thousand, had a constituency of thirty-three persons ; Glasgow,
with its two hundred and two thousand, rejoiced in the same num-
ber of capable men to save its inhabitants from the troublesome
choice of a fit and proper person to represent them in Parliament.
The great authorities who domineered over the total Scotch elec-
toral body of four thousand were under the dominion of the minis-
ter of the day who distributed patronage for the government, and
of the succession of such ministers none was more active and
adroit than the second lord Melville. Those who went to Parlia-
ment acted upon the sound principle of the Scotch county member,
* " Speeches," p. 33.
Il8 HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
who said, "that his invariable rule was never to be present at a
debate or absent at a division, and that he had only once in his
long political life ventured to vote according to his conscience, and
that he found that on that occasion he had voted wrong." * With-
out entering minutely into a description of the wonderful local
machinery by which this extraordinary system of representation
was managed, and of which system Jeffrey, as Lord Advocate,
justly boasted that he had " left not a shred or patch," it may
be sufficient to say that the elective franchise in counties being
enveloped in feudal and technical absurdities, and thus costing a
heavy price to attain, it was beyond the reach, not only of the
lower class, but even of the majority of the middle and many of the
higher classes. Of the town members Edinburgh returned only
one ; fourteen were returned by groups of burghs, each electing a
delegate, and the four or five delegates so associated electing the
representative. " Whatever this system may have been originally,
it had grown, in reference to the people, into as complete a mock-
ery as if it had been invented for their degradation. The people
had nothing to do with it. It was all managed by town councils,
of never more than thirty-three members, and every town council
was self-elected, and consequently perpetuated its own interests.
The election of either the town or the county member was a mat-
ter of such utter indifference to the people, that they often only
knew of it by the ringing of a bell, or by seeing it mentioned next
day in a newspaper ; for the farce was generally performed in an
apartment from which, if convenient, the public could be excluded,
and never in the open air. f
The Reform Bill for Ireland, although contributing to the
general improvement of the representation of the United King-
dom, was a much milder change of system than either the English
or the Scotch bills. There was the same influence of great patrons
in counties and boroughs ; but the mode in which that influence
was principally exercised, through the right of election in many
places being vested in the corporations, was taken away by the
Reform Act and vested in ten pound householders. There were
no disfranchising clauses in the Act. The number of members
was increased from one hundred to one hundred and five. The
franchise, however, was comparatively very restricted. It was
somewhat extended by a statute of the 13 & 14 Victoria, 1850.
The Elections were over before the close of the year. Accord-
* Hansard, Third Series, vol. vii. col. 543, from a speech of Mr. Gillon, member for
Selkirk.
t Cockburn, " Life of Lord Jeffrey," vol- i. p- 75.
APPROACHING MEETING OF PARLIAMENT. 119
ing to the estimate of a journalist of that time, who was long
famous for his scrupulous attention to the accuracy of minute
details, there were two hundred and fifteen gentlemen who occu-
pied seats for England in the last Parliament who were not returned
to the new one. Of these, one hundred and forty-eight were anti-
reformers. In Scotland, eighteen who were formerly in Parlia-
ment were also not returned. In Ireland, forty-two of the old
members ceased to sit. Thirty of those who had thus lost their
seats were Reformers ; but they were principally driven out by
Repealers. Altogether it was estimated that five hundred and
eleven ministerialist reformers were returned ; and a hundred
and forty-seven who, now designated as Conservatives, were anti-
ministerialists.*
And now the dreaded Reform Parliament was to assemble at
the end of January, 1833. In 1835 a sensible traveller in England
wrote to his friend in Germany, " Those who compared the Reform
Parliament to the French National Assemblies have happily been
greatly mistaken in their calculations ; otherwise, instead of the
tranquillity and satisfaction in which England lives, the guillotine
would be already at work." f The crisis of terror through which
many of .the rich and fashionable classes had passed, and from
which they had not yet emerged after six months' experience had
shown them that chaos was not come again, is described by one
who lived in the exclusive circles. Five days after the passing of
the Reform Bill, Mr. Raikes thus writes in his Diary: "I do not
think that in all my experience I ever remember such a season in
London as this has been; so little gaiety, so few dinners, balls, and
fetes. The political dissensions have undermined society, and
produced coolnesses between so many of the highest families, and
between even near relations, who have taken opposite views of the
question. Independent of this feeling, the Tory party, whose
apprehensions for the future are most desponding, who think that
a complete revolution is near at hand, and that property must every
day become less secure, are glad to retrench their usual expenses,
and are beginning by economy to lay by a poire pour la soif. %
Those who have money at command are buying funds in America,
or in Denmark, which they think least exposed to political changes."
One of the chief terrors of the landed aristocracy, whether Whig
or Tory, was that the Corn-laws would perish under the Reform
*" Spectator," January 12, 1833.
t Von Raumer " England in 1835." vol. iii. p.
t " Carder une foire pour la soi/"" to keep a pear in case of thirst" is equiya-
lent to laying up something in case of want.
120 HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
Parliament. " The Unionists," writes lord Eldon after the passing
of the Bill, " are, it seems, unanimous for a repeal of the Corn-
laws. The abused and misled lower orders are all for this. It
will ruin them." * The ex-Chancellor, who held pretty much the
same opinions about commercial freedom as the traders of Worces-
ter, who denounced in a petition to parliament, " the Free-trade
system " as " a reliance on the doctrines of certain speculative
persons called political economists," f the great lawyer, who was
the smallest of statesmen, believed that the entire prosperity of the
country depended upon the expenditure of ' the landed gentlemen, "
with " tradesmen and manufacturers," and that the ruin of the
lower classes would necessarily follow if the repeal of the Corn-laws
were to produce the lowering of rents. Many years were to pass
before the industry of England should be freed, even in a Reformed
Parliament, from the crushing weight of Corn-laws. The great
minister who effected their repeal was a most strenuous opponent
of the Reform Bill during its troublesome and dangerous birth.
Other reforms which were loudly called for, or faintly suggested,
and which were then denounced as " infamous projects," have, to
a considerable extent, been realized during the course of thirty
years. It was asked if lord Teynham, the author of a pamphlet
entitled " How it must work," was of " same mind," when he sug-
gested the reduction of the National Debt ; the abolition of Excise
taxation ; an ascending property tax ; abolition of slavery ; free-
dom to our colonies under a domestic form of government of their
own ; abolition of bounties and monopolies of every description ;
a general plan of education for the people ; a revision of the Free-
trade system, including the Navigation-laws and the Corn-laws ; a
new legal code of cheap justice ; a new municipal system. Accept
the plan of Henry Francis, lord Teynham, said the leader of the
alarmists, "and then England will be brought back to a far more
enviable state of civilization than that which she enjoyed in the
days of the Heptarchy. We shall have neither agriculture nor
commerce, neither manufactures nor trade ; we shall none of us be
embarrassed with superfluous luxuries; there will be no property
worth preserving or contending about." J Marvellous are the
changes of opinion when freedom of speech and freedom of wri-
tiAafe established. What was denounced as individual madness
thirty years ago has become the established belief of the sanest
nation on earth. The terrors of the alarmists at the " infamous
projects " of lord Teynham, seem as obsolete as the belief of king
* Twiss, vol. iii. p. 181. t Lansard, vol. xii. col. 1278
t" Quarterly Review," vol. xlviii. pp. 553554-
FEARS OF ANTI-REFORMERS. 121
James, that witches can raise storms and tempests in the air, either
by sea or land.
There was a remarkable circumstance in the temper and habits
of those called the working classes, during the political hurricanes
of 1832, which we ought not wholly to pass over, although there
may be a slight approach to egotism in the mention of it. Whilst
Jeffrey was exhorting his official friends in Scotland to "keep
peace," there had been at work for two or three months a little
instrument for calming political agitation, at no expense to the
government, called " Chambers's Edinburgh Journal." There was
a similar instrument in England, which was commenced to be pub-
lished during the very heat of the Reform Bill, called the " Penny
Magazine." In the first number of that weekly sheet, which was
issued on the 3ist of March, 1832, it was proposed to lead the
popular mind to " calmer and, it may be, purer subjects of thought
than the violence of party discussion, or the stimulating details of
crime and suffering." " We have, however," said the editor, " no
expectation of superseding the newspaper, and no desire to super-
sede it. We hope only to share some portion of the attention
which is now almost exclusively bestowed upon the folio of four
pages, by. those who read little and seldom." In looking back
upon his work of that period work which he regards as the best
labour of his life the author of this History is almost surprised at
the boldness of the undertaking, when the whole country, in the
opinion of many unprejudiced persons, was fast verging towards
anarchy. The fact that, before the year was out, he had to record
the regular sale of two hundred thousand copies, warranted the
calculation that there were about a million of readers for that mis-
cellany alone. Forty years before, Burke had estimated that there
were eighty thousand readers in this country. The sale of the
two unexciting miscellanies of the Reform period not only offered
a proof of the vast increase of the desire for knowledge, but af-
forded a hope that the old system of governing by the ignorance
of the masses was rapidly coming to an end.
PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM
BEFORE THE REFORM ACTS OF 1832.
[The letter F indicates those Counties which, by Schedule F of the Reform Act, are
divided into two electoral districts ; F 2 is prefixed to undivided Counties, to which
an additional member was given.]
COUNTIES.
ENGLAND AND WALES, [Continuous from the reign of Edward I.]
Counties.
Bedfordshire .
F 2 Berkshire
F 2 Buckinghamshire
F 2 Cambridgeshire
F Cornwall
F Cumberland
Members.
. . . . 2
. . .2
. . 2
. . .2
. . . 2
. . .2
Counties. Members.
F Somersetshire . . . . .2
F Staffordshire 2
f Suffolk - >
. 2
F Sussex . .
F Warwickshire ....
Westmoreland ....
F Wiltshire
F Worcestershire ....
Yorkshire (2 added in 1821) .
[From Henry VIII.]
Anglesey
Brecknockshire .
Cardiganshire ....
Carmarthenshire ....
. 2
. 2
. 2
. 2
*
. 1
. I
. 1
. I
F Devonshire
F 2 Dorsetshire
. . .2
. . . . 2
F Gloucestershire .
F Hampshire
F 2 Herefordshire
F 2 Hertfordshire .
Huntingdonshire .
F Kent
. . . . 2
. 2
. 2
. . 2
. . . . 2
. 2
. I
. I
. I
. I
. 2
. I
. I
I
F Leicestershire .
Lincolnshire
. . .2
. . . . 2
Denbighshire ....
Flintshire
Glamorganshire ....
Merionethshire ....
Monmouthshire
Montgomeryshire ....
Pembrokeshire ....
F Norfolk
F Northamptonshire .
F Northumberland .
F Nottinghamshire
F 2 Oxfordshire
. .2
. . . 2
. 2
. . . . 2
[From Charles II.]
SCOTLAND. In the British Parliament, from the Union under A nne.
. I
. t
. I
Ayr .....
Banff ....
. . ' . I
Orkney and Shetland
Perth ....
D h t n
. I
. I
Selkirk
Fife ....
Stirling .......
. I
Forfar ....
. I
Wigton . . . .
. I
. I
. I
. I
. 2
Inverness i
Kincardine . . . . . . i
Kirkcudbright i
IRELAND. In the Imperial Parl.'atr
Bute and Caithness, alternately
Clackmannan and Kinross, alternately
Cromarty and Nairn, alternately .
*nt,from the Union under George III.
. 2
. 2
Donegal ....
. . .2
Monaghan ......
. 2
. 2
Fermanagh
. . . 2
. 2
. 2
. 2
Kerry y
Kildare .
. . . . 2
Tyrone
Waterford ......
King's County
. . 2
Wexford ......
Wicklnw
. 2
122
CITIES AND BOROUGHS.
CITIES AND BOROUGHS.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
I2 3
[Continuous from the reign of Edward I.]
[The letters A, B, indicate the Schedule in which the Borough was placed by the
Reform Act.]
City or County wherein Mem-
City or County wherein Mem-
Borough, situated. bers.
Borough, situated. bers,
A Amersham (Bucks) . . .2
B Liskeard (Cornwall)
Andover (Hants) . . .2
Liverpool (Lancashire) .
A Appleby (Westmoreland) . 2
London (co. of itself, locally in Mid-
B Arundel (Sussex) . . 2
dlesex)
B Ashburton (Devon} . . 2
A Lostwithiel (Cornwall)
Bamstaple (Devon) . . 2
A Ludgershall (Wilts) .
Bath (Somerset) . . 2
B Lyme Regis (Dorset)
Bedford (Bedfordshire) . 2
Lynn (Norfolk)
A Redwin (Wilts) . . .2
B Malmesbury (Wilts) .
Beverley (Yorkshire) . . 2
Malton (Yorkshire) .
A Blechingley (Surrey) . . 2
Bodmin (Cornwall) . . 2
Marlborough (Wilts) .
A Milbourne Port (Somerset)
A Bramber (Sussex) . 2
Newcastle-on-upon-Tyne (co. of itself,
Bridgenorth (Shropshire) . . 2
locally in Northumberland) . .
Bridgewater (Somerset) . . 2
Newport (Hants)
Bridport (Dorset) . . 2
New Sarum, or Salisbury, (Wilts)
Bristol (co. of itself, locally between
B Northallerton (Yorkshire) .
Gloucestershire and Somerset) . . 2
Northampton (Northamptonsh) .
Bury St. Edmund's (Suffolk) . 2
Norwich (co. of itself, locally in Nor-
B Calne (Wilts) . . 2
folk)
Cambridge (Cambridgeshire) . 2
Nottingham (co. of itself, locally in
Canterbury (co. of itself, locally in
Nottinghamshire ....
A Okehampton (Devon) .
Carlisle (Cumberland) . 2
A Old Sarum (Wilts) .
Chichester (Sussex) . . 2
AOrford (Suffolk)
Chippenham (Wilts) . . .2
Oxford (Oxfordshire)
Cockermouth (Cumberland) . 2
B Peterfield (Hants) .
Colchester (Essex) . , .2
Plymouth (Devon)
Coventry (co. of itself, locally in War-
A Plympton (Do.) .
wickshire) . . . .2
Pontefract (Yorkshire) .
Cricklade (Wilts) . . .2
Portsmouth (Hants) .
B Dartmouth (Devon) . .2
Preston (Lancashire) .
Derby (Derbyshire) . . 2
Reading (Berkshire) .
Devizes (Wilts) . . .2
B Reigate (Surrey)
Dorchester (Dorset) . . 2
Ripon (Yorkshire) .
A Dowriton (Wilts) . . .2
Rochester . (Kent) .
B Droitwich (Worcestershire) . 2
St. Alban's (Hertfordshire)
A Dunwich (Suffolk) . . 2
Scarborough (Yorkshire) .
Evesham (Worcestershire) . 2
A Seaford (Sussex)
Exeter (co. of itself, locally in Devon). 2
B Shaftesbury (Dorset)
Gloucester(co. of itself, locally in Glou.) 2
Shoreham (Sussex) .
Great Marlow (Bucks) . . .2
Shrewsbury (Shropshire) .
B Grimsby (Lincolnshire) 2
Southampton (co. of itself, locally in
Guildford (Surrey) . . 2
Hants)
A Hedon (Yorkshire) . . 2
Southwark (Surrey) .
B Helston (Cornwall) . . 2
Stafford (Staffordshire)
Hereford (Herefordshire) . 2
Stamford (Lincolnshire)
Hertford (Hertfordshire) . 2
A Steyning (Sussex)
Honiton (Devon) . . 2
Taunton (Somerset)
B Horsham (Sussex) . . 2
Tavistock (Devon) .
Huntingdon (Huntingdonshire). 2
B Thirsk (Yorkshire) .
A Ilchester (Somerset) . . 2
Totnes (Devon) .
Ipswich (Suffolk) . . 2
A Tregony (Cornwall)
Lancaster (Lancashire) . . 2
Truro (Cornwall) .
B Launceston (Cornwall) . . 2
BWallingford (Berks) .
Leicester (Leicestershire) . 2
B Wareham (Dorset)
Leominster (Herefordshire; . 2
Warwick (Warwickshire)
Lewes (Sussex) . . 2
Wells (Somerset) .
Lichfield (co. of itself, locally in Staf-
A Wendover (Bucks).
ford . . . . . . .2
A Weobly (Herefordshire)
Lincoln (co. of itself, locally in Lin-
Wigan (Lancashire) .
B Wilton (Wilts) .
124
CITIES AND BOROUGHS.
CITIES AND BOROUGHS.
ENGLAND AND WALES continued.
City or County wherein Mem-
Borough, situated. bers.
Winchester (Hants) . . .2
Windsor (Berks) . . .2
B Woodstock (Oxfordshire) . 2
Worcester (co. of itself, locally in Wor-
cestershire) ... .2
Wycombe,Chipping(Bucks) . 2
A Yarmouth (Hants) . . .2
Yarmouth (Norfolk. . . 2
York (co. of itself, locally in Yorkshire) 2
[Edward II.]
A East Grinstead (Sussex) . . 2
Retford (Notts) . . .2
[Edward III.]
Dover (Kent) . . .a
Harwich (Essex) . . .2
Hastings (Sussex) . 2
B Hythe (Kent) . . 2
Kmgston-upcn-Hull(co. of itself, lo-
cally in Yorkshire) . . . -2
Maldon (Essex) . . 2
B Midhurst (Sussex) . . 2
Newcastle-under-Lyne (Staffordshire). 2
Poole (co. of itself, locally in Dorset) . 2
Richmond (Yorkshire) . . 2
A Romney (Kent) . . .2
B Rye (Sussex) . . 2
Sandwich (Kent) . . .2
' Weymouth & Melcombe Regis(Dorset) 4
A Winchelsea (Sussex) . . 2
[Henry VI.]
A Gallon (Surrey) . . 2
A Heytesbury (Wilts) . . .2
AHindon (Do.) . . .2
B Westbury (Do.) . . .2
A Wootton Basset (Do.) . . .2
[Edward IV.]
Grantham (Lincolnshire) . 2
Ludlow (Shropshire) . . 2
Wenlock (Do. . . 2
[Henry VIII.]
Beaumaris (Anglesey) . . i
Berwick -upon-Tweed(co. of itself). . 2
Brecon (Brecknockshire) . i
Buckingham (Bucks) . . .2
Cardiff, sharing with Aberavon, Cow-
bridge, Ken-fig, Llantrissent, Lough-
or, Neath, and Swansea (Glamorgan-
shire) . i
Cardigan, sharing with Aberystwith Ad-
par, and Lampeter (Cardiganshire) . i
Carmarthen (co. of itseif, locally in
Carmarthenshire) . . . . i
Carnarvon, sharing with Conway, Cric-
cielh, Nevin, and Pwllheli (Carnar-
vonshire) . . . . . . i
Chesler(co. of itself, locally inCheshire) 2
Denbigh, sharing with Holt and Ruth-
in (Denbighshire) . . i
Flint, sharing with Caergwrley, Caer-
wys, Overton, and Rhydd!an (Flint-
shire) . . . . i
Hnverfordwest (co. of itse!f, locally in
Pembrokeshire) . . . i
City or County wherein Mem-
Borough, situated. bers.
Monmouth, sharing with Newport and
Usk (Monmouthshire) . . . i
Montgomery( Montgomeryshire . . i
Pembroke, sharing with Tenby and
Wiston (Pembrokeshire) . . . i
Radnor, sharing with Kevinleece,
Knighton, Knucklar, and Rhayder
(Radnorshire) . . . . . ,
[Edward VI.]
A Bossiney (Cornwall) . . 2
Boston (Lincolnshire) . 2
A Brackley (Northamptonsh) . 2
A Camelford (Cornwall) . . 2
Maidstone (Kent) . . .2
A Newport (Cornwall) . . 2
Penryn (Cornwall) . . 2
Peterborough (Northamptonsh) . 2
A St. Michael s (Cornwall) . . 2
A Saltash (Do.) . . . i
Thetford (Norfolk) . . 2
A West Looe (Cornwall) . . 2
Westminster (Middlesex) . . a
[Mary.]
Abingdon (Berks) . . . i
A Aldborough (Yorkshire) . . 2
Aylesbury (Bucks) . . .2
Banbury (Oxfordshire) . i
A Boroughbridge (Yorkshire) . . 2
A Castle Rising (Norfolk) . . 2
A Higham Ferrers (Northamptonsh . i
Knaresborough (Yorkshire) . . 2
B Morpeth (Northumberld) . 2
B St. Ives (Cornwall) . . 2
[Elizabeth.]
A Aldeburgh (Suffolk) . . 2
A Beeralston (Devon) . . 2
A Bishop's Castle (Shropshire) . . 2
A Callington (Cornwall) . . 2
B Christchurch (Hants) . . .2
Cirencester (Gloucestershire) . 2
B Clitheroe (Lancashire) . . 2
A Corfe Castle (Dorset) . . 2
A East Looe (Cornwall) . . 2
B Eye (Suffolk) . . 2
A Fowey (Cornwall) . . 2
A Haslemere (Surrey) . . 2
Lymington (Hants) . . .2
A Minehead (Somerset) . . 2
A Newtown (Hants) . .2
A Newton (Lancashire) . . 2
A Qaeenborough (Kent) . . . 2
A St. Germain's (Cornwall) . 2
A St. Mawe's (Cornwall) . . 2
A Slockbridge (Hants) . . 2
Sudbury (Suffolk) , . 2
Tamworth (Warwickshire) . 2
A Whitchurch (Hants) . , 2
[James I.]
Bewdley (Worcestershire) . 2
Tewkesbury (G'oucestershire) . 2
Tiverton (Devon) . . 2
[Charles II.]
Durham (Durhp.m) . . 2
Newark (Notts) . . .2
CITIES AND BOROUGHS.
I2 5
CITIES AND BOROUGHS.
SCOTLAND.
In the British Parliament, since the Uuion under Anne.
Edinburgh city . . . i member.
Districts of Burghs.
Counties where-
Counties where- M
Dis- in locally
tricts. ' situated.
Dis- p , in locally
tricts. Bur ghs. situated. bers '
Dingwal!. . . . Ross ....
Culross .... Perth. . . .
Dornoch . . . Sutherland . .
i-
Kirkwall . . . Orkney . . .
I
8
Inverkeithing . . Fife . . . .
. f
Tain Ross ....
Wick Caithness . .
Queensferry . . Linlithgow
Stirling .... Stirling . . .
Forres .... Elgin ...
Dumbarton . . Dumbarton . |
2-
Fortrose . . Ross . . .
Inverness . . . Inverness .
I
9
Glasgow . . . Lanark ... 1
Renfrew . . Renfrew . 1 x
Nairn .... Nairn
(. Rutherglen . . . Lanark . . . j
(Banff .... Banff . . .1
Dunbar .... Haddington .
Cullen .... Banff ...
Haddington . . Haddington .
Elgin .... Elgin . . .
X
so-
Jedburgh . . . Roxburgh . .
i
Inverury . . . Aberdeen . .
Lauder .... Berwick . .
Kintore .... Aberdeen .
North Berwick . Haddineton .
Aberdeen . . . Aberdeen . .
( Lanark .... Lanark". . . "j
Aberbrothwick . Forfar . . .
J 1 .inlithgow . . Linlithgow . . i
4-
Brechin .... Forfar . . .
I
"1 Peebles. . . . Peebles. . . f x
Inverbervie . . Kincardine
I. Selkirk .... Selkirk . . . J
Montrose . . . Forfar . .
f Ayr Ayr . ...
C Cupar .... Forfar & Perth ")
Campbelton . . Argyle . . .
\ Dundee .... Forfar ... I
12 -j Inverary . . . Argyle . . .
i
Si Forfar .... Forfar . . .
Perth .... Perth . . .
Rothsay .... Bute ....
1 St. Andrews . . Fife ....
Annan .... Dumfries . .
Austruther Easter Fife ....
Dumfries . . . Dumfries . .
AustrutherWester Fife ....
13-
Kirkcudbright. Kirkcudbright.
i
(Jrail Fife ....
o . * D imfrip<i
Pittenweem . . Fife ....
New Galloway . Kirkcudbright
Burntisland . . Fife . . . . ]
Stranraer . . Wigton . . .
Dysart .... Fife .... 1
*4 '
Whi thorn . . . Wigton . .
~
7'
Wigton .... Wigton ...
Kirkalrlv . . Fiffi .
IRKLAND.
Inthe Imperial Parliament, from the Union under George III,
Cities and Counties wherein Mem-
Cities and Counties wherein Mem-
Boroughs, locally situated. bers.
Boroughs, locally situated. bers.
Armagh (Armagh) . .
Enniskillen (Fermanagh) .
Athlone (Roscommon and Westmeath) .
Galway (co. corporate) .
Bandon (Cork) .
Kilkenny (co. corporate)
Belfast (Antrim)
Kinsale (Cork) .
Carlow (Carlow)
Limerick (co. corporate)
Carrickf ergus (co. corporate)
Lisburn (Antrim)
Cashel (Tipperary) .
Londonderry (Londonderry)
Clonmel (Tipperary) .
Mallow (Cork) .
Coleraine (Londonderry) .
New Ross (Wexford)
Cork (co. corporate)
Newry (Down) .
Downpatrick (Down) .
Portarlington(King's County and Queen's
Dublin (co. corporate)
Sligo (Sligo)
Dundalk (Louth) .
Tralee (Kerry)
Dungannon (Tyrone)
Dungarvan (Waterford) .
Ennis (Clare) .
Waterford (co. corporate)
Wexford (Wexford) .
Youghal (Cork) .
UNIVERSITIES.
[From the reign of James I.
Cambridge 2 members, f Oxford . . . -2 members.
[From the Irish Union under George III.]
126 HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
CHAPTER VI.
Opening of the New Parliament. Election of the Speaker. The King's Speech. Mr.
O'Connell's Amendment. Declaration of Sir Robert Peel. Coercion Bill for Ire-