86
87
88
89
89
90
91
92
03
94
05
06
07
99
100
102
103
104
105
106
106
108
113
114
115
115
116
118
119
121
121
122
123
124
124
125
126
127
128
129
129
131
132
132
133
134
134
135
137
138
139
140
141
142
; INDEX.
3. iridipeuuis, CV/>
Page
142
14:;
144
145
145
14<5
14(5
148
149
140
150
151
153
153
154
155
156
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
168
169
169
171
172
172
173
174
175
176
177
179
179
180
181
182
184
185
186
186
188
189
190
192
104
194
195
196
198
198
199
1. Calliephialtes, A *hi
1. xanthosoniH, Mori
'2. Ephirhyssa, Crent
1. tiavobalteata, Cam
4. gracilis, Cam.
5. maskelivjc, Cam
10. Lissotheionia, Cam. . .
1 . flavipes, Cam
11. Orientotherouia, Mori
1. rufescens, Mori
2. maculipes, Mori.
3. acheron, Mori
12. Erythrotbenniia, Cam
1. tiavolineata, Cam
j 13. Pimpla, F.
3 Rhyssa (Jruv . . .
2. fulvipennis, Cam
4. Lytarnies, Cam
1 . inaculipennis, Cam
2. hyalinipennis, Cam
5. Echtbromorpha, Holm;/. . .
1 . insidiator, Smith
1. latisulcata, Cam. ......
2. bicarinata, Cavi
3. atnpla, Mori
4. taprobanee, Cam
5. instigator, F.
6. laotboe, Ctim
7. nepe, Cam
8. arctica, Zett
0. indra, Cam
10. cvanea, Mori.
3. persimilis, Cam
4. mtricatoria, F.
<> 1 labropiuipla, Cam
1 bilineata, Cam
] 1. turionelliR, L
12. himalavensi.s, Cam
13. apollyJn, Mori
14. latiforeata, Cam
15. laetiventris, Cam
14. Itoplectis, Forst
1 . alternans, Cfrav. .
1 albopicta, Walk. . .
8. Xaiithopimpla, flatus
1 tigris, Krieg
3. naenia, Mori.
4. immaculata, Mori
."> pedator, F.
2. orientalis, Mori.
3. sikkimensis. Cam
15. Epiurus, Fbrtt.
1 . satanas, Mori
2. nursei, Cam
7 tvilasciata Smith . .
8. fasciata, Kriey
nursei, Cam
10. transversalis, Toll
1 1 kandiensis, Cam
3. lineipes, Mori
4. erebus, Cam
16. Ephialtes, Schr.
12. tibialis, Mori
I. nigritarsis, Cam
2. nigroniaculrttus, Cam. . .
3. lachesis, Mori.
4. crassns, Mvrl.
5. iridipennis, Mori
6. tinctipennis, Cam
7. longiventris, Cam
8. latiannulatus, Cam.
14. soleata, Krieg
15 pardalis, K*'i?g. .
1<>. appendicnlaris, Cam. . .
17. kriegeriana, Cam
19. taprobanica, Cam
20. sikkimensis, Cam
' J l iniinit :i. Cam
17. Heraipinipla, Sauss
1. testacea, Cam
22. parva, Cam
23 binghanri, Cam.
2. caffra, Sans*
3. rugosa, de G
24 cera, Cam
25 honorata, Cum
4. ariana, Cam. .
2C kha^iana, Cam
18. Philopsvche, Cam
1. albobalteata, Cam
19 Exeri^tes Forst
27. indubia, Cam
29. app'endiculata, Cam. . .
:2. Theronia, Holmg
1 . albicincta, Mori
2. tibialis, Mori
1. clathrata, Krieg
3. flavoscutis, Cam
4. leucostonm, Cam
2. nigrobulteata, Cam
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Xxxiii
Exeristes (con.}. Page
5. nigroscutis, Cain 200
6. fiavipalpis, Cam 200
2. tisiphone, Mori
3. uigripes, Grac
Page
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
2o4
255
257
257
258
259
200
201
26'>
263
263
264
265
266
267
. 268
269
. 270
. 270
. 271
.)">
. 272
. 273
273
. 274
. 275
. 27(5
278
7. pulchella, Mori
8. carinifrons, Cam
9. pulchrimaculata, Cam. .
20. Miophatnus, Cam
1. nigromaculatus, Cam...
21. Polyspbincta, Grav
1. cevlonica, Axhrn
201
202
203
204
205
205
207
208
209
209
210
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
221
222
223
224
225
227
227
228
229
229
230
230
231
231
232
. 233
. 234
. 234
. 235
. 236
. 238
. 239
. 240
. 241
. 242
. 243
. 244
5. nitidus, Cam
6. fornicator, F.
2. Tegona, Mori =
3. Bancbus, F.
1. aruiillatiis, Mori
2. flavoniHCulatus, Cam. . .
3. nox, Mori
4. Fintona, Cam
1. uigripalpis, Cam
5. Eponitps, Cam
1. ruficoriiis, Cam
2. scutellaris, Mori
Subfam. 2. Tryphomnat
Tribe 1 AI e t o p i i d e s
22. Csenopimpla, Cam
1. ruficollis, Cam
'*3 Glvptopimpla Mori
1. prima. Mori
24. Glypta, Grav
1. nigriua, Desv
2. tricariimta, Cam
25. Apophua, Mori
1. metopiiforrais, Mori. . .
Tri'c e 5. Lissonotides ...
1. Stictolissonota, Cam. . . .
1. foveata, Cam
2 Plivtodisetu^, Grav
1. Scallama, Cam
1. tvilineata, Cam
2. crassipes, Cam
2. Metopius, Panz
1. lar, Mori
2. pulchripes, Cam
3. fusiformis, Mori
4. rufus, Cam
3. Cultrarius, Dams
1. flavobalteatus, Cam. .
2. purpureotinctus, Cam.
3. areolatus, Cam
Tribe 2. Sphinctides ...
1. Spbinctus, Grac
1. trichiosoma, Cam. . . .
Tribe 3. B a s s i d e s
1. coryphaeus, Grav. . . .
2. capuae, Mori
3 Plivtodicietoides Mori
4. Alloplasta, Forst
1. pilosa, Cam
5. Lissonota, Grav
1. brevicauda, Mori. . . .
2. spilopus, Cam
3 lepida Cam
4. minuenta, Mori
5. binghami, Cam
6. v-maculata, Cam. . . .
7. morum, Mori
8. greeni, Cam
G. Ctenopimpla, Cam
1. alboiuaculata, Cam. . . .
7. Meyva. Cam
1. villosa, Cam
8. Syzeuctus, Forst
1. cotnpressus, Mori. . .
2 claripennis, Cam.
3. aunulipes, Cam
4. zanthorius, Cam
5. baluchistanensis, Cam.
9. Lampronota, Hal
1. quintana, Mori
Tribe 6. Ban chides .. ..
1. Exetastes, Grav
1. laetatorius, F.
. 278
279
. 280
. 281
. 282
283
4. multicolor, Grav
5. orientalis, Cam
6. clotbo, Mori
2. ITomocidus, Mori
2. tarsatorius, Pz
3. ornatus, Grav
4. dimidiatus, Schr
3. Promethus, Thorns
1. sulcator, Grav
2. puk-bellus, Hofuiff. . .
c
. 283
. 285
. 28f.
. 287
287
. 288
IX XIV
SYSTEMAT1C INDEX.
Page
1 Aithris Cain.
290
1. rutipe?, Cam
:;:!4
1. coruutus, Cam
2. Xantbexocbus, Mori. . . .
291
. 292
13. Cteuacine, Forst
1 . pallidipes, Cam
14. IMiorus, Forst
835
331 i
1. scutellatus, Mori.. . . .
293
3. Exochtis, Grav
1. xanthopus, Cam
293
294
296
15. Scolobates, Grav
1 . testaceus, Mori
33S
838
3. coronellus, Mori.
4. flavicaput, Mori.
296
297
2. auriculatus, }
16. Megastylus, Schiod
1. longicoxis, Cam
339
341
5. flavinotuui, Mori.
4. Polyclistus, Forst
1. appendiculatus, Cam. .
2. erytbroptis, Cam.
5. Triclistus, Fiiritt
298
299
300
300
Subi'aui. 3. Ophionina)
Tribe 1 . P a 11 i s c i d e s
343
345
1 diiuidiatus Mori
301
1 . Paniscus, Schr
347
3. curvicariuatus, Cam. .
4. pallidifrons, Mori. . . .
6. Alfatrema Cam.
303
304
304
1 . laevis, Cam
2. intermedium, Cam
3. nigrireotria, lirulle ....
349
4. ocellaris, Thorns ....
' *")( )
7. Colpotrochia, Holmy. . . .
:!05
5. liueatus, Briil
6. testaceus, Grav
35^
2. pilosa, Cam
307
Of|Q
7. quadrilineatus, Smith . .
8. renovatus, Mori. , .
:W4
9. orientalis, Cam. . .
355
9. Set icorii uta, Mori
310
10. flavolineatus, Cam
1 1. montanus Cam
355
:'.5(5
2. Parabatus, Thorns
357
Tribe 5. T r y p b o n i d e s ...
1 . Cryptodeuia, Mori.
1 . anormis, Mori
2. Perilissus, Holmy
311
312
313
314
1. virgatus, Fourc
2. auiplus, Mori
3. Tetragonalys, Mori
1 . barbarica, Mori.
4. Parca, Mori. . . .
35*
:}59
359
360
1 . tilicornis, Grav
2. tricolor Mori
315
316
1. ocularia, Mori
361
3. i ilgiila, Cam
317
1. albitarsis, Cam
318
319
Tribe 2. O ph i o n i d e s
1. Ophioii F.
362
1 ciii"ulator Mori
319
1. luteus, L
365
5. Kurvproctus, Holmo.
320
2. dentatus, &mit/i
366
\. anuulifornis, Cam. . . .
2. spinipes, Cam
6. Dvspetes, Forst
321
323
323
8. areolatus, Cam
4. bicarinatus, Cam
5. carinatus, Cam
366
367
368
1 . prserogator, L
7. Tryphon, Fin
324
325
6. asiaticus, Kok
7. fuscomaculatus, Cam. . .
369
369
1 . antennatus, Mor!
8. Labrossyta, Forst
325
327
8. albopictus, Smith
9. quettaeiisis, Cam
370
371
1 . niTiceps, Cam.
327
10. generator, F. ...
371
9. Mesoleius, Holmff
1 . wablber ir i Holmy
328
11. triangularemaculatus,
Mots
10. Exacrodus, Forst. .
330
2 Pleuroneuropbion, Aahm
37 >
1 . populans, Mori. .....
11. Monoblastus, Hty
330
331
1 . ervthrocerus, Cam
3. Allocamptus, Thorns. . . .
373
374
1 . orientalis, Cam.
1. sinuatus Mori.
375
2. niger, Cam
333 i
2. index us, Mori.
375
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page
4. Stauropodoctonus, Brautu. . 375
1 . orientalis Mori 37fi
/ ]
3. decorum, Cam
Page
422
422
423
424
424
425
426
427
427
428
428
429
431
431
432
433
435
435
436
438
438
439
440
441
441
442
443
444
444
445
445
447
449
450
450
451
452
453
453
454
454
455
456
456
457
458
458
459
460
461
462
463
463
464
4. tinctipenne, Cam
5. apicale, Cam
2. biumbratus, Mori. . .
~>. Orientospilus, Mori
1 . indiyiduus, Mori. . .
'2. reticulatus, Cam. .
. . 377
.. 378
. . 378
379
6. binghami, Cam
7. Agrypon, Forst
1 . nox, Mori
2. varitarsum, ll'esin
3. tisiphone, Mori.
8. Clatlia, Cam.
6. llenicospilus, StepJi
1. ceylonicus, Cain. . . .
"2. uuivittatus, Brul. . .
3. flavicaput, Mori
4. pungens, Smith ....
5. rufus, Tosq
6. uuiliueatus, Cant. . .
7. hariolus, Mori
a. reticulatus, Cam
9 uierdarius, Cfrav
.. 380
. . 382
. . 383
. 384
. . 384
. . 385
.. 386
. . 387
. . 388
389
\ . lou<npes, Cum
9. Trichoimna, Wesm
1 . iiigricans, Cam
2. productor, Mori
10. Metanomalon, Mori
1. polieuduui, Mori. ....
Tribe 5. Cauipoplegides..
1. Charops, Holmy
1. dominaus, Walk
2. obtusus, Mori
10. melauocarpus, Cam.
11. atricornis, Mori
12. spilonotus, Cam
13. striatus, Cam
14. orieii tails, Mori
15. dasychirse, Cam
16. horsfieldi. Cam
1 7. crassus, Mori.
Tribe 3. Nototrachides
1 . N itotrachys, Marsh ....
1. ibliator, l'\
. . 390
. . 391
. . 392
.. 392
. . 393
. . 394
. . 394
. . 395
.. 397
. . 397
. . 397
.. 400
. . 401
. . 403
.. 403
. . 404
. . 405
. . 406
. . 407
. . 407
. . 408
. . 409
.. 410
.. 411
. . 412
. . 413
. . 414
3. erythrogaster, Asltni. . .
2. Ilymenobosmina, D. T. . .
] . spinipes, Cam
2. trichoptilus, Cam
3. pilosella, Cam
4. mandibularis, Cant
3. Tratbala, Cam
1. striata, Cam
4. Cephalobolus, Mori
] . parvipes, Mori.
5. Xaiitbociimpoplex. Mori. . .
1 . orientalis, Mori
6. Cainpoplex, Grav
2. variistriatus, Mori. . .
Tribe 4. A n o m a 1 i d e s . .
1. Schizoloma, Wesin
1. fulvicornis, Cam
2. aiuictu, F.
2. Heteropelnia, We$m.
1. calcator, Wcsm. . . .
2. orbitnlis, Mori. . ....
3. fulvitarsis, Cam
3. Exochilum, Wesm
1 . barbaricum, Mori. . .
2. circumflexum, L
'5. orbitale, Mori
4. acheron, Mori
5. diabolus, Mori.
4 Ma^nibucca, Mori. . . .
1. proximus, I'drst.
2. fuscipalpis, Cam
3. novitius, Mori
4. perditor, Forst
5. indicus, Mori
6. simlsensis, Cam
7. minimus, Mori
8. cytaeis, Cam.
9. mquinatus, Mori
10. zoiiatus, Mori
11. binghami, Mori
12. altius, Mori. . .
1. testacea, Mori
.. 414
. 415
13. tyrannus, Cam
14. lapponicus, Holmy
1 5. prytanes, Cain
1 6. mf umatus, Mori
1 7. hirnalayensis, Cam
18. confusus, Forst
19. buddha, Cam
20. indicus, Mori.
21. reticulatus, Marl
22. sumptuosus, Cam
1 pilosella, Cam . .
416
2. rufolineata, Cam
3. intorstitialis, Cam. . .
4. variornata, Cam
5. erythrocera, Cam. . .
. . 417
. . 417
. 418
. 419
420
1. brachypterum, Cam.
2. carinifrons, Cam
. 421
. 421
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Campoplex (cow.).
23. longipes, Smith
Page
464
1. ebeuina, Grac
Page
494
?4. snftfiosns. Cam. .
465
2. sitnlaensis, Cam.
495
7. /sichrestft. Forst
405
3. varicoxa, Thorns
496
8.
1. nigromaculata, Cam. .
Rhimphoctona, Forst. . . .
. 465
466
19. Angitia, Holmy
1. fenestralis, Holmy. . . .
496
497
] . pluto, Mori.
. 467
9.
Delopia, Cam
. 468
Tribe 6. C r e m a s t i d e s ...
497
10.
11.
13.
1. cariniscutis, Cam. . . .
Erioborus, Forst
468
469
. 469
. 470
. 471
. 471
472
. 473
. 473
474
475
. 475
. 476
1. Cremastus, Grav
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
. 504
505
. 506
. 507
1 . perfidiis, Grao
Uiocte* Forst .
2. flavus, Cam
3. uoxiosus, Mori
2. Tarytia, Cam
1. nigromaculata, Cam. .
2. empusa, Mori
3. cariniscutis, Cam. . . .
4. basimacula, Cam. . . .
5. flavo-orbitalis, Cum. . . .
Tribe 7. Pristomer ides .
1. apostate, Grac
2. trochanterata, Mori.
3. vulgaris, Mori
4. debilis, Mori
5. argenteopilosa, Cum. .
albicalcar Moil
Trophocampa. ftchm.
1 indubia, Mori
Casiuaria, Holmy
1 . atrata, Mori
. 476
1. Pristomerus, Curtis
. 507
11.
Siuophorus Schm
477
1. iuar"iincollis Cum..
508
1 collinus, Mori.
478
2. t< staceus, Mori
509
16.
Olesicampa, Thorns
. 478
2. Pristomerida, Ashm.
. 510
1. tiavicornis, Thorns. . . .
. 479
1. secuuda, Mori
510
16.
Linineriuin, Ashm
. 480
1 . buddlia, Cam
. 482
Tribe 8. P o r i z o n i d e s ...
. 511
2. f uscicarpus, Thorns. . . .
3. forticarinatum, Cam. .
. 482
. 483
. 483
. 485
. 485
. 486
1. Porixou. Fin
. 512
512
. 513
. 514
. 514
1. pallidipes, Mutt
4. quettaeiise, Cam
5. cnissdfeuiur, Thorns. .
6. volens, Cant
7. renovatuni, Mori. . .
2. meridionali.s, Mori. . . .
2. Diaparsis, Forst
1. caudata, Mori
8. indicum, Cam
9. bimalayense, Cam. . . .
. 487
. 488
Tribe 9. M e s o c h o r i d e s .
. 515
10. agreense, Cam. '
. 488
1. Astiphronima, Forst. . . .
. 516
11. taprobanicum, Cam. .
. 489
1. petiolata, Mori
. 516
12. parvicarinatum, Cam. .
. 490
2. Mesochorus, Grav
. 517
13. morosuni, Cam.
. 491
1. facialis, Bridy
. 518
14. ceylouicum, Cam. . . .
. 491
2. fragilis, Mori
. 519
17.
Idechthis, Forst
. 492
3. claristigmaticus, Mori.
. 519
1. striatft CViwi,
492
3 Edrisa, Cam
520
18.
Anilasta, Thotn*
.' 493
1. pilicoruis, Cam
. 521
INTBODUCTION,
HISTORY.
THE IcffifEUMONiDjE were first definitely separated from the
remainder of the parasitic Hymenoptera by Professor Graven-
horst in 1829, when he published his ' Ichneurnonologia Europsea,'
wherein he limited the family to those Parasitica having strong:
wing-nervures, of which the second recurrent was very definitely
present. He not only described the whole of the European
species known to him in a collection of a hundred thousand
specimens, but he also brought forward in a concise and easily
assimilated form all that his predecessors had done in the subject,
and gave detailed accounts of every published species unknown
to himself. This work laid the foundation of our present know-
ledge of this family, and it is comparatively recently that we have
to any appreciable extent dared to depart from the mode of classi-
fication therein laid down.
The peculiar difficulty experienced by the student of these-
parasites is the extreme similarity in structure of specimens
which are obviously specifically distinct; and hence Graveuhorst
relied in a great measure on colour, always an unsatisfactory
guide, for his specific distinctions ; indeed, such structural points
as exist are so minute that their neglect by the earlier writers
can readily be understood. As more and more workers bore their
testimony, however, structure speedily took the place of colour in
systematic works. The first subsequent author worthy of note
was Prof. C. Wesmael, who contributed a monograph on the
genus Ichneumon to the Brussels Academy in 1844; to this the
same author added seven valuable supplements during the follow-
ing fifteen years, and in 1849 he published a revision of Jurine's
genus Anomalon. Where Wesmael left the subject, it was taken
up by Holmgren, who considerably advanced our knowledge in
his 'Ichneumonologia Suecica ' of 1864-89. Gravenhorst had
divided the family into five groups, and Holmgren elaborated the
OPHIONIN^E in 1858, the TRYPHOI^IN^E in 1859, and the PIMPLIIO;.
in 1860, on structural characters.
Nothing had been done to elucidate the CRYPTIN^, however,
before 1865, when Taschenberg redescribed Gravenhorst's types
in a somewhat perfunctory manner, excepting Dr. Arnold Forster's
too elaborate Monograph of the genus Pezomachus in 1850 ; and
some new species of the family were somewhat inadequately
described about the same time by Eatzeburg from the German
forests.
INTRODUCTION.
This was the position of matters when Prof. C. G. Thomson
began to issue his great ' Opuscula Entomologica,' a work of the
most amazing erudition aud minutest observation ; new genera
were erected upon constant and beautifully natural characters,
the affinities of groups and genera were exposed with the utmost
acumen and the previous artificial, rule-of-thumb method of
naming was swept away. His short papers in the ' Annales ' of the
French Entomological Society and the ' Deutsche Entomologische
Zeitschrift ' are of equally high merit. During the twenty-eight
years that the ' Opuscula ' occupied in production many workers
had given their attention to the subject : in Germany, Brischke
brought out an account of the Prussian species, Kriechbaumer had
contributed many papers both upon Palaearctic and exotic groups,
and Dr. Schmiedeknecht had monographed the CUYPTINJE in the
-combined light of Thomson's and Carl Tschek's discoveries ;
in Holland, Van Vollenhoven had beautifully illustrated a great
many species : in Britain, the Eev. T. A. Marshall had issued his
1872 Catalogue of the indigenous ICHNEUMONIDJE, which enabled
Bridgman and Fitch to contribute their Introductory Papers on
the subject to the ' Entomologist ' ; while in 1896, Dr. Tosquinet
presented his ' Ichneumonides d'Afrique' to the Entomological
Society of Belgium, and the Abbe Berthoumieu brought forward
his general account of the ICHNEUMONIN^E of Europe and the
adjacent countries in the French ' Annales.' During the same
period Fred. Smith and Francis Walker, Motschulsky and Van
Vollenhoven had described new kinds from Asia and Australia,
and Cresson, Davis, and Ashmead had begun the task of elucidating
this branch of the American fauna.
The present century was begun under the satisfactory con-
ditions of a complete synopsis of the genera of ICHNEUMONID^E
by W. H. Ashmead, which, though often faulty and not less
frequently obscure, has proved invaluable to the general student ;
and Dalla Torre completed his synonymic Catalogue of the world's
species, a work of even higher intrinsic worth, and one which
gives a good idea of the extent to which the study of the ICHNEU-
MONIDJE has now grown, as may be gathered from the fact that
the mere names of the species there occupy over a thousand
closely printed pages.
As regards India, Linnaeus, De Geer, Fabricius, and several
more of the old authors described a certain number of Ichneumons
from there, though rarely in an exact manner ; and we are often
quite at a loss to recognise those brought forward by Brulle in his
general account of 1846 ; additions to the Indian species were also
made by Smith and Walker, but the latter frequently assigned
his species to incorrect genera. But the great majority of the
published species have been described by Peter Cameron, who
has been most assiduous in this respect, and had his know-
ledge of the Palsearctic forms been commensurate with his zeal in
bringing forward the Oriental, he would have already laid a very
substantial foundation for future research. Unfortunately for
HISTORY. 3
his successors, he was not prepared to regard India as a part of the
world, but as a world apart, and each fresh kind that he saw from
there was duly chronicled as a new species.* This practice has led
to some chaos, though I have synonymised nearly all the False-
arctic forms which he has described as new, since the opportunity
has been afforded me by Lt.-Col. Nurse and Lt.-Col. Bingham of
examining the type specimens. But where the types have been
inaccessible it is not infrequently quite impossible to tell what
his insects were, since he habitually used no reference to standard
authors, was vague respecting the basal and apical extremities of
the thoracic segments, and so unintelligible in his account of the
universally recognised terms for the metanotal areas and carinse
that I have occasionally been driven to reproduce his accounts of
them verbatim. His earlier descriptions lack any but the vaguest
venational characters, though in this respect his style improved
in 1907, and his tables are often quite unreliable (cf. Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist, xx, 1907, p. 21). I have, too, in every instance found
it necessary entirely to rewrite his descriptions, simply quoting
such involved passages as I dare not attempt to interpret, when-
ever the type has been unavailable. Cameron has disposed of
a great number of so-called "types" to the British Museum
authorities ; but that these are in every case what they purport
to be is open to doubt, since specimens bearing the same name
and also labelled " type " in his handwriting are to be seen in the
collections of the captors. In 1897 and 1899, when he began to
describe Indian ICHXEUMONID^;, Cameron appears to have taken
it for granted that nothing, or practically nothing, was known
from the Oriental Region, beyond that which is contained in
Smith's Catalogue of 1873 and Brulle's work ; consequently one
cannot be surprised at his describing as new in 1903, the Sphex
rugosus of De Geer (1760), which is the Pimpla bipartita of Brulle
(1846). With respect to relegating species to their correct genera
Cameron was distinctly vague before the publication of Ashmead's
tables in 1900 ; and even subsequently he cannot always be relied
upon in this respect, since he seems blindly to have followed
characters there set forth, with such results as the inclusion of
male Lissonota (PIMPLINJE) in the genus Mesoleptus (TRYPHO-
NLN-^E), &c. I consider few of Cameron's genera stable, and
surmise that he erected them whenever at a loss in the recognised
* I have seen sixteen specimens labelled by Mr. Peter Cameron as the
"types" of his species, of which I can discover no published descriptions,
and as direct appeals to him for references, both on my own behalf and
that of the British Museum, have elicited no reply whatever, I arn led to
consider them MS. names. Colour is lent to this view by the fact that the
list was formerly longer and embraced those species brought forward by him
in the Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Journal, late in 1909. These sixteen species
are ; Pimpla marci, Pimpla litigiosa, Pimpla asiatica, Ephialtes iridipennis,
Tegona (n. n.) rujipes, Nothamia (n. n.) bicarinata, Anomalon leptogaster, Cam-
poplex indicus, Campoplex zonatus, Campoplex binghami, Campoplex reticulatus,
Limnerium longiventre, Limnerium annulipes (nee Cress.), Limnerium collinum,
Limnerium clypealis, and Limnerium atratum.
B2
4 INTRODUCTION.
system ; they are to be regretted, since so many are " uoins de
fantaisie, sans etymologie," censured by the British Association
so long ago as 1842.
Probably the present family, in common with all parasitic
Hymenoptera, has been collected less than any other group of
insects, on account of the difficulty of the identification of its
members. Professor Westwood's collection at Oxford contains
many ancient specimens from Col. Sykes, Templeton, and Boys ;
hut the majority are from the veteran Dr. G. H. K. Thwaites,
F.R.S., F.L.S., Director of the Botanic Gardens at Peradeniya in
Ceylon from 1849 to about 1880, who died at Kandy on llth
September, 1882. He also presented some two thousand insects
to the British Museum, which has constantly received small parcels
from India : thus, in 1843 a collection was received from Arch-
deacon Clerk, who took them about Moulmein ; in 1845, from
Ceylon (Rev. T. Wenham) ; in 1851, from Mr. Baly ; in 1855,
from North India (Capt. Reid) ; in 1869, from Bombay (R. R.
Holmes) ; in 1879, from the East India Museum ; in 1883, from
Ceylon (P. X. Braine); in 1884, from the United Provinces
(Mrs. Home) ; in 1885, from Assam (Mrs. Evans); in 1887, from
the Bombay Natural History Society (all captured about Pooua
by my friend Mr. R. C. Wroughton) ; in 1889, from Ceylon and
from Quetta, through the Karachi Museum ; in 1892, from
Ceylon (Col. Terbury) ; and many others. The Museum also
possesses part of the specimens taken by the second Tarkand
Mission and captured by Dr. Stoliczka, the majority being truly
Indian ; the remainder, which I have not seen, are in the Indian
Museum.
Mr. Gardiner has published the results of his collecting in the
Laccadive and Maldive Islands ; and Col. Bingham, who died on
18th October, 1908, visited various remote and interesting col-