There are two specimens of this species, labelled " Indrulaman,.
October, 1895 ; A. Everett," in Col. Bingham's collection. Both
sexes are represented in the collections at Oxford and Genoa ; the
male in the former has weak alar infumescence, and the female in
the latter was captured by L. Fea at Bbamo in Burma, during
August, 1885. Mr. Green has just sent me a fine female taken
on a window-pane in a house at Peradeniya in Ceylon, late in
1909. I have seen both sexes from Mysol, and am satisfied that
the present species is Phnpla insidiator, Smith, from the same
island, though slightly different in its paler coloration. The species
also occurs from Celebes to Queensland.
54. Echthromorpha notnlatoria, F.
Cryptus notulatorius, Fabricius, Piez. 1804, p. 77.
Pimpla continua, Bralle", Hist. Nat. Jns. Hyiu. iv, 1846, p. 92 ( $> ).
Chnisopimpla oniatijxs, Cameron,* Manch. Mem. 1899, p. 18fr
(6 2)
Echthromorpha Iteca, Cameron,* Jour. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 1903 r
p. 135 (cf).
Echthromorpha orrwtipes, Cameron, Spol. Zevl. 1905, pi. B",
Echthromorpha notulatoria var. immaculiita, Morley, Rev. Ichu.
Brit. Mus. ii, 1913, p. 46 ( rf ).
Very similar to the preceding, but with the black markings
much "more profuse. Head very narrow behind the prominent
eyes ; flavous, with the concave and bordered occiput centrally,
the centre of the carinate frons, and usually the ocellar region,
alcne black ; face shallowly and distinctly punctate, quadrate and
parallel-sided, obsoletely pilose and somewhat nitidulous ; clypeus
very large and hardly shorter than the face, basally and apically
truncate, surmounted by the prominent and broadly rounded
labrum ; mandibles sinuate above and apically somewhat infuscate ;
cheeks fully as long as the basal breadth of the mandibles, eyes
somewhat deeply emarginate next the scrobes. Antenna filiform r
slender and as long as the body ; black, with the base and extreme
apex pale, and the basal flagellar joints elongate and apically
subnodulose ; scape very deeply excised externally. Thora.r
mainly black ; the prothorax, two elongate vittae on the meso-
notum, a large callosity beneath and a small one before the radix,
a large specular mark and a dot above the intermediate coxa>,
bright flavous ; inetathorax often flavous laterally, but usually
subrufescent, with the spiracles and a line between" them and the
base black; metanotum (except centrally) evenly punctate and
flavous-pilose ; spiracles elongate and very large. Abdomen
ECHTHIICXMOHPHA. 101
parallel-sided, evenly and distinctly punctate, black, with the
apices of all the segments bright flavous, glabrous and elevated ;
the basal segment glabrous throughout, constricted before its base
and not deeply canaliculate ; basal angles of the following black
and obliquely incised ; seventh and eighth segments entirely
castaneous and the latter discally emarginate ; terebra half the
length of the abdomen, stout, with the black valvulfe internally
setiferous. Legs stout and fulvous, with the strongly curved
claws blackish, but not basally lobate ; anterior legs entirely
flavous ; the hind coxao and trochanters concolorous, the latter
always with their under and external surfaces, and a more or less
broad streak above, deep black ; hind femora not impressed above.
\Vinys exactly as in the preceding species, but with the costa and
stigma usually castaneous.
Length 718 millim.
This species is so very closely allied to the last-described, that
I for long hesitated to accord it specific rank ; but, in the sixty-
seven species 1 have examined, all have the hind coxa? distinctly
black-marked and the abdomen deep black with only the apical
margins of the segments pale, whereas in the former the abdomen
is mainly rufescent or at most brunneous, with very indefinite
bands, and the coxae immaculate.
The male of this species is remarkable for the very nodose base
and apex of the flagellar joints ; its hind femora are occasionally,
and the hind tarsi always, blackish, and the thoracic black markings
are, perhaps, a little less profuse than are those of the female.
The size of both sexes is extremely variable.
No doubt can remain respecting the synonymy of Cameron's
two species ; the types of both are in the British Museum, and
I have carefully examined them : the wonder is that one man
could have twice described so distinct an insect. I have seen
another large female, labelled " type " of Chrysopimpla ornatipes
by Cameron also, in the Oxford Museum.
I have seen two males, which differ in no way from E. notu-
laioria excepting in the total lack of all alar inf umescence. These
appear worthy of a varietal (possibly specific) name, and I have
proposed to term them var. immaculata. E. maculipes, Cam.
{Journ. Str. Brch. E. Asiatic Soc. 1905, p. 121), from Borneo,
the type of which I have seen in the British Museum, differs
only in its somewhat more elongately petiolate areolet, and should
be included among the synonyms of the present species.
This is one of the most abundant of Indian PIMPLIN.E, at least
in the central and southern districts, though the late Col. C. T.
Bingham captured but two females, both at Sikkim, between April
and June 1900. Our earliest record is represented by a female
in the British Museum, taken by Capt. Laing in October 1867
in Oudh, in Northern India. Cameron's species was first described
from the Khasi Hills of Assam, and I have seen the type of both
sexes in the British Museum, where are several other examples
from the same locality. In the Pusa collection is a very long
102 ICHXEUMOXIDJE.
series of both sexes from Samalkota in Madras, Buxa Dunrs,.
Pusa, Samastipur and Chapra in Bengal, and from Poona in
Bombay, taken by Mackenzie, D. Nowrojee, G. E. Dutt and
others, in and upon wild and cultivated grasses, on weeds, in
fields and forests, on oats, lucerne, and in May on flowers, often
while flying, during January, February, March, April, May, June,
August and October. It lias also been found at Peradeniya, in
Ceylon (cf. Spolia Zeylanica, iii, pt. 10, p. 135), by Mr. Ernest
Green, who has kindly sent me females from Kaudy in April and
May, and both sexes from Maskeliya in January. There are
several old specimens from Bombay and Ceylon in the Oxford
Museum. Mr. "Wick war took males at Kandy in September
1909, and Colombo, Ceylon, in April 1908. It is evidently
common at Calcutta, to judge from the number in the Museum
there, which also contains examples from Bangalore, captured in
early September; from Mergui in Lower Burma (W. Dolierty}-.
and from Aijal in the Lushai Hills of Assam (E. C. Macleod) at
an altitude of 3000 feet, in June 1904. The typical male of
Cameron's E. Icfva was found at Kuchiug, in Borneo, on 30th
January 1902; I fail to follow his reference of it (loc. cit.) to-
Singapore, where it was, however, found commonly by Mr. H. N,
Kidley in 1895 and 1904.
55. Echthromorpha pershnilis, Cam.
Chrysopimpla perswiilis, Cameron, Manch. Mem. 1899, p. 188 (cO-
"Head shining, impunctate ; the front broadly, the ocellar
region, the vertex and occiput, except at the sides, black ;.
mandibular teeth black. Antennae slightly longer than the body ;
the scape yellow ; the base and apex of the flagellum more or less
brownish. Thorax shining, impunctate, except behind the meta-
thoracic spiracles, where it is rough and irregularly punctured r
and the extreme apex of the mesopleura?, which is creuulated ;
on the mesonotum are two lines, dilated at the base, narrowed
towards the apex, running from the base [sic] to the scutellum ;
the scutellum, postscutellum, the base of the propleune, a large
mark on the mesopleura?, broad at the base and continued narrowly
there to the sternum, and irregularly rounded behind, and the
metapleurae, except the base and a line running obliquely to the
spiracles, yellow. The median segment [metathorax] is yellow,
except for a broad hourglass-shaped mark, down the centre. The
petiole is smooth and shining, impunctate; the apex broadly
yellow ; the black at the apex and sides running into rufous ; the
other segments are closely and rather strongly punctured, except
on the yellow apices ; the depressions are not very strongly
impressed, the apical segments entirely fulvous rufous ; the ventral
surface yellowish. Legs fulvous; the four front' cox and tro-
chanter?, and the hinder, except the base broadly behind, inside
and out, nd a mark, gradually dilated from the base to the apex
in the middle, black ; the hinder tarsi fuscous. Wings hyaline-
ECHTJIROMORPHA. 103
except for a fuscous violaceous cloud in the apex of the radial aud
the top of the cubital cellules ; the areolet oblique ; the transverse
cubital nervnres imite at the top, but do not form a petiole ;
the recurrent nervure is received shortly before the middle of the
cellule.
"Length 9 millim.
" This species looks like a small form of the preceding (P. [sic~]
ornatipes), with which it agrees closely in general coloration ; but
it is, I believe, quite distinct. Apart from the size, it differs in
having the thorax quite smooth, without any punctures ; the
areoiet is not petiolated ; the abdominal depressions are very
indistinct ; the hinder coxae not black marked with yellow, but
yellow and fulvous marked with black above and at the side."
I quote Cameron's description of this species, which I do not
know, if the thorax is really impunctate. Though the depth of
the thoracic punctation is always proportionately diminished in
smaller specimens of Echthromorpha, I have seen none quite
glabrous. His other distinctions are, of course, prone to some
variability throughout the ICHNEUMON ID M. Mr. T. Bainbrigge
Fletcher has given me a J , with punct uration only at the base
of the metanotum, captured at Madulsima, in Ceylon, on 22nd
May 1908.
ASSAM : Khasi Hills (Eotlmey}.
Type in the Oxford Museum.
56. Echthromorpha intricatoria, F.
Cri/ptitsintric(ttomts,~FiibYici\is ) Piez. 1804, p. 77 ($) ; Trentepohl.
Isis, 1829, p. 847 ($).
Ichneumon intricatorius, Thunberg, Mem. Ac. Sc. St. Petersb. 1822,
p. 278; id., op. cit. 1824, p. 356.
Pimpla excavata, Guillen, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1841, p. 302 ;
id., Rev. Zool. 1841, p. 322 ( $ ).
Pimpla intricator, Erichson, Arch. Naturg. viii, 1841, p. 254.
Pimpla intricatoria, Brullri, Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym. iv, p. 90 (tf 9).
Echthromorpha intricutoria, Krieger, Sitz. Nat. Ges. Leipzig, 1899,
p.69(rf$).
cJ 9 A black species with only small, well-defined, bright
flavous markings and red legs. Head black, with the outer and
frontal orbits narrowly, the whole face and mouth in $ red and
in d 1 flavescent; frons strongly concave. Antennae longer than
the body, fulvous, with the flagellum (except basally) black above ;
joints apically nodose. Thorax black, with small and bright
iflavous dots on either side before the radices, in the centre and at
the apex of the mesopleurse, above the coxal areae, and on the
very distinct but obtuse apophyses ; metathorax with no arese,
somewhat strongly trans-strigose throughout to near the glabrous
apex ; spiracles large and elongate. ScuteUum and postscutellum
convex, the former sparsely punctate, the latter glabrous and
entirely flavous ; scutellar carinse centrally concolorous. Abdomen
black and not strongly nitidulous, with a somewhat small and
104 ICIINEUMONID.i:.
circular flavous dot in the apical angles of the six basal segments ;
first segment nearly twice as long as apically broad, glabrous and
shallowly sulcate to near its apex, with the prominent spiracles a
little before its centre ; second subquadrate and tlie following
transverse; terebra stout and slightly longer than half the
abdomen. Leys clear red, with the posterior coxse and trochanters
entirely, and the hind tarsi apically, black. Winys as in the
preceding species.
Lenyth 10-25 millhn.
The great variation in size is remarkable, and individuals of the
above variable dimensions, together with intermediate gradations,
are represented in the British Museum.
I have drawn the above description of this abundantly distinct
species from a single male in the collection of the Oxford University
Museum, which is simply labelled " India." Excepting its lack of
a distinct petiolar metathoracic area, it might be placed in Allo-
thtronia, Ashm. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1900, p. 57) ; but if such
were the case, I should have no hesitation in synonvmising that
genus with Echthromorplia, from which its author so inadequately
distinguishes it.
This is a common species throughout the Australasian region,
well known from both Australia and Tasmania; there are
examples in the British Museum collection from Queensland,
New South Wales (Sydney, &c.), Victoria, King Island, Tasmania
(Hobart, &c.), and a single female "bred from larva of large
Bombyx"; this is the first intimation we have had respecting its
hosts, and its detection in India which certainly needs con-
firmation extends its known distribution some thousands of
miles.
Genus HABROPIMPLA, Cam.
Habrojritnpla, Cameron, Mauch. Mem. 1900, p. 97.
GENOTYPE, H. Mineata, Cam.
Head broader than long ; clypeus glabrous and impunctate,
basally discrete and apically obliquely depressed ; eyes slightly
emarginate internally ; mandibles bidentate, with the teeth of
equal length. Apical flagellar joints subdilated apically. Meso-
rotum nitidulous, with the notauli obsolete ; metanotum glabrous,
with neither area? nor carinae, its disc transversely strigose ; meta-
pleurae aciculate and apically stoutly carinate ; spiracles large and
linear, of equal breadth throughout, rounded at both extremities,
and situated but slightly before the centre. Scutellum subde-
planate, longer than broad, and subconstricted apically, glabrous,
with the deeply discreted postscutellum impunctate. Abdomen
smooth, nitidulous and subimpunctate ; central segments obliquely
impressed laterally; the first basally impressed and tuberculat'e
above the spiracles beyond the centre ; gastrocoali of the second
oblique, narrow, glabrous, and extending slightly beyond the
II AB II OP I M PL A. 105
spiracles. Legs stout, normal, and as in Pimpla. Areolet oblique,
sessile or subpetiolate ; radius distinctly reflexed basally ; wings
hyaline.
Range. Assam.
" This genus comes near to CUrysopimpla, not only in the
presence of the yellowish colour, but in the form of the areolet
and in the curved apex of the radius : but differs from it in the
face not being so elongated ; in the much shorter clypeus, which
is obliquely depressed at the apex ; in the eyes being more distant
from the base of the mandibles ; in the spiracles being placed
more behind the middle of the petiole ; in the hinder tarsi being
more slender and longer compared with the tibiae ; and in there
being no cloud at the apex of the fore wings." (Cameron, loc. cit.)
It differs from Exeristes, Forst., in the linear metathoracic
spiracles, &c. ; no $ is yet known.
57. Habropimpla bilineata, Cam.
Habropimpla bilineata, Cameron,* Mancli. Mem, 1900, p. 97 (<5).
A black species, with the scape, scutellum, metanotal stripes,
and most of the legs stramineous. Head black, with the supra-
clypeal foveae, the clypeus, except centrally, and the palpi, flavous ;
mandibles immaculate and palpi white-pilose ; face rugosely
punctate and centrally subcarinate ; frons and vertex glabrous ;
ocelli circumcanaliculate. Antennae, black, with the nagellum
pubescent and basally brunneous beneath ; scape punctate, flavous
beneath and apically pale-pilose. Thorax black, with the radices,
a line on the apex of the pronotum, and internally apically di-
lated lines on either side o
the metanotum, sulphureous ;
mesonotum smooth, shining,
with dense inf uscate pubesence ;
metanotum centrally impressed
at the base, smooth and laterally
subrugulose, with the petiolar
region glabrous and nitidulous ;
pro- and meso-pleurae impunc-
tate and glabrous, with their
apices crenulate. Scutelluw
sparsely and postscutellum
Fig. 93. densely infuscate-pilose. the
Habropimpla bilineata, Cam. latter with its lateral impres-
sions broad, smooth and shallow.
Abdomen black, with the three basal segments laterally broadly
and apically narrowly, sulphureous ; the fourth and fifth laterally
at the apex, and the former with the whole apex narrowly,
sulphureous ; remainder of the second to fourth segments flavidous;
three basal segments superficially punctate, the third basally
106
broadly and obliquely impressed. Leys: anterior pairs uniformly
stramineous throughout; hind pair black, with the coxa? broadly
centrally above, the trochanters (except at their apices), the
femora above, and the tibia? very broadly in the centre, flavous.
Winys fulvo-hyaline, with the nervures and stigma black.
Length 14 millim.
ASSAM : Khasi Hills (Rotlmey).
Type in the British Museum ; both antennae are broken, and
the apex of the abdomen is entirely destroyed.
The extent of the black markings on the legs is variable,
especially in the case of the femora.
Genus LISSOPIMPLA, Kritch.
Lissopitnpla, Kriechbaumer, Ent. Naclir. 1889, p. 309.
Xenopimpla, Cameron, Manch. Mem. 1898, p. 28. (Type, Rhyssa
semipunctata, Kirby).
GENOTYPE, L. octorjuttata, Kriech.
Face longitudinally subtricarinate ; eyes distinctly emarginate
internally ; clypeus apically broadly rounded and of normal length ;
labrum exserted ; mandibular teeth very small. Antennae slender
filiform and often pale-banded. Mesonotum not transversely
strigose ; notauli deeply impressed and discally coalescent ; meta-
thoracic areola wanting, but petiolar area distinct ; apophyses
very large ; spiracles large and linear. Abdomen impunctate and
entirely glabrous ; segments obliquely incised basally, with the
second of $ not longer than broad ; terebra shorter than body :
venter strongly plicate. Front tibiae a little inflated ; hind femora
dentate beneath before their apices ; claws stout and simple.
Areolet entire and emitting the recurrent nervure beyond its
centre ; nervellus emitted from junction of first recurrent with
the basally entire median nervure of hind wing.
Range. Five species of this very distinct genus have been
described, all from the Australasian region ; and 1 am glad to be
able to assign to its correct genus another from so much further
north.
58. Lissopimpla albopicta, Walk.
? Cryptiis albopiclus, Smith, Jotirn. Linn. Soc., Zool. 1860, p. 61,
Suppl.(9).
Pimpla albopicta, Walker,* Ann. Xat. Hist, (3) v. 1860, p. 306 ($ ).
Lutopimpla rufpes, Cameron, Spol. Zeyl. 1905, p. 140, pi. B,
fig. 14($).
c? $ . A somewhat deplanate, black and flavous species, with
(in $ ) white-banded antennae. Head pale stramineous, with the
occiput (except immediately behind the eyes), the entire and
LISSOPIMPLA.
107
Fig. 24.
Lissopimpla albomcta, Walk.
narrow vertex, and the centre of the concave frons, black ; scrobes
glabrous and large ; face distinctly though not deeply punctate
throughout, longitudinally tricarinate ; clypeus less than half the-
length of the face, broadly rounded at the base and apex, a little
shorter than the exserted and conical labrum ; mandibles with the
teeth minute and blackish, their base not broader than the length
of the cheeks ; eyes somewhat deeply
emarginate next the scrobes. An-
tennae setaceous and very slender,,
black, with the scape, and in <$
nagelhtm, red beneath ; eighth to the
twelfth flagellar joints of 5 pure
white ; joints not nodulose. TJiorax
black, with the whole sternum,,
large spots on the meso- and meta-
pleurse, elongate callosities before and
beneath the radix, a transverse line
below the hind wings, basal carina&
of the scutellum and postscutellum,.
and the three metathoracic spines,
pale stramineous ; notauli deeply im-
pressed and extending to the disc;
metanotum trans-strigose through-
out, apophyses large and obtuse in
2 and subobsolete in d 1 ; petiolar area subglabrous and basally
produced into a large and stout spine ; lateral costa distinct,
spiracles elongate and very large. Scutellum of J white.
Abdomen nitidulous and entirely glabrous, stramineous, with the
base of all the segments broadly black ; the first distinctly longer
than apically broad, with the deplanate basal carinse pale and not
extending beyond the centre ; the following segments obliquely
incised at their basal angles ; anus and the strongly plicate venter
pale ; terebra exactly half the length of the abdomen, spicula red
and the hardly pilose valvular black. Leys entirely ochreous, with
the c? hind tarsi alone infuscate ; claws large, curved but not
lobate ; hind femora distinctly dentate below at their apical third;
front tibiae subintumescent. Wirn/s normal and hyaline ; radix
and tegulse flavous, costa piceous, and the stigma ferruginous ;
areolet subsessile, obliquely triangular and emitting the recurrent
uervure beyond its centre ; radius strongly curved above the-
areolet; first recurrent of lower wings postfurcal and emitting
the nervellus from its junction with the median nervure.
Length 8-14 millim.
I had drawn up the above description before seeing the type
of "Walker's species in the British Museum ; it is undoubtedly
synonymous with L. rvfipes, Cam., and was originally described
as : Shining and black, with the underside red. Head white,,
with a flavous anterior stripe, eyes internally emarginate next
the scrobes , palpi white. Antennae elongate and slender, black,
with white band before their centre; scape red. Thorax with
108 ICHMUMCMHDJJ.
several white marks or blotches. Abdomen cylindrical, narrower
and much longer than the thorax, with two small longitudinal
white basal lines and the apical margin of the segments cou-
colorous, that of the central ones being testaceous ; terebra shorter
than half the body. Wings greyish and 21 millim. in expanse ;
costa and nervures black ; areolet irregularly tetragonal, with the
external less than half the length of the internal uervure.
Length 13 millim.
The description of the head as white is misleading, and no one
appears to have recognised this species since it was first brought
forward, although Motschulsky refers to it as occurring in Ceylon
(Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, 1863, p. 30). Walker says (Ann. Nat.
Hist. 1860, p. 306) that "this species is erroneously named
Cryptus allripktus in the list of Ceylon insects lately published in
Sir F. Tennent's work on Ceylon." But Smith's Cryptus is only
recorded from Celebes, and is probably distinct : nor do I find
such an insect in either of Sir J. E. Tennent's works on the
subject.
L. albopicta is probably not an uncommon species throughout
India, where it extends from Ceylon (Dr. Thwaites) to an altitude
of 6000 feet in the Khasi Hills of Assam (If. Turner) ; I have
seen examples captured in Sikkim in the Himalayas in April 1891
{Col. Binrjliam\ and there is one in the Pusa collection from
Naduvantum, 7000 ft., in the Nilgiri Hills of Madras (W. Itoivson,
May 1904). Cameron, who records it from both Maskeliya and
Peradeniya, in Ceylon, in April and August, failed to recognise it
as already described, although he refers (Spolia Zeylanica, 1905,
p. 69) to Walker's types, which he supposed were not in the
British Museum, " otherwise Col. C. T. Bingham would have
described the aculeates in his work .... In that work he has
merely reproduced Walker ? s descriptions." The male appears
much the rarer sex, and the only example I have seen was
captured by sweeping in the jungle at Peradeniya in Ceylon, in
May 1909'( E. Green).
Genus XANTHOPIMPLA, Sous.
XantJiopimpla. Siutssure, Grand. Hist. Madag., Hym. 1892, pi. xiii.
GENOTYPE, Pimpla punctata, F.
Body stout, flavous and more or less profusely black-marked.
Head strongly oblique posteriorly ; clvpeus distinctly discrete,
apically truncate and closely fitting upon the very large and
triangular labrum ; upper mandibular tooth obsolete ; cheeks very
short and the eyes strongly emargiuate internally. Apical fiagellar
joint not longer than the two penultimate. Mesonoturn not
transversely strigose ; metathorax short, with strongly carinate
areae, of which the basal is entirely wanting ; spiracles large and
linear. Scutellum discally suhpyramidal, and i'oliaceously mar-
gined laterally. Abdominal impressions transverse and, at the
XAXTHOPIMPLA. 109-
basal angles of the segments, oblique ; second segment of $
not longer than broad ; terebra shorter than the body. Legs-
stout and not elongate ; apical hind tarsal joint fully twice as
long as the penultimate ; claws not pectinate nor basally lobate ;