adelphous stamens. — Malva, Hibis-
cus, Althaea, Abutilon, Gossypium.
Family 72. Bombacaceae; 73, Scytopetalaceae; 74,
Chlaenaceae; 75, Gonystjdaceae.
Family 70. Tiliaceae. Lindens. Mostly trees and
shrubs; flowers regular with free
stamens. — Tilia.
Family 77. Elaeocarpaceae; 78, Balanopsidaceae.
Family 79. Ulmaceae. Elms. Trees and shrubs;
flowers reduced, small, apetalous;
pistil 1 or 2-celled. — Ulmus, Celtis,
Planera.
Family 80. Moraceae. Figs. Trees, shrubs and
herbs, mostly with a milky juice;
flowers reduced, smafl, apetalous; pis-
til 1-celled. — Morus, Toxylon, Ficus,
Humulus, Cannabis.
Family 81. Urticaceae. Nettles. Herbs, shrubs and
trees, juice not milky; flowers re-
duced, small apetalous; pistil 1-
celled. — Urtica, Boehmeria.
Order Sarraceniales. ''Insectivorous" plants.
Family 82. Sarraceniaceae; 83, Nepenthaceae.
Order Geraniales. Pistil of several carpels; receptacle
usually with an annular or glandular
disk.
Family 84. Geraniaceae. Geraniums. Herbs, shrubs
and trees; pistil 3 to 5-celled on an
elongated receptacle. — Geranium,
Pelargonium, Erodium.
Family 85. Oxalidaceae. Sorrels. Mostly herbs
with a sour juice; flowers pentamer-
ous. — Oxalis.
ANTHOPHYTA
363
Family 80.
Fiiiiiily 87.
Family 88.
Family 94.
Family 95.
Family 104.
Family 105.
Order Guttifer
Family 106.
Family 107.
Family 118
Family 119
Family 121
Tropauolaceae. Succulent, trailing herbs
with alternate, peltate leaves, and
irregular flowers. — Tropaeolum.
Balsaminaceae. Touch-me-nots. Succu-
lent, mostly erect herbs with alter-
nate leaves, and irregular flowers. — â–
Impatiens.
Limnanthaceae; 89, Linaceae; 90, Hum-
iriaceae; 91, Erythroxylaceae; 92, Zy-
gophyllaceae; 93, Cneoraceae.
Rutaceae. Herbs, shrubs and trees usu-
ally wuth opposite, glandular-dotted
leaves, and regular flowers. — Xan-
thoxylum, Ruta, Ptelea, Limonia,
Citrus.
Simarubaceae; 96, Burseraceae; 97, Meli-
aceae; 98, Malpighiaceae; 99, Trigoni-
aceae; 100, Vochysiaceae; 101, Poly-
galaceae; 102, Tremandraceae; 103,
Dichapetalaceae.
Euphorbiaceae. Herbs, shrubs and trees,
mostly with a milky juice; flowers
diclinous; pistil usually 3-celled. —
Euphorbia, Croton, Ricinus, jManihot.
Callitrichaceae.
.\LES. Pistil mostly of 2 or more carpels;
stamens usually indefinite; endosperm
usually wanting.
Theaceae. Shrubs and trees with regular
flowers. — Thea, Gordonia, Stuartia.
Cistaceae; 108, Guttiferaceae; 109, Eu-
cryphiaceae; 110, Ochnaceae; 111,
Dipterocarpaceae; 112, Caryocaraceae
113, Quiinaccae; 114, ]\larcgraviaceae;
115, Flacourtiaceae; 116, lii.xaceae;
117, Cochlospermaceae.
Violaceae. Violets. Herbs and shrubs
and trees, with irregular flowers and
tficarpellary pistil. — \''iola.
Malesherbiaceao; 120, Turneraceae.
Passifloraceae. Pa.ssion Flowers. Climb-
364 THE PLANT PHYLA
ing herbs and shrubs with regular
flowers. — Passiflora.
Family 122. Achariaceae; 123, Caricaceae; 124,
Stachyuraceae; 125, Koeberliniaceae.
Order Rhoedales. Pistil of two or more united carpels,
mostly one-celled with parietal pla-
centae.
Family 126. Papaveraceae. Poppies. Perianth 2 to
4-merous, stamens indefinite, pistils
2 to many carpellary. — Eschscholtzia,
Sanguinaria, Argemone, Papaver,
Bicuculla.
Family 127. Tovariaceae.
Family 128. Nymphaeaceae. Water lilies. Aquatic
herbs with floating leaves. — Nym-
phaea, Castalia, Victoria.
Family 129. Moringaceae; 130, Resedaceae; 131, Cap-
paridaceae.
Family 132. Brassicaceae. Mustards. Perianth 4-
merous, stamens 6 or 4, pistil 2-car-
pellary. — Sinapis, Brassica, Rapha-
nus, Bursa, Alyssum.
Order Caryophyllales. Pistil usually of 3 or more united
carpels, mostly 1-celled; stamens as
many or twice as many as the petals.
Family 133. Caryophyllaceae. Pinks. Mostly herbs,
with opposite leaves; ovules many on
a central placenta. — Silene, Lychnis,
Dianthus, Alsine, Paronychia.
Family 134. Elatinaceae.
Family 135. Portulacaceae. Mostly succulent herbs
with 2 sepals and 4 to 5 petals. —
Portulaca, Claytonia.
Family 136. Aizoaceae; 137, Frankeniaceae; 138,
Fouquieraceae; 139, Tamaricaceae.
Family 140. Salicaceae. WiHows. Shrubs and trees
with alternate leaves and no perianth.
— Salix, Populus.
Family 141. Podostemonaceae; 142, Hydrostachyda-
ceae; 143, Phytolaccaceae; 144, Basel-
laceae.
ANTllOPllYTA 365
Family 145. Amaranthaceae. Mostly herbs and
shrubs with opposite or alternate
leaves; perianth harsh. — Amaranthus,
Celosia, Froelichia.
Family 146. Chenopodiaccae. Mostly herbs and
shrubs with alternate or opposite
leaves; perianth soft. — Beta, Cheno-
podium, Atriplex, Salsola.
Family 147. Polygonaceae. Herbs, shrubs and trees,
with alternate, rarely opposite leaves;
perianth petal - like. — Eriogonum,
Rheum, Polygonum, Fagopyrum,
Coccoloba.
Family 148. Nyctaginaceae; 149, Cynocrambaceae;
150, Batidaceae.
Super-Order Axiflorae-Gamopetalae-Polycarpel-
LATAE. Carpels typically many,
united; petals united.
Order Prlmulales. Pistil mostly 1-celled, with a central
placenta; stamens mostl}^ opposite
the corolla lobes.
Family 151. Primulaceae. Primroses. Herbs with
showy flowers. — Primula, Cyclamen,
Dodecatheon.
Family 152. Plantaginaceae. Plantains. Herbs with
reduced flowers; stamens alternate
with the petals. — Plantago.
Family 153. Plumbaginaceae; 154, Theophrastaceae;
155, Myrsinaceae.
Order Ericales. Pistil more than 1-celled, with many
minute seeds; stamens alternate with
the corolla lobes.
Family 156. Clethraceae.
Family 157. Ericaceae. Heaths. Shrubs and small
trees with mostly evergreen leaves;
anthers opening bj^ a terminal pore. —
Rhododendron, Kalmia, Arctostaph} -
los, Vaccinium, Erica.
Family 158. Epacridaceae; 159, Diapensiaccac; 160,
Pirolaceae; 161, Lennoaceao.
Order Ebenales, with four families of mostly
THE PLANT PHYLA
tropical trees. — 162, Sapotaceae; 163,
Ebenaceae; 164, Symplocaceae; 165,
StjTacaceae.
Super-Order Axiflorae-Gamopetalae-Dicarpellatae.
Carpels typicall}^ two, united; petah
united.
Order Polemoniales. Corolla regular; stamens as many
as the corolla lobes; leaves mostly
alternate.
Family 166. Polemoniaceae. Phloxes. Mostly herbs
with alternate or opposite leaves;
pistil tricarpellary. — Phlox Gilia, Pol-
emonium.
Family 167. Convolvulaceae. IMorning Glories. Most-
ly herbs and shrubs with alternate
leaves; pistil mostly bicarpellary.
— Convolvulus, Ipomoea, Evolvulus,
Cuscuta.
Family 168. Hydrophyllaceae. Soft herbs; pistil bi-
carpellary. — Hydrophyllum, P h a -
celia.
Family 169. Borraginaceae. Forget-me-nots. Herbs,
shrubs and trees; pistil bicarpellary,
4-celled. — Heliotropium, B o r r a g o ,
Myosotis, Mertensia, Lithospermum.
Family 170. Nolanaceae.
Family 171. Solanaceae. Nightshades. Mostly herbs
and shrubs; pistil bicarpellarj', mostly
2-celled. — Solanum, Atropa, Physalis,
Capsicum, Datura, Nicotiana, Pe-
tunia.
Order Gentianales. Corolla regular; stamens as many as
the corolla lobes; leaves opposite.
Family 172. Oleaceae. Olives. Mostly shrubs and
trees; stamens 2 or 4; ovary 2-celled.
— Olea, Syringa, Jasminum, Fraxinus.
Family 173. Salvadoraceae; 174, Loganiaceae.
Family 175. Gentianaceae. Mostly herbs with limpid
juice; ovary usually 1-celled. — Gen-
tiana, Eustoma, Menyanthes.
Family 176. Apocynaceae. Trees, shrubs and herbs
ANTHOPIIYTA 3(37
witli milky juice; ovarj' 2-celled, or of
two separated carpels. — Apocynum,
Vinca, Nerium.
Family 177. Asclepiadaceae. Alilkweeds. Herbs and
shrubs with milky juice; ovary of
two separated carpels. — Asclepias,
Ceropegia, Stapelia, Hoya.
Order Scrophulariales. Corolla mostly irregular; sta-
mens fewer than the corolla lobes;
ovules many.
Family 178. Scrophulariaceae. Snapdragons. Mostly
herbs; ovary 2-celled; seeds endo-
spermous. — Verbascum, Antirrhinum,
Scrophularia, ]\Iimulus, Veronica,
Gerardia, Castilleia, Pedicularis.
Family 179. Bignoniaceae. Catalpas. Mostly trees
and shrubs; ovary 1 or 2-celled; seeds
without endosperm. — Bignonia, Cat-
alpa, Tecoma.
Family 180. Pedaliaceae; 181, Martyniaceae; 182,
Orobanchaceae; 183, Gesneraceae;
184, Columelliaceae; 185, Lentibu-
lariaceae; 186, Globulariaceae; 187,
Acanthaceae.
Order Lamiales. Corolla mostly irregular ; stamene fewer
than the corolla lobes; ovules usually
solitary.
Family 188. Myoporaceae; 189, Phrymaceae.
Family 190. Verbenaceae. Herbs, shrubs and trees,
with usually undivided stigma. —
Verbena, Lantana, Lippia, Tectona,
Vitcx.
Family 191. Lamiaceae. Mints. Mostly herbs and
shrubs, aromatic, with usually bifid
stigma. — Lavandula, Nepeta, ^Salvia,
Thvmus, Mentha, Coleus.
Sub-Class DICOTYLEDOXEAE-CALYCTFLORAE. "Cup
Flowers." Axis of the flower nor-
mally expanded into a disk or cup,
bearing on its margin the perianth and
368 THE PLANT PHYLA
stamens (or the latter may be at-
tached to the corolla).
Super-Order Calyciflorae-Apopetalae. Petals separate.
Carpels many to few, separate to
united, superior to inferior.
Order Rosales. Flowers usually perfect, regular or irregu-
lar; carpels from wholly separate to
more or less united, sometimes over-
grown by the axis-cup; styles distinct.
- Family 192. Rosaceae. Roses. Herbs, shrubs and
trees, with mostly alternate leave3
and indefinite stamens; carpels from
many to one, free. — Potentilla, Fra-
garia, Spiraea, Rosa.
Family 193. IVIalaceae. Apples. Shrubs and trees,
with alternate leaves, and usually
many stamens; carpels few, more or
less united to the axis cup. — Malus,
Pirus, Crataegus.
Family 194. Prunaceae. Plums. Shrubs and trees
with alternate leaves, and many
stamens; carpel one, in the bottom
of the deep cup, becoming a drupe on
ripening. — Prunus, Amygdalus.
Family 195. Crossosomataceae; 196, Connaraceae.
Family 197. Mimosaceae. The Mimosas. Trees,
shrubs and herbs, with alternate,
mostly compound leaves; flowers
regular; stamens 10 or more, usually
separate; carpel one, ripening into a
legume. — Acacia, Mimosa.
Family 198. Cassiaceae. The Sennas. Trees, shrubs
and herbs, with alternate, mostly
compound leaves; flowers irregular;
stamens 10 or less, usually separate;
carpel one, ripening into a legume. —
Cassia, Caesalpinia, Gleditsia, Gym-
nocladus.
Family 199. Fabaceae. The Beans. Herbs, and some
shrubs and trees, with alternate,
mostly compound leaves; flowers ir-
ANTHOPHYTA
369
regular; stamens 10 or less, usually
united; carpel one, ripening into a
legume. — Lupinus, Medicago, Trifo-
lium, Robinia, Vicia, Pisum, Phaseo-
lus.
Family 200. Saxifragaceae. Saxifrages. Herbs with
alternate or opposite leaves; flowers
regular; stamens 8 to 10; carpels 2,
superior. — Saxifraga, Heuchera, ]\lit-
ella.
Family 201. Hydrangeaceae. Hydrangeas. Shrubs
and trees with mostly opposite leaves;
flowers regular; stamens 8 to 40;
carpels 2 to 5, united, more or less
overgrown by the axis-cup. — Phila-
delphus, Hydrangea.
Family 202. Grossulariaceae. Gooseberries. Shrubs
with alternate leaves; flowers regu-
lar; stamens 5; carpels 2 to several,
wholly overgrown by the fleshy axis-
cup. — Ribes.
Family 203. Crassulaceae; 204, Droseraceae; 205,
Cephalotaceae; 206, Pittosporaceae;
207, Brunelliaceae; 208, Cunoniaceae;
209, Myrothamnaceae; 210, Bruni-
aceae; 211, Hamamelidaceae; 212,
Casuarinaceae; 213, Eucommiaceae.
Familj' 214. Platanaceae. Trees with alternate
leaves and reduced, monoecious flow-
ers in globular heads; no perianth. —
Platanus.
Order Myrtales. Flowers usually perfect, regular;
pistils several, united, usually in-
ferior.
Family 215. Lythraceae. Herbs, shrubs and trees,
usuall}" with o])posite leaves; pistil
free. — Lythrum, Cuj)hea.
Family 216. Sonneratiaceae; 217, Punioaceae; 218,
Lecythidaceac; 219, Mela.^tomataceae.
Family 220. Myrtaceac. Myrtles. Trees and shrubs
with opposite or alternate leaves;
24
370 THE PLANT PHYLA
stamens indefinite; pistil 2 to many-
celled, inferior. — Myrtus, Pimenta,
Eugenia, Jambosa, Eucalyptus, Mal-
aleuca.
Family 221. Combretaceae; 222, Rhizophoraceae.
Famil}' 223. Oenotheraceae. Evening Primroses.
Mostly herbs, with opposite or alter-
nate leaves; stamens 1 to 8; pistil usu-
ally 4-celled, inferior. — Epilobium,
Anogra, Oenothera, Gaura, Fuchsia,
Circaea.
Family 224. Halorrhagidaceae; 225, Hippuridaceae;
226, Cynomoriaceae; 227, Aristoloch-
iaceae; 228, Rafflesiaceae; 229, Hyd-
noraceae.
Order Cactales. Flowers regular and perfect; pistil
syncarpous, 1-celled, with parietal
placentae, inferior; mostly leafless
plants.
Family 230. Cactaceae. Cactuses. Fleshy-stemmed,
mostly leafless plants. — Peireskia,
Opuntia, Cereus, Carnegiea, Echino-
cactus. Cactus, Melocactus, Rhipsalis.
Order Loasales. Flowers regular and perfect or diclinous;
pistil syncarpous, 1-celled, with pa-
rietal placentae, inferior; leaves ample.
Family 231. Loasaceae. Star Flowers. Erect herbs
with perfect, regular flowers, and
many stamens. — MentzeHa, Loasa.
Family 232. Cucurbitaceae. Melons. Mostly climb-
ing herbs with but 3 stamens. —
Cucurbita, Cucumis, Lagenaria, Cit-
rullus, Momordica.
Family 233. Begoniaceae. Begonias. Mostly erect
herbs, with diclinous flowers and
many stamens. — Begonia.
Family 234. Datisaaceae; 235, Ancistrocladaceae.
Order Celastrales. Flowers regular, rcceptacular disk
annular or turgid, sometimes adnate
to the 1 to several-celled pistil, the
latter sometimes inferior; ovules few.
ANTHOPIIYTA 371
Family 236. Rhainnaccac. Bucktliorns. Erect trees
and shrubs. — Rhainnus, Ceanothus,
Colletia.
Family 237. Vitaceae. Grapes Woody climbers. —
Vitis, Parthenocissus, Ampelopsis.
Family 238. Celastraceae; 239, Buxaceae; 240, Aquil-
foliaceae; 291, Cyrillaceae; 242, Penta-
phyllaceae; 243, Corynocarpaceae; 244,
Hippocrateaceae; 245, Stackhousi-
aceae; 246, Staphyleaceae; 247, Geis-
solomataceae; 248, Penaeaceae; 249,
Oliniaceae; 250, Thymelaeaceae; 251,
Hernandiaceae; 252, Elacagnaceae;
253, Myzodendraceac; 254, Santala-
ceae; 255, Opiliaceae; 256, Grub-
biaceae; 257, Olacaceae.
Family 258. Loranthaceae. Mistletoes. Parasitic
herbs or shrubs with opposite or
alternate leaves; flowers perfect or
diclinous, apetalous; pistil 1-celled,
inferior. — Loranthus, Viscum, Phor-
adendron, Razoumofskya.
Family 259. Balanophoraceae.
Order Sapindales. Flowers mostly regular, disk tumid
(or wanting) ; pistil 1 to several-celled,
sometimes inferior; ovules 1 to 2.
Family 260. Sapindaceae. Mostly tropical trees and
shrubs, with alternate leaver, and
regular flowers. — Sapindus, Koelreu-
teria.
Family 261. Hippocastanaceae. Buckej'es. Trees
and shrubs with opposite, palmate
leaves, and large, irregular flowers;
pistil superior. — Aesculus.
Family 262. Aceraceae. Maples. Trees and shrubs
with opposite, palmate or pinnate
leaves, and small, regular flowers;
pistil superior. — Acer.
Family 263. Sabiaceae; 264, Icacinaceae; 265, Meli-
anthaceae; 266, Empetraccue; 267,
Coriariaceae.
372 THE PLANT PHYLA
Family 268. Anacardiaceae. Sumachs. Trees and
shrubs with alternate pinnate leav^es;
and small flowers with superior or
inferior, 1 to 5-celled pistil. — Rhus,
JMangifera, Cotinus.
Family 269. Juglandaceae. Walnuts. Trees and
shrubs, with alternate, pinnate leaves;
and small much reduced flowers
with inferior, 1-celled pistil. — Juglans,
Hicoria.
Family 270. Betulaceae. Birches. Trees and shrubs
with alternate, pinnate leaves, and
diclinous flowers in aments; pistil 1
to 2-celled, superior or inferior. —
Betula, Alnus, Corylus, Ostrya, Car-
pinus.
Family 271. Fagaceae. Beeches. Trees and shrubs
with alternate, pinnate leaves and
diclinous flowers in aments; pistils 2
to6-celled, inferior. — Fagus, Castanea,
Quercus.
Family 272. Myricaceae; 273, Julianaceae; 274, Pro-
teaceae.
Order Umbellales. Flowers regular, usuall}^ perfect,
disk adherent to the mostly bicar-
pellary pistil which is inferior and 2-
celled; ovules 1 in each cell.
Family 275. Araliaceae. Ginsengs. Mostly trees
and shrubs; pistil 2 to 15-carpellary;
fruit a berry. — Aralia, Hedera, Panax.
Family 276. Apiaceae. Parsleys. Mostly herbs;
pistil bicarpellary; fruit dry, splitting
vertically; inflorescence umbellate. —
Sanicula, Coriandrum, Apium, Cicuta,
Pastinaca, Foeniculum, Ferula, Hera-
cleum, Daucus.
Family 277. Cornaceae. Cornels. Mostly shrubs and
trees with usually opposite leaves;
pistil 2 to 4-carpellary; fruit a drupe.
— Cornus, Nyssa.
ANTHOPHYTA 373
Super-Order Calyciflorae-Gamopetalae. Petals united.
Carpels few, united, inferior.
Order Rubiales. Flowers regular or irregular; ovary 2
to 8-celled; ovules 2 to many.
Family 278. Rubiaceae. Coffees. Trees, shrubs and
herbs with opposite or whorled leaves
and mostly regular flowers. — Galium,
Houstonia, Cinchona, Coffea, IMitch-
ella.
Family 279. Caprifoliaceae. Honeysuckles. Mostly
woody plants, with opposite leaves
and mostly irregular flowers. — Sam-
bucus. Viburnum, Linnaea, Lonicera.
Family 280. Adoxaceae; 281, Valerianaceae; 282, Dip-
sacaceae.
Order Campaxulales. Flowers regular to irregular,
stamens mostly free from the corolla;
ovary 1 to several-celled; ovules 1
to 8.
Family 283. Campanulaceae. Bellworts. Mostly
herbs; stamens, usually 5, free from
the style. — Campanula, Lobelia.
Famil}' 284. Goodeniaceae; 285, Stylidiaceae; 286,
Calyceraceae.
Order Asterales. Composites. Flowers regular to irregu-
lar, collected into involucrate heads;
calyx small and often forming a
"pappus" or wanting; stamens 5,
epipetalous, mostly with their an-
thers connate; carpels 2, united,
inferior, with one style which is
2-branched above; ovule one, erect,
anatropous. An immense order
(commonly regarded as a family)
of more than 14,300 species, which are
usually distributed among fourteen
tribes, all of which are here raised
to families. In the following arrange-
ment the Helianthaceae are regarded
as the lowest, from which the two
princij)al phyletic lines have arisen.
374 THE PLANT PHYLA
culminating on the one hand in the
Eupatoriaceae, and on the other in the
Lactucaceae.
Key to the Families of Asterales
A. Pappus not capillary; plants typically large
and coarse.
L Receptacle chaffy.
1. Usually with ray flowers — 287. Heli-
anthaceae.
2. Without ray flowers — 288. Ambros-
iaceae.
IL Receptacle naked (rarely chaffy).
1. Anthers tailless.
a. Involucral bracts mostly in 2
series — 289. Heleniaceae.
b. Involucral bracts in many
series — 290. Ardotidaceae.
2. Anthers tailed or mucronate — 291.
Calendulaceae.
B. Pappus bracteose, none, or capillary; recep-
tacle usually naked; plants typically
low to medium sized.
L Usually without ray flowers; anthers
tailed — 292. Inulaceae.
C. Pappus from short bracteose to capillary or
none; receptacle naked; plants typi-
cally medium sized.
L Usually with ray flowers — 293. Aster-
aceae.
IL Without ray flowers; style branches
filiform, hispidulous. — 294. Vernoni-
aceae.
III. Without ray flowers; style branches
clavate, papillose — 295. Eupatoriaceae.
D. Pappus a short crown or none; involucral
bracts dry, scarious, imbricated;
plants typically medium sized.
I. Usually with white ray flowers — 296.
Anthettiidaceae.
ANTHOPHYTA 375
E. Pappus capillary; involucral bracts mostly
valvate, not scarious; plants larger.
I. With or without rays— 297. Senecionid-
accae.
F. Pappus mostly capillary, plants usually
rather large and stout.
I. Tnvolucral bracts much imbricated.
1. Flowers all tubular, receptacle usu-
' ally bristly— 298. Carduaceae.
II. Invoiucral bracts little imbricated.
1. Flowers all labiate, receptacle usu-
ally naked— 299. Mutisiaceae.
2. Flowers all ligulate, receptacle usu-
ally naked— 300. Lactucaceae.
Family 287. Helianthaceae. Sunflowers. Herbs;
calyx not capillary; receptacle chaffy;
usually rayed; mostly large, coarse
plants.— Helianthus, Zinnia, Rud-
beckia, Silphium.
Family 288. Ambrosiaceae. Ragweeds. Herbs;
calyx not capillary; receptacle chaffy;
rayless; mostly large, coarse plants.
—Ambrosia, Xanthium.
Family 289. Heleniaceae. False Sunflowers. Herbs;
calyx not capiUary; receptacle naked;
rayed or rayless; anthers tailless;
medium sized plants.— Helenium,
Gaillardia.
Family 290. Arctotidaceae. Gazanias. Herbs; calyx
not capillary; receptacle naked;
anthers tailless. South African plants.
— Gazania, Arctotis.
Family 291. Calendulaceae. Marigolds. Herbs;
calyx not capillary; receptacle naked;
anthers tailed. Old AVorld jilants,
mostly tropical— Calendula.
Family 292. Inulaceae, Everlastings. Herbs, with
some shrubs and small trees; calyx
from bracteose to capillary; receptacle
usually naked; anthers tailed; usu-
ally rayless; mostly low plants.—
376 THE PLANT PHYLA
Antennaria, Gnaphalium, Helichry-
sum, Inula.
Family 293. Astcraceae. Asters. Herbs and under-
shrubs; calyx from bracteose to capil-
lary; receptacle naked; usually rayed;
medium sized plants. — Aster, Solid-
ago, Erigeron, Bellis, Baccharis.
Family 294. Vernoniaceae. Ironweeds. Herbs;
calyx from bracteose to capillary;
receptacle naked; rayless; style-
branches fiUform, hispidulous; me-
dium sized plants. — Vernonia, Ele-
phantopus.
Family 295. Eupatoriaceae. Blazing Stars. Herbs;
calyx from bracteose to capillary;
receptacle naked; rayless; style-
branches thickened upward, papillose;
medium sized plants. — Lacinaria,
Eupatorium, Kuhnia.
Family 296. Anthemidaceae. Camomiles. Herbs,
shrubs, and small trees; calyx a short
crown or wanting; receptacle chaffy or
naked; usually with white rays;
mostly medium sized plants. — An-
themis, Chrysanthemum, Artemisia.
Family 297. Senecionidaceae. Groundsels. Herbs,
shrubs, and trees; calyx capillary;
receptacle naked; rayed or rayless;
mostly medium sized plants. — Sene-
cio, Arnica.
Family 298. Carduaceae. Thistles. Herbs; calyx
mostly capillary; receptacle usually
bristly (not chaffy); rayless; mostly
stout plants. — Carduus, Arctium,
Cnicus.
Family 299. Mutisiaceae. Mutisias. Herbs, shrubs,
and small trees; calyx mostly capil-
lary; receptacle usually naked; flow-
ers all two-lipped, so no proper rays;
mostly medium sized tropical plants.
— Mutisia, Chaptaha.
ANTHOPHYTA 377
Family 300. Lactucaccae. Lettuces. Herbs with a
milky juice; calyx mostly capillar}'-;
receptacle usually naked; flowers all
ligulate, so no proper rays; medium
sized to small plants. — Lactuca, Hier-
acium, Cichorium, Taraxacum, (Leon-
todon).
REFERENCE BOOKS
A. Engler and K. Prantl, Die NaturUchen Pflamenfamilien,
Leipzig, 1889 to 1909.
C. E. Bessey, A Synopsis of Plant Phyla, Lincoln, 1907.
A. Engler and E. Gilg, Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilicn, Berlin,
1912.
C. E. Bessey, Revisions of Sortie Plant Phyla, Lincoln, 1914.
Chart to Show Relationship of the Plant Phyla.
Chart TO Show Relationship of the Ohdehs of Anthophyta.
APPROXIMATE NUMBERS OF SPECIES IN THE ORDERS
OF ANTHOPHYTA.
Alismatales. 409; Liliales, 3370; Arales, 1052; Palmalcs. 1085;
Graminales, 5795; Hydrales, 53; Iridales, 4419; Orchidales, 7578;
Ranales, 5551; Malvales, 3829; Sarraconiales, GO; Gcranialos, 92G8;
Guttifcralcs, 3138; Rhoedales, 2856; C'aryophyllalos, 4330; Priinulalcs,
1581; Ericales. 1730; Ebonalcs, 1136; Polcmoniales, 4112; Gentian-
ales, 4664; Scrophulariales, 7081; Lamiales. 4119; Resales, 14261;
Myrtales, 7323; Cactales, 1168; Loasales, 1392; Cclastrales, 2741;
Sapindalcs, 2903; Umbellales, 2809; Rubialcs, 5063; Campanulales,
1539; Astcralcs, 14324.
INDEX
Abies, 281, 356
Abiotaccae, 279, 356
Abrotanin, 149
Abutilon, 362
Acacia, 368
Acanthaceac, 367
Acarospora, 340
Acarosporaceae, 340
Acer, 371
Aceraccae, 371
Acervuli, 239
Acetabularia, 192, 336
Acetic acid, 140
Achariaceae, 364
Achene, 312
Achlya, 335
Acids, 18, 139
Aconitin, 149
Acorn, 311, 325
Acorns, 300, 358
Acrocarpi, 252, 349
Acrospermaccae, 343
Acrotylaceae, 339
Actinocyclus, 334
Actinodiscaceae, 334
Actinodiscus, 181, 334
Actinoniorphic. 292, 322
Adder-tongues, 257, 352
Adiantuni, 259, 353
Adoxaceae, 373
Aecidiaceae, 347
Aecidiospores, 233
Accidium, 234, 347
Aeciospores, 233
Aerobic respiration, 91
Aesculin, 149
Aesculus, 371
Agaricaccac, 229
Agaricales, 229, 345
Agarics, 345
Agaricus, 229, 345
Agathis, 279
Agave, 320, 360
Agrostideae, 359
Agrostis, 359
Aizoaceae, 364
Alaria, 337
Albuginaceae, 187, 335
Albugo, 188