occasionally slightly obovoid, rounded and puberulous at the ends, dull orange-red,
marked by large pale dots, about \' in diameter; calyx broad, the lobes enlarged, coarsely
glandular-serrate, reflexed, often deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh thin; nutlets 5,
prominently ridged on the back with a high rounded ridge, \' long.
A tree, 18-20 high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, with thin dark brown or nearly black
bark separating freely into small plate-like scales, and often armed with thin much-
branched spines frequently 7 '-8' long, small erect branches forming a wide open head, and
branchlets coated when they first appear with hoary tomentum, dull red-brown, villose or
ROSACE^E 433
pubescent during their first season, and furnished with stout straight bright red-brown
shining spines l'-2' long.
Distribution. Low rich soil inundated during several weeks in winter, among Oaks
and Hickories; near Allenton, St. Louis County, Missouri.
37. Cratsegus pratensis Sarg.
Leaves oblong-obovate, acute or rounded at apex, gradually narrowed below from near
the middle to the cuneate entire base, sharply and often doubly serrate usually only above
the middle with straight or incurved teeth tipped early in the season with a minute dark
red caducous gland, and often more or less deeply divided toward the apex into short broad
acute lobes, when they unfold bright bronze-yellow or dark red, and covered with short
pale hairs, almost smooth and nearly fully grown when the flowers open at the end of May,
and at maturity glabrous, thick, dark green and lustrous above, pale below, l|'-2' long, and
I'-lf ' wide, with a thin midrib, and 4 or 5 pairs of primary veins extending obliquely toward
Fig. 389
the end of the leaf, and raised and prominent below; petioles slender, glabrous, usually
about \' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots often oval or broad-ovate, frequently
3' long and 2|' wide. Flowers \' in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in broad loose
many-flowered corymbs pubescent or puberulous at first but soon glabrous; calyx-tube
narrowly obconic, coated toward the base with long matted pale hairs, the lobes narrow,
acuminate, coarsely glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer surface, villose on the inner
surface; stamens 10; anthers small, rose color; styles 2 or 3, surrounded at base by a narrow
ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening early in October and remaining on the branches
until November, on elongated pedicels, in loose drooping many-fruited clusters, globose,
bright scarlet, slightly pruinose, marked by occasional large pale dots, about \' in diameter;
calyx prominent, with much enlarged coarsely glandular-serrate lobes often deciduous be-
fore the fruit becomes entirely ripe; flesh thin and yellow; nutlets 2 or 3, thick and broad,
about j' long.
A tree, occasionally 20 high, with a tall trunk 3'-7' in diameter, often armed with long
slender much-branched ashy gray spines, spreading branches forming a round-topped sym-
metrical head, and branchlets occasionally slightly villose when they first appear, soon
glabrous, light orange-brown in their first season, and reddish or grayish brown the follow-
ing year, and furnished with numerous thin straight or slightly curved shining chestnut-
brown spines 2'-3' long.
Distribution. Open woods near the banks of small streams in the prairie region of Stark
and Peoria Counties, Illinois.
434
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
III. ^STTVALES.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Leaves glabrous with the exception of small axillary tufts of pale hairs on the lower sur-
face, oblong-obovate; stamens 15-20; anthers pink or pale rose color.
38. C. aestivalis (C) .
Leaves hoary -tomentose below early in the season, becoming villose with rufous hairs most
abundant on the midrib and veins; stamens 20; anthers deep rose color.
Leaves oblong-obovate, acute or broad and rounded at apex, often slightly lobed
above the middle, lustrous above; pedicels villose-pubescent. 39. C. rufula (C).
Leaves elliptic to oblong-cuneiform, narrowed at apex, dull above; pedicels glabrous.
40. C. opaca (C).
38. Crataegus aestivalis Sarg. May Haw. Apple Haw.
Mespilus oestivalis Walt.
Leaves oblong-obovate, rounded or acute at apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate at
base, glabrous with the exception of small axillary tufts of pale hairs, and coarsely crenately
serrate above the middle with gland-tipped teeth, beginning to unfold as the flowers open the
Fig. 390
middle of March, and when the fruit ripens at the end of May thin, dark green and lustrous
above, yellow-green below, l^'-2' long, and i'-f ' wide, with a slender yellow midrib and ob-
scure primary veins; petioles slender, narrow 7 wing-margined to below the middle, rarely fur-
nished with occasional deciduous glands, about |' in length; leaves at the ends of vigorous
shoots elliptic to oblong-obovate, acute and usually abruptly short-pointed at apex, con-
cave-cuneate at base, often lobed with one or two lateral lobes. Flowers f ' in diameter,
on pedicels about \' long, in compact 2 or 3-flowered corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconie,
glabrous, the lobes gradually narrowed from a broad base, short, entire, without glands,
acute or acuminate and often red at apex, persistent and red on the fruit; stamens 15-20:
anthers large, pink or pale rose color; styles usually 3. Fruit on a short slender erect
pedicel, about ^' long, usually solitary, short-oblong, scarlet, lustrous, about \' in length,
the calyx persistent with erect lobes; flesh yellow, juicy, acidulous; nutlets usually 3, acute
at ends, rounded and slightly ridged on the back, \ r long.
UOSACE/E
435
A slender tree, 20-iJ.5 high, with a tajl stem 6'-8' in diameter, covered with pale flaky
bark, erect or slightly spreading branches forming a narrow head, and slender straight or
slightly zigzag branchlets chestnut-brown and lustrous during their first season, and dull
gray-brown the following year, and armed with stout straight gray spines |'-lf in length.
Distribution. Low river banks, the borders of swamps and in depressions filled with
water during most of the year; banks of the Ogeechee River near Meldrim, Effingham
County, and near Valdosta, Lowndes County, Georgia; swamp of the Combahee River near
Yemassee, Hampton County, and near Aiken, Aiken County, South Carolina; pond holes
eight or nine miles west of Newbern, Craven County, North Carolina; passing into var.
maloides Sarg. with young leaves tinged with red and villose along the upper side of the
midrib, those at the end of vigorous shoots sometimes broad-obovate, rounded and divided
at apex into 3 short rounded lobes, longer acuminate calyx-lobes and dark red anthers.
Wet prairies, Volusia County, Florida; and into var. cerasoides Sarg. differing in the
presence of short white hairs on the upper surface of the young leaves, in the longer acumin-
ate calyx-lobes slightly villose on the inner surface and often minutely serrate near the
middle, in the dark rose-colored anthers, and the late ripening fruit up to \' in diameter, on
drooping pedicels often \' in length. An arborescent shrub with a round-topped head
30-40 across, numerous large erect and spreading stems often 30 high, covered with
smooth pale bark separating into thin plate-like scales, in falling disclosing the dull red in-
ner bark, and slender nearly straight glabrous branchlets armed with straight slender spines
\'-\\' in length. Fruit ripening late in July and in August. Low, wet, often inundated
prairies near Sewall, Valusia County, Bradfordville, Leon County, Jasper, Hamilton
County, and Quincy, Gadsden County, Florida. A form of this variety growing in
Valusia County (f. luculenta Sarg.) differs in the more numerous hairs on the upper
surface of the young leaves, in the rather smaller flowers, smaller and less juicy fruit ripen-
ing at the end of June or early in July, and in its often arborescent habit.
39. Crataegus rufula Sarg.
Cratoegus cestivalis Torr. & Gray in part, not Mespilus cestivalis Walt.
Leaves oblong-obovate, acute or rounded at apex, gradually narrowed, cuneate and
entire at base, finely crenately glandular-serrate, and often slightly lobed above the middle;
Fig. 391
with short rounded lobes, covered above with soft pale hairs and whitish tomentose below
when they unfold, and at maturity thick, dark green, lustrous and glabrous or slightly
436 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
pubescent along the midrib on the upper surface, rufous-pubescent especially on the midrib
and veins on the lower surface, 1%'-%' long, and t'-lf' wide, rarely not more than 1' long
and I' wide; petioles slender, villose-pubescent with rufous hairs, occasionally glandular,
j'-|' in length; leaves at the ends of vigorous shoots oblong-obovate, rounded and short-
pointed to elliptic and acuminate, laterally lobed, or deeply 3-lobed at apex, often 2|'
long and 1^' wide. Flowers appearing from the 10th to the end of March, f '-!' in diam-
eter, in mostly 3-5-flowered clusters, on villose-pubescent pedicels about -$' in length;
calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous or villose-pubescent sometimes in the same cluster,
the lobes gradually narrowed from a broad base, acuminate, entire or slightly glandular-
serrate nearly to apex, glabrous or slightly pubescent on the outer surface; stamens 20;
anthers dark rose color; styles 3-5, surrounded at base by a ring of white tomentum.
Fruit ripening at the end of May, often solitary on glabrous erect pedicels \'-\' long, sub-
globose, scarlet, lustrous, about \' in diameter, the calyx persistent with erect lobes;
nutlets only slightly grooved on the back, about I' long.
A tree, sometimes 30 high, with a tall trunk 8'-10' in diameter, covered with rough
deeply furrowed dark bark, paler and less deeply furrowed on smaller and younger stems,
stout ascending and spreading branches forming a broad round-topped head, and slender
slightly zigzag branchlets covered when they first appear with pale tomentum, glabrous or
rusty tomentose until the early summer, becoming chestnut-brown, lustrous and glabrous
before autumn and dull gray in their second year, and unarmed or armed with slender or
stout straight spines ^'-1|' in length.
Distribution. Depressions filled with water except at midsummer, sandy borders of
ponds and streams and low wet prairies, Cottondale and Round Lake, Jackson County,
and Quincy, Gadsden County, Florida; near Bainbridge, Decatur County, and Albany,
Dougherty County, Georgia; near Dothan, Houston County, Alabama; pond holes along
the Neuse River near Goldsboro, Wayne County, North Carolina.
40. Crataegus opaca Hook.
Cratoegus cestivalis Torr. & Gray in part, not Mespilus cestivalis Walt.
Leaves elliptic to oblong-cuniform, gradually narrowed and acute or bluntly pointed
at apex, cuneate at the often glandular base, finely crenately serrate above the middle with
Fig. 392
minute glandular teeth, pilose above and hoary-tomentose below when they unfold, and
at maturity dull dark green and glabrous or slightly hairy on the midrib on the upper sur-
face, pubescent on the lower surface with rusty brown hairs most abundant on the midrib
ROSACES 437
and veins, 2'-2-' long, and |'-1' wide; petioles slender, villose-pubescent, about in length;
leaves at the end of vigorous shoots elliptic to oblong-ovate, often irregularly laterally
lobed, and 2|'-3' long and wide. Flowers appearing in February and March before or
with the unfolding of the leaves, 1' in diameter, on glabrous pedicels \' long, in 3-5-flowered
corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes narrowed from a wide base,
short, nearly triangular, acute and tipped at apex with a conspicuous gland, entire or
minutely serrate, glabrous, often deeply tinged with red; stamens 20; anthers large, deep
rose color; styles 3-5, surrounded at base by a broad ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripen-
ing early in May, in usually 2-3-fruited clusters, depressed-globose, scarlet, lustrous,
dotted with pale spots, \'-\' in diameter, with a small narrow cavity surrounded by the
erect calyx-lobes; nutlets 3-5, rounded at the ends, rounded and slightly grooved on the
back, 4' long.
A tree, 20-30 high, with a tall stem occasionally 1 in diameter, covered with deeply
fissured bark, divided into dark red-brown persistent scales, slender mostly erect branches
forming a narrow round-topped head, and slender branchlets villose-pubescent when they
first appear, soon glabrous, lustrous and bright chestnut-brown during their first season,
becoming dull gray in their second year, and armed with stout straight chestnut-brown
spines f'-l' in length, or more often unarmed; occasionally with several stems forming a
large shrub.
Distribution. In deep depressions filled with water for most of the year, low river
banks and borders of swamps; near Mt. Vernon, Mobile County, and near Selma, Dallas
County, Alabama; southern Mississippi (Meridian, Lauderdale County, and Hattiesburg,
Forest County); eastern Louisiana; sometimes in St. Tammany Parish covering large
tracts almost to the exclusion of other plants; western Louisiana from the coast to nearly
the northern border of the state, and eastern Texas to the valley of the Trinity River;
rare and local east of the Mississippi River; common westward. The fruit is largely used
in making preserves and jellies.
IV. VIRIDES.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Stamens 20.
Fruit not exceeding \' in diameter.
Anthers pale yellow.
Corymbs, branchlets and leaves glabrous.
Bark of the trunk pale gray, close and smooth.
Leaves ovate to oblong-obovate, acute or acuminate, rarely rounded at apex;
fruit depressed-globose, bright scarlet or orange. 41. C. viridis (A, C).
Leaves ovate, acute, often broadly cuneate at base; fruit subglobose, orange-
red. 42. C. ovata (A).
Leaves oval or ovate, acute, rounded or broadly cuneate at base; fruit globose,
yellow-green flushed with red. 43. C. vulsa (C).
Bark of the trunk dark brown or nearly black; leaves subcoriaceous.
Leaves oblong-ovate to semiorbicular, acute, often short-pointed or rarely
rounded at apex; fruit short-oblong to obovoid or globose, dull orange
color. 44. C. glabriuscula.
Leaves oval to rhombic, acute or acuminate; fruit subglobose to short-oblong,
bright orange-red. 45. C. blanda (C).
Corymbs and branchlets villose-pubescent; leaves ovate or obovate, acute or
rounded at apex; fruit subglobose, orange-red. 46. C. velutina (C).
Anthers deep rose color; leaves elliptic to oblong-ovate, acute, acuminate or rarely
rounded at apex; fruit globose or subglobose, orange-red. 47. C. arborescens (C).
Fruit |'-f' in diameter.
438 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Anthers yellow.
Leaves cuneate at base; calyx-tube glabrous.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong-obovate, acuminate; fruit short-oblong, dull brick
red covered with a glaucous bloom. 48. C. nitida (A).
Leaves obovate to oval or rhombic, acute or rarely rounded at apex; fruit subglo-
bose to short-oblong, dark crimson. 49. C. mitis (A).
Leaves, broad and rounded at base, ovate, acute; calyx-tube villose; fruit subglo-
bose to short-oblong, dark red. 50. C. atrorubens (A).
Anthers rose color; corymbs villose; fruit red.
Leaves obovate, oval or ovate, acute, scabrate above; fruit globose to subglobose,
anthers deep rose color. 51. C. ingens (C).
Leaves broadly obovate, oval or ovate, acute or acuminate, smooth above; fruit
globose or depressed-globose; anthers pale rose color. 52. C. penita (C).
Stamens usually 10; occasionally 12-20; anthers bright red; leaves oblong-obovate to oval,
usually acute or acuminate; fruit subglobose to short-oblong, bright orange-red.
53. C. micracantha (C).
41. Crataegus viridis L.
Cratasgus Davisii Sarg.
Leaves ovate to oblong-obovate or oval, acute or acuminate or rarely rounded at apex,
gradually narrowed to the cuneate base, finely serrate above with incurved glandular
Fig. 393
teeth, and sometimes slightly 3-lobed toward the apex, tinged with red and slightly hairy
above when they unfold, nearly fully grown w r hen the flowers open in April and May, and
at maturity membranaceous to subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper sur-
face, paler on the lower surface, with large axillary tufts of pale hairs, l'-2' long, and
2'-!' wide, with a thick midrib and conspicuous primary veins; often turning brilliant
scarlet late in the autumn before falling; petioles slender, I'-l?' in length; leaves at the
end of vigorous shoots often deeply laterally lobed with narrow acuminate lobes, and 2f '-4'
long, and l'-2' wide. Flowers f ' in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in many-flowered
corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes lanceolate, entire; stamens 20;
anthers pale yellow; styles 2-5, usually 5, surrounded at base by conspicuous tufts of pale
hairs. Fruit ripening in the autumn and mostly persistent on the branches through the
winter, on long slender pedicels, in drooping many-fruited clusters, depressed-globose,
bright scarlet or orange, $'-J' in diameter; calyx little enlarged, the lobes often deciduous
ROSACES 439
from the ripe fruit; nutlets usually 5, narrowed and rounded at the ends, rounded and
slightly grooved or ridged on the back, T V~i' l n g-
A tree, 20-35 high, with a straight often fluted trunk 8-12 tall, and 18'-20' in diam-
eter, covered with close gray or pale orange-colored bark, small branches forming a round
rather compact head, and slender glabrous branchlets ashy gray to light red-brown in their
first winter, and unarmed or occasionally armed with slender sharp pale spines f '-1' long.
Distribution. On the often inundated borders of streams and swamps, rarely in drier
ground on low slopes; southeastern Virginia (banks of the Blackwater River near Zuni,
Isle of Wight County), North Carolina (Salisbury, Rowan County), South Carolina (near
Aiken, Aiken County), eastern Georgia (near Augusta, Richmond County, and Macon,
Bibb County), western Florida (River Junction, Gadsden County, and Tallahassee, Leon
County to the swamps of the lower Apalachicola River), and westward through central
and southern Alabama, southern Mississippi, and Louisiana to the valley of the San
Antonio River (Sutherland Springs, Wilson County), Texas, and to central and western
Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma and southeastern Missouri (Butler County), and northward
in the region adjacent to the Mississippi River from Louisiana to northeastern Missouri,
and to Pike County, Illinois, ranging eastward in Mississippi to Tishomingo County in the
northeastern corner of the state, to northwestern Georgia, southeastern Tennessee, and to
Richland County, Illinois; rare and local in the Atlantic and east Gulf states; common
and often forming great thickets in western Louisiana, the coast region of eastern Texas,
southern Arkansas, and in the region adjacent to the Mississippi River.
42. Crataegus ovata Sarg.
Leaves ovate, acute, broadly or acutely concave-cuneate at the entire base, coarsely
often doubly serrate above with glandular teeth, and occasionally slightly divided into
Fig. 394
short lateral lobes, nearly fully grown when the flowers open early in May and then dark
green, very smooth and glabrous above with the exception of a few short scattered hairs
near the base of the midrib, paler below, with small persistent axillary tufts of white hairs,
and at maturity membranaceous, 2'-2f ' long, and If '-2' wide, with a slender yellow midrib
and primary veins; petioles slender, rose-colored in the autumn, about f ' in length; leaves
at the end of vigorous shoots rounded or truncate at the broad base, coarsely serrate, and
sometimes 3' long and wide. Flowers about \' in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in
broad loose many-flowered corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes
broad acute, entire or coarsely glandular-serrate toward the apex, glabrous; styles 5.
440 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Fruit ripening in October, on elongated pedicels, in long drooping clusters, subglobose or
a little longer than broad, orange-red, I' jV l n g' calyx enlarged, with elongated closely
appressed lobes sometimes deciduous from the ripe fruit; nutlets 5, acute at the ends,
rounded or slightly ridged on the back, about fa' long.
A tree, 25-30 high, with a tall trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, covered with smooth
gray bark, slender glabrous branchlets light reddish brown and lustrous during their first
year, becoming grayish brown in their second season, and unarmed or armed with occa-
sional dark purple slender slightly curved shining spines 1' long.
Distribution. Low moist soil on the banks of the River Desperes, South St. Louis, St.
Louis County, and near Alba, Jasper County, Missouri.
43. Crataegus vulsa Beadl.
Leaves oval or ovate, acute, broad and rounded or broad-cuneate at the entire base,
irregularly and often doubly serrate above with straight or incurved gland-tipped teeth,
and often divided into several short acute lateral lobes, w r hen they unfold dark bronze-red,
and pilose with scattered caducous hairs, and furnished below with tufts of pale often per-
Fig. 395
sistent hairs in the axils of the principal veins, nearly fully grown when the flowers open
late in April, and at maturity thin, bright green on the upper surface, paler on the lower
surface, about 2' long and 1^' wide, with a slender midrib and 4 or 5 pairs of thin pale yello\*
primary veins; turning in the autumn yellow or brown; petioles slender, somewhat villosc
at first, soon becoming glabrous, about f in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots
broadly ovate, acute or acuminate, broad and rounded or occasionally truncate or broadly
cuneate at base, more coarsely serrate and more deeply lobed, often 3' long and 2|' wide,
with a stout winged glandular petiole. Flowers f ' in diameter, on slender pedicels, ii
compact 3-10-flowered corymbs, with linear acuminate glandular red bracts and bractlets
calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes gradually narrowed from a broad base,
acuminate, entire or occasionally obscurely serrate toward the apex, glabrous; stamens
20; anthers pale yellow; styles 3-5, surrounded at base by a thin ring of pale hairs. Frail
ripening at the end of September or early in October, on slender pedicels, in few-fruited
drooping clusters, globose, yellow-green flushed with red, $' in diameter; calyx prominent,
with closely appressed lobes; flesh yellow-green; nutlets 3-5, thin, rounded, sometimes
slightly ridged and grooved on the back, about fa' long.
A tree, occasionally 20 high, with a tall trunk 5 '-6' in diameter, covered with thin
fissured bark separating into light gray scales tinged with brown, and often armed with
long compound spines, ascending or spreading branches forming an oval usually compact
ROSACE^E
441
symmetrical head, and slender nearly straight glabrous chestnut-brown branchlets be-
coming gray, and armed with thin nearly straight bright chestnut-brown shining spines
l'-lf long; sometimes a shrub, with numerous stems.
Distribution. Rich moist soil in the neighborhood of streams; northwestern Georgia
and northeastern Alabama.
44. Crataegus glabriuscula Sarg.
Leaves oblong-ovate to semiorbicular, acute or often short-pointed or rarely rounded
at apex, gradually narrowed from below the middle to the slender entire base, coarsely
and often doubly serrate usually only above the middle with broad straight gland-tipped
teeth, and sometimes divided toward the apex into 2 or 3 short acute lobes, nearly fully
grown when the flowers open the 1st of April, and then membranaceous and slightly pilose
above with scattered hairs most abundant along the base of the midrib, and at maturity
subcoriaceous, hard and firm, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale on the
lower surface, 1^-2' long, and f'-l' wide, with a thin light yellow midrib, and primary
Fig. 396
veins extending obliquely toward the end of the leaf, conspicuous secondary veins and reti 1
culate veinlets; petioles slender, wing-margined, |' in length; leaves at the end of vigorous
shoots often ovate, broadly cuneate at base, much more coarsely serrate, more frequently
lobed, 2'-2|' long and wide. Flowers about \' in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in
few-flowered rather compact corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes
short, gradually narrowed from a broad base, entire, villose on the inner surface; stamens
20, anthers nearly white; styles 5. Fruit ripening in September and often persistent until
late into the winter, on long slender pedicels, in compact many-fruited drooping clusters,