus of four months
(months of four weeks eachV
FIG. 95. PRIMITIVE CARTILAGE
OF THE STERNUM WITH THE
FIRST CENTRE OF OSSIFICA-
TION IN THE MANUBRIUM.
From a human foetus in the second half
of the sixth month (months of four
weeks each).
FIG. 96. CENTRES OF OSSIFICATION IN THE
STERNUM OF A NEW-BORN CHILD.
FIG. 0.7. STERNUM OF A BOY AT THE
AGE OF ELEVEN YEARS.
Development of the Ribs and the Sternum.
THE AXIAL SKELETON
43
Articular apophysis
Apophysis articularis\
Muscular apophyses
"7 Apophyses musculares
Neural arch
Arcus vertebras
Vertebral body or centrum
Corpus vertebrae
Thoracic cavity
Cavum thoracis
. Spinal canal
Canalis vertebralis
.Bib
Costa
Spinal canal
Canalis vertebralis
Neural arch
Arcus vertebras
FIG. 98. SKELETON OF A THORACIC SEGMENT.
Articular apophysii
Apophysis articularis
r Muscular apophyses
\Apophyses musculares
Articular apophysis
Apophysis articularis
Costal apophysis
Apophysis costalis
Vertebral body or centrum
Corpus vertebrae
Muscular apophysis
; Apophyses musculares
Neural arch
-Arcus vertebras
Costal apophysis
Apophysis costalis
Spinal canal
Canalis vertebralis
- Vertebral body or centrum
Corpus vertebras
FIG. 99. SKELETON OF A CERVICAL SEGMENT. FIG. 100. SKELETON OF A LUMBAR SEGMENT.
Spinal canal
Canalis vertebralis
Articular apophysis
Apophysis articularis " x
Neural arch
Arcus vertebrae
Vertebral body or centrum
Corpus vertebra?
Muscular apophyses
7 Apophyses musculares
Costal epiphysis
Epiphysis costalis
FIG. 101. SKELETON OF A SACRAL SEGMENT,
The Homologous Skeletal Parts of the Segments of the Body.
62
CRANIUM ET OSSA CRANII
THE SKULL
AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL
46
THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL
Frontomaxillary suture >
Sutura frontomaxillarisl
The forehead
Frontal eminence
' Tuber frontale
Glabella
'Glabella
Coronal or frontoparietal suture
Sutura coronalis
Squamous suture /
Sutura squamosa I
Pv
Sphenoparietal suture
Sutura sphenoparietalis
Sphenosquamous suture
Sutura sphenosquamosa
Frontomalar suture
Sutura zygomaticofrontalis
Zygomatic arch
Arcus zygomaticus'
Temporomalar suture
Sutura zygomaticotemporalis
Malomaxillary suture
Sutura zygomaticomaxillaris
The maxilla, or upper jaw-bone
(Superior maxillary bone)
Intermaxillary suture
Sutura intermaxillaris
Superciliary ridge
Arcus superciliaris
/'Temporal crest
Linea temporalis
Nasofrontal suture
Sutura nasofrontalis
Internasal suture
Sutura internasalis
Nasomaxillary suture
Sutura nasomaxillaris
Anterior nasal aperture
Apertura pyriformis
Bony septum of the nose
Septum nasi osseum
"Anterior nasal spine
Spina nasalis anterior
The mandible, or lower jaw-bone
(Inferior maxillary bone)
FIG. 102. THE SKULL SEEN FROM BEFORE: NORMA FRONTALIS.
Cranium The skull.
THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL
47
Coron?i or frontoparietal suture
Sutura. coronalis
Sphenoparietal suture
Sutura sphenoparietalis
Sphenosquamous suture
Sutura sphenosquamosa
Sphenofrontal suture C
Sutura sphenofrontalis
Frontomalar suture
Sutura zygomaticofrontalis
V
The sinciput
The forehead
Nasomaxillary suture,
Sutura nasomaxillaris
The vertex
Squamous suture
Sutura squamosa
Superior temporal line
Linea temporalis superior
Inferior temporal line
'-'.rv,-:,-~, Linea temporalis interim'
Sphenomalar suture f- - /
Sutura spheno-
zygomatica
Lachrymal fossa
Fossa sacci
lachrymalis
Anterior nasal spine
Spina nasalis anterior'
Malomaxillary suture
Sutura zygomatico-
maxillaris
The maxilla, or upper
jaw-bone
(Superior maxillary
bone)
Lambdoid or occipito-
parietal suture
Sutura lambdoidea
Temporal surface
Temporal fossa
\ Zygomatic arch
. Arcus zygomaticus
\ Temporomalar suture
' Sutura zygomaticotemporalis
The occiput
Parietomastoid suture
\ Sutura parietomastoidea
V 0ccipitomastoid suture
Sutura occipitomastoidea
\ External auditory meatus
Meatus acusticus extern us
', External auditory aperture
Porus acusticus externus
The mandible, or lower jaw-bone
(Inferior maxillary bone)
FIG. 103. THE SKULL SEEN FROM THE LEFT SIDE ; NORMA LATERALIS.