EVERYBODY'S
CYCLOPEDIA



A concise and accurate compilation of the world's knowledge,
prepared from the latest and best authorities in every department
of learning; including a

Chronological History of the World

graphically represented by colored charts, showing the most
important epochs and events of history, from the earliest times
to the present day.



containing much valuable information often in demand, but not
usually found in a single collection. Also

A Statistical Record of the World

which includes latest figures from the recent United States Census.

PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF

CHARLES LEON ARD-STUART,B. A. GEORGE J.HAGAR,M. A.

of the New International, Americana. Special Expert on the International,
iiritannica. Current Cyclopedia, etc. People's. Imperial, etc.

EDITORS-IN-CHIEF

Assisted by a corps of eminent editors, educators, scientists,
inventors, explorers, etc.



New To r k

SYNDICATE PUBLISHING COMPANY

12 and 14 West 32d Street



Copyright. 1911, by F. E. Wright
Copyright, 1912, by F. E. Wright



Parton

Parton, James, an American
writer; born in Canterbury, England
Feb. 9, 1822. He wrote many valu-
able biographies. He died in 1891

Parton, Sara Payson Willis,
" Fanny Fern," an American essay-
writer, sister of N. P. Willis, and
wife of James Parton; born in Port-
land, Me., July 9, 1811. She is said
to have contributed an article each
week tor 16 years to the New York
" Ledgp-." She died in 1872.

Partridge, a well-known game
bird widely distributed. The par-
tridge prefers open grounds, and often
nests in exposed situations. It feeds
on slugs, caterpillars, and grubs to a
large extent, and so compensates the
farmer for any injury it does.

Partridge Berry, a plant of the
heath family, inhabiting North Amer-
ica, also known as wintergreen. The
name is also applied to another North
American shrub, a pretty little trail-
ing plant, with white fragrant flow-
ers and scarlet berries.

Pasadena, a city in Los Angeles
county, Cal.; on the Southern Pacific
and other railroads; 10 miles N. E.
of Los Angeles; is in the noted San
(Gabriel valley, at the foot of the
Sierra Madre Mountains, popularly
known as the "Italy of America";
is chiefly engaged in fruit raising;
and, besides its equable climate, has
the attractions of superb scenery, in-
cluding Wilson's Peak. Mount Lowe,
Echo Mountain, and the famous San
Gabriel Mission. Pop. (1910) 30,291.
Pascal, Blaise. a French author;
born in Clermont, Auvergne, France,
in 1623. At 12 years of age, he was
surprised by his father in the act of
demonstrating, on the pavement of
An old hall where he used to play, by
means of a rude diagram traced with
a piece of coal, a proposition which
corresponded to the 32d of the first
book of Euclid. At the age of 19
he invented his celebrated arith-
metical machine, and at the age of
26 he had composed the greater part
of his mathematical works, and made
brilliant experiments in hydrostatics
and pneumatics, which ranked him
among the first natural philosophers
of his age. But a strong religious
impulse having been imparted he re-
E. 114.



Passiflora

nounced the career to which his genius
invited him for theology. Died 1662.

Paschall II., Pope; a native of
Tuscany, succeeded Urban II. in
1099. Ht had a contest with the
Emperor Henry IV., respecting the
right of investitures. Henry visited
Rome, to be crowned by the Pope,
who refused to perform the ceremony
unless he yielded the matter in dis-
pute. On this Henry caused Paschal
to be retired from Rome. Paschal,
after a captivity of two months,
conceded his claim to the investi-
tures. He died in 1118.

Passaic, a city in Passaic county,
N. J.; on the Passaic river and sev-
eral steam and trolley lines; 5 miles
S. E. of Paterson; is in a good farm-
ing and grape-growing section; man-
ufactures cotton, woolen, and rubber
goods, wine, paper, and blankets; and
has an Emergency Hospital, Collegi-
ate School, Manual Training School,
and handsome churches, public schools
and residences. Pop. (1910) 54,773.

Passenger Pigeon, also called
wild pigeon and migratory pigeon. It
is found from the Atlantic to the great
central plains, and from the Southern
States, where it only
occasionally occurs,
to 62 N.

Passes, a tribe of
Indians living in
Brazil on the N.
side of the Amazon,
about the mouth of
the Japura. They
have always been
friendly to the
whites and are a
peaceful, industrious
race, many of whom
lived in the mission
villages in the 18th
century. They are a
branch of the great
Arawak or Maypure
stock.

Passiflora, the

Generally climbing herbs or shrubs.
Fruit succulent, seeds many. Found
chiefly in tropical America. The three
stigmas seemed to the devout Roman
Catholics of South America to rep-
resent nails; one transfixing each
band, and one the feet of the crucified




PASSENGEB
PIGEON.

passion-flower.



Passionists



Passovtr



Saviour ; the five anthers, His five

wounds ; the rays of the corona, His

crown of thorns, or the halo of glory

around His head ; the digitate leaves,

the hands of those who scourged Him ;

the tendrils, the scourge

itself; while, finally, the

10 parts of the perianth

were the 10 apostles

that is, the 12 wanting

Judas who betrayed, and

Peter who denied, his

Lord.

Passionists, a con-
gregation of Roman
Catholic priests founded
by Paul Francis (1694-
1775), surnamed Paul of
the Cross, in 1737. The
first convent was estab-
lished on the Celian Hill
at Rome. It has been
revived since 1880, and
they have been introduced
lately in the United
States, where they now
possess four monasteries.

Passion Play, a mys-
tery or miracle play
founded on the passion of
our Lord ; a dramatic rep-
resentation of the scenes
of the passion. The
only Passion play still
kept up is that periodi-
cally represented at Ober-
ammergau ir* Bavaria.

Passover, a festival
instituted to commemo-
rate Jehovah's " passing
over " the Israelite houses
wnile " passing through "
those of the Egyptians,
to destroy in the latter
all the first-born. The
first passover (that in
Egypt) , those subsequent-
ly occurring in Old
Testament times, and those of the
New Testament and later Judaism,
were all somewhat different. In the
first of these a Iamb without blem-
ish was taken on the 10th, and killed
on the 14th, of the month Abib, thence-
forward in consequence to be reckoned
the first month of the ecclesiastical
year. The blood of the lamb was to
be sprinkled on the two side posts
and the single upper door post, and the i
flesh eaten " with unleavened bread



and bitter herbs " before the morning.
That night Jehovah, passing over the
blood-stained doors, slew the first born
in the Egyptian houses not similarly
protected; and, as the emancipated




PASSION FLOWER.

Jews that night departed from Egypt,
that first passover could have con-
tinued only one day. But the festival
was to be an annual one. Connected
with it was to be a feast of unleavened
bread, continuing seven additional
days, viz., from the 15th to the 21st
of Abib, during which no leaven was
to be eaten, or even allowed to be in
the house.

Sometimes the term passover is lim-
ited to the festival of the 14th of



Passport

Abib ; sometimes it includes that and
the feast of unleavened bread also, the
two being viewed as parts of one
whole. When the Jews reached Ca-
naan, every male was required to pre-
sent himself before God thrice a year,
viz., at the passover, or feast of un-
leavened bread, at that of " harvest "
and that of " ingathering." In the Old
Testament six passovers are mentioned
as having been actually kept: That
in Egypt, tkat in the wilderness, that
under Joshua at Gilgal, that under
Hezekiah, that under Josiah, and that
under Ezra. After the exile wine
was introduced. In modern Judaism
no lamb is sacrificed, but a bone of
that animal is placed among the
viands ; leaven is put away, and other
ceremonies observed. Passover in the
sense of the paschal lamb, St. Paul
applies to Christ, whose death was
typical of that of the paschal lamb
(1 Cor. v. 7; John xix, 14).

Passport, a warrant of protection
and authority to travel, granted to
persons moving from place to place, by
a competent authority. In some states
no foreigner is allowed to travel with-
out a passport from his government.
In the United States passports, with
description of the applicant, are issued
by the State Department at Washing-
ton. They -are good for two years
from date, renewable by stating the
date and number of the old one. They
are issued only to citizens, native born
and naturalized.

Pasteur, Louis, a French chemist
and physicist ; born in Dole, Jura, in
1822 ; educated at Jena University and
the Ecole Normale, Paris, where in
1847 he took his degree as doctor. He
was especially successful in prov-
ing the part played by microbes _in
fermentation and decomposition, in in-
troducing a successful treatment of
diseases in silkworms and cattle, and
achieved great success in his efforts
to check hydrophobia by means of
inoculation. To enable him to deal
with this disease under the best condi-
tions a Pasteur Institute was opened
in Paris, where patients are received
from all parts of Europe. A similar
institution, in New York city, has
proved very successful. He died in
Paris, Sept. 28, 1895.

Pastor, a shepherd; now used al-
most exclusively in its figurative sense,



Fastonreanx

for one who feeds the Christian flock;
a minister of the Gospel, having charge
of a church and congregation. In orni-
thology the rose^colored ousel. It hag
a wide geographical range, and in hab-
its resembles the starling. It is often
called the locust bird.

Pastoral Poetry, poetry which
deals, in a more or tess direct form,
with rustic life.

Pastoral Staff, in the Roman
Catholic Church the official staff of a
bishop or abbot. The
pastoral staff of an
archbishop is distin-
guished by being sur-
mounted by a crozier.

Pastoureaux, or
Pastorels, disorderly
peasant mobs which
overran parts of
France in the 13 tk
and 14th centuries.
These outbreaks took
place :

(1) In Berry in
1214. The peasantry
pillaged chateaux and
religious houses, and
proclaimed universal
equality and the com-
ing of the Holy Ghost.

(2) In 1250; the
ostensible objects were
the rescue of Louis
VII. and the recovery
of the Holy Sepul-
cher. The rising orig-
inated in Flanders,
under the leadership of
a person of unknown
name called the Mas-
ter of Hungary, who,

when he reached Paris, was at
the head of 100,000 men. Here they
not only usurped priestly functions,
performed marriages, distributed
crosses, offered absolution to those who
joined the crusade, but they inveighed
against the vices of the priesthood.
They separated into three divisions,
and marched S., where they were at-
tacked and cut to pieces.

(3) In 1320, in the reign of Philip
V. This outbreak took place under the
pretense of a crusade. The insurgents
were excommunicated by Pope John
XXII. ; and being hemmed in in Car-
cassonne, numbers perished of disease




Patagonia

and famine, and the survivors were
put to death.

Patagonia, the name applied to
that extreme portion of South America
which is bounded E. by the Atlantic,
W. by the Pacific, S. by the Strait of
Magellan, and N. by the Rio Negro.
Since 1881 this large territory has
been, by treaty, divided between Chile
and the Argentine Republic, so that
the portion W. of the Andes (63,000
square miles) belongs now to the for-
mer, and the portion E. of the Andes
(360,000) belongs to the latter. The
Straits of Magellan form a S. bound-
ary of 360 miles, and separate the
mainland from the numerous islands
of Tierra del Fuego. Here the Chilean
government has established the settle-
ment of Punta Arenas, with stations
along the coast. Patagonia E. of the
Andes consists mainly of vast undulat-
ing plains, frequently covered with
ehingle and broken up by ridges of
volcanic rock. The vegetation is
scanty, except in the region adjoining
the Andes, and in many places there
are shallow salt lakes and lagoons.
The chief rivers are the Rio Negro,
the Chupat, the Rio Desire, and the
Rio Chico, all of which have their
sources in the Andes, and run E. There
are few t if any good seaports. The
Patagonians are a tall, muscular race
averaging fully six feet in height, with
black hair, thick lips, and skin of a
dark brown color. They are a nomad
race, divided into numerous tribes,
whose chief occupation is in hunting
and cattle breeding. This native pop-
ulation is_ rapidly disappearing. Col-
onization is encouraged by the Argen-
tine government, and there are many
tracts suitable for European settle-
ment. The country was first discov-
ered by Magellan in 1520.

Fate de foie gras, a dish made
from the enlarged livers of overfed
geese, and much relished by epicures.
It is made in the form of a pie, and
from its oily nature is very indigesti-
ble, and nauseous to most people.

Patent, an exclusive right granted
by a government (in letters patent or
open, whence the name) to any person
or persons to manufacture and sell a
chattel or article of commerce of his
OWP invention. In the United Slates



Patent

the person applying for a patent may
present a petition, specification, oath,
and filing fee, with a drawing if the
nature of the case admits of it. On
favorable action by the patent office,
letters granting to the patentee, his
heirs, or assigns, for the term of 17
years, the exclusive right to make,
use, and vend the invention or dis-
covery throughout the United States
and the Territories thereof, are is-
sued. Design patents are granted for
periods of three years and six months,
seven years, or 14 years, at discretion
of the applicant. Patents are extend-
ed only by special congressional legis-
lation. The filing of a caveat prior
to applying for a patent entitles the
inventor to notice of an interfering
application filed during the life of the
caveat (one year), during which he
may perfect his invention. The alleged
inventions set forth in caveats are
transferable. In the period of 1837-
1909 there were filed in the United
States Patent Office 1,659,249 appli-
cations and 129,305 caveats; 996,005
original patents and designs were
issued; and the receipts exceeded the
expenditures by $7,060,547.

By the statute of 1870 it was enacted
that an invention to be patentable,
must possess, among other qualifica-
tions, that of newness. 'He who pro-
duces an old result by a new mode or
process is entitled to a patent for that
mode or process ; but he cannot have
a patent for a result merely without
using some new mode or process to
produce it. A man is entitled to all
the benefit of the article which he has
invented and patented. Another who
happens to discover an additional use
to which the invention may be applied
does not, by that discovery and appli-
cation create a patentable novelty. A
simple alteration in the form, size, ma-
terial or proportions of an existing de-
vice is not such a change as to pro-
duce a patentable novelty. As a cumu-
lative definition it may be said that
novelty consists in producing a new
substance, or an old one in a new way,
by new machinery, or by a new com-
bination of the parts of an old ma-
chine, operating in a peculiar, better,
cheaper or quicker method, or by a
new mechanical employment of prin-
ciples already known.



Paterson

Paterson, a city and county-seat of
Passaic co., N. J., on the Passaic
river, 16 miles N. W. of New York.
The city is chiefly noted for its silk
industries, on account of which it is
called the " Lyons of America." It is
built partly on the slopes of ranges
of hills which surround it, and partly
on a broad plain. On Feb. 2-3, 1902,
the business portion of the city was
destroyed by fire, entailing a loss of
over $10,000,000. The principal mu-
nicipal buildings, churches, banks, pub-
lic library, and the largest stores were
swept away by the flames. Wk

Paterson is an important manufac-
turing center. Its silk mills are the
largest in the United States having
an output of over $22,000,000 per an-
num, and employing about 12,000 per-
sons. Its other manufactures include
locomotives, paper, jute, machinery,
iron, and steel, engines, boilers, etc.
The assessed property valuation ex-
ceeds $92,000,000, and the total bond-
ed debt is about $4,000,000.

The city has an area of 8 square
miles; 200 miles of streets, of which
55 miles are paved; and a sewer sys-
tem covering 55 miles. The streets are
lighted by gas and electricity. The
annual cost of maintaining the city
government is about $1,135,000. The
streets are well paved and broad.
Among the local attractions are the
Passaic Falls, 72 feet high.

Paterson was founded in 1791 by a
cotton manufacturing society which
owed its origin to Alexander Hamilton.
This society had a capital of $1,000,-
000, with which it intended to lay the
foundation of a great National manu-
facturing city. The city was named
in honor of Gov. William Paterson of
New Je/sey. In 1851 it was incor-
porated as a city. Paterson has re-
cently been visited by floods as well
as fire, the flood of October, 1903,
being especially calamitous, but the
people have faced and overcome these
disasters with unfailing courage. Pop.
(1900) 105,171; (IJJlO) 125,600.

Paterson, William, an English
financier ; born in Dumfriesshire, Scot-
land, in 1665. He resided in the Ba-
hama Islands. Returning to London
he engaged in trade with success, and
in 1694 founded the Bank of England,
being one of its first directors. In 1695



Paton

he obtained the sanction of a Scotch
act of Parliament constituting the
Darien Company. After the failure of
this scheme he returned to England.
When the Treaty of Union between
England and Scotland was concluded
in 1707, Paterson, who was one of its
warmest advocates, after much dif-
ficulty received an indemnity of $90,-
000 for the losses he had sustained.
He died in London in 1719.

Pathology, the branch of medical
science which treats of disease. It in-
vestigates its predisposing and exist-
ing cause, its characteristic symptoms,
and its progress from first to last.

Patmos, a rocky and barren island,
of most irregular outline, in the 2Egean
Sea, one of the Sporades, lying to the
S. of Samos, now called Patino ; area,
16 square miles. It is celebrated as
the place to which the apostle John
was exiled ; in a cave here, it is said,
he saw the visions recorded in the
Book of Revelation. The island is un-
der Turkish rule, but is inhabited by
about 4,000 Greeks.

Patna, called also Azimabad, a city
of Bengal, 140 miles E. of Benares,
extends 9 miles along the Ganges and
2 miles back from the river ; tfee streets
are narrow and crooked, and the
houses mostly mean in appearance.
Patna, under its early name of Pa-
taliputra, is supposed to have been
founded about 600 B. c. It was visited
by Magesthenes, the Greek historian,
about 300 B. c., and called Palibothra
by him. In modern times Patna is
notable as the scene of a massacre of
British prisoners by Mir Kasim in
1763, which led to war and annexation
by the English, and for the mutiny at
Dinapur, the military station of Patna
in 1857. Patna ranks as the seventh
city of India in point of population.
Pop. 165,192.

Paton, John Gibson, a Scotch
missionary ; born in Kirkmahoe, Dum-
friesshire, Scotland, May 24, 1824. He
offered his services for the foreign mis-
sion field in connection with the Re-
formed Presbyterian Church,- and on
his ordination he settled toward the
end of 1858 among the cannibal natives
of Tanna. Here he labored amid trials
and difficulties till 1862, when he was
forced to leave, owing to the hostility



Faton

of the natives. For the next 20 years
bis work was on the neighboring island
of Aniwa, the whole population of
which became Christian. He died
Jan. 2, 1907.

Paton, Sir Joseph Noel, a Scotch
historical painter ; born in Dunferm-
line, Scotland, in 1821. He gained one
of three premiums at the Westminster
competition by his fresco of the
" Spirit of Religion," and a prize of
$1,500 by his paintings " Christ Bear-
ing the Cross," and " The Reconcilia-
tion of Oberon and Titania." He died
in Edinburgh, Dec. 26, 1901.

Patriarch, the father and ruler of
a family ; one who governs his family
or descendants by paternal right. The
term is usually applied to Abraham,
Isaac, Jacob, and his sons, or the
heads of families before the flood. In
Roman Catholic Church history, the
highest grade in the hierarchy of or-
dinary jurisdiction, the see of Rome
excepted.

Patrician, a Roman senator; a
person of noble birth ; a nobleman ; a
wealthy noble. The Roman patricians
consisted of about 300 houses, or clans,
who, descending from the first Roman
senators, constituted the aristocracy
of the city and territory. At first the
patricians monopolized all high offices
in the state, but after political con-
tests with the plebeians, lasting for
centuries, Licinius (365 B. c.) carried
his rogation, by which plebeians were
admitted to the consulate, and to the
custody of the Sibylline books.

Patrick, St., or Patricias, the
apostle or patron saint of Ireland ; said
to have been born near the site of Kil-
patrick, Scotland. His zeal prompted
him to cross the channel for the con-
version of the pagan Irish. His ar-
rival in Ireland took place probably be-
tween 440^460. His endeavors were
crowned with great success, and he es-
tablished there a number of schools
and monasteries. He died at an ad-
vanced age.

Patrol, or Patrole, a walking or
marching round of a guard in the
night to watch and observe what
passes, and to secure the peace and
eafety of a camp or other place.

Patron, in Roman history, one
who had manumitted a slave between



Patterson

whom and his manumissor a new re-
lation was created, the f reedman owing
his former master the obedience of a
son, and the patron assuming many of
the rights which the power of patron
conveyed.

Patron Saint. According to Ro-
man Catholic and Greek belief, the
saint under whose invocation coun-
tries, churches, religious houses or so-
cieties, or individuals are placed.




BADGE OP THE OEDEE OF ST. PATRICK,

Patrons of Husbandry. See

HUSBANDRY, PATRONS OF.

Patten, George 'Washington,

soldier and poet ; born in Newport, R.
I., Dec. 25, 1808: died in 1882. Edu-
cated at United States Military Acad-
emy, he served in the Mexican war.

Patterson, Joseph, an American
banker ; born near Norristown, Pa.,
Sept. 25, 1808. During the Civil War
through his influence the bankers of
the country made a loan of $50,000,-
000 in gold to Secretary Chase, and



Patterson

$100,000,000 more in the year follow-
ing. He died in Philadelphia, Pa.,
Sept. 25, 1887.

Patterson, Robert M., an Ameri-
can clergyman and author ; born in
Philadelphia, Pa., July 17, 1832; was
official reporter of the United States
Senate in 1850-1855; was graduated
at Princeton Theological Seminary in
1859 ; and pastor South Presbyterian
Church, Philadelphia, in 1867-1880.
He was a member of the Pan-Presby-
terian Councils in London in 1875,
Philadelphia, in 1880, and Belfast, Ire-
land, in 1884.

Patti, Adelina Maria Clorinda,
a popular operatic singer of Italian
extraction ; born in Madrid, Spain, in
1843. After a course of professional
study she sang at an early age in
New York. Her debut in London took
place in 1861, and she was ever after-
ward looked upon as one of the first
singers of the day. In 1868 she was
married to the Marquis de Caux, from
whom she was divorced in 1876. She
subsequently married M. Nicolini, and
appeared in the United States, South
America, and Mexico at various times.
M. Nicolini died in 1898. She mar-
ried Baron Rolf Cederstrom, Jan. 25,
1899, and made a tour of the United
States in the latter part of 1903. Her
residence is Craig y Nos Castle, Wales.

Patti, Carlotta, a popular Italian
concert singer and sister of Adelina
Patti ; born in Florence, Italy, in
1840 ; made her debut in New York in
1861, and in England in 1863. She
gave concerts throughout Europe and
America with great success. She was
married Sept. 3, 1879, to Ernest de
Munck, a violoncellist of Weimar, and
died in Paris, June 27, 1889.

Pattison, Thomas Harwood, an
American educator; born in Cornwall,
England, Dec. 14, 1838. For many
years he was Professor of Homiletics
and Pastoral Theology at Rochester
(N. Y.) Theological Seminary.