has been carried on there successfully for a series of
years has been that of the fine flannel-mill of Captain
Bradlee. This has prospered and held on steadily in
times of financial stringency, as well as in times of
financial plethora. The whole outcome has been a
large fortune, which Captain Bradlee has left mostly
for charitable purposes, after the decease of his
maiden sister.



The Tykr Rubber Company. — The Tyer Rubber
Company was incorporated February, 1876. It manu-
factures rubber goods in what was formerly a shop of
the Boston and Maine Railroad Company. Among the
various articles manufactured by this corporation are
to be found the diagonal rubber cloth used in the
Congress Arctic over-shoe, and a line of goods in use
for medical and surgical purposes. The company
employs about fifty hands, mostly females.

The founder of this company, as the name indicates,
was Mr. Henry George Tyer. Mr. Tyer was born in
England in 1812. He came to this country in 1840.
His first settlement here was in New Jersey, where he
was connected with the rubber business. After re-
maining there for a time he removed to Andover, first
establishing himself at Ballard Vale, but afterwards,
in 1856, he took up his residence in the centre of the
town, to which locality he removed his business.
Since this removal the business has gradually in-
creased till it has reached it present respectable
amount.

Mr. Tyer was an inventor in the line of rubber and
rubber goods. He discovered the method of produc-
ing white rubber, from which all the white rubber
articles now manufactured are made. The full value
of this discovery he did not at first appreciate, and
consequently did not take the necessary steps to de-
rive from it the remuneration to which he was reason-
ably entitled. The " Compo shoe " is an invention of
his, — also the Arctic over- shoe and the diagonal rub-
ber cloth. For these and other inventions he re-
ceived letters patent, and from some of them derived
a fair remuneration.

Mr. Tyer was a business man, confining himself
largely to his calling, and, in his business relations
and transactions, was strictly upright, straight-for-
ward and reliable. By nature he was reticent, self-
contained, and was seldom seen in the public gather-
ings of the people. He was courteous in manner,
and had the bearing of a well-to-do Englishman, in-
tent upon his own affairs. He was a warm adherent
of the Episcopal Church, and, as an oflScer and com-
municant in Christ Church, did much to advance its
interest and maintain its worship. He was a man of
great energy and persistency of purpose, who saw
things clearly and pursued the right, according to his
judgment, with vigor. He was a firm believer in the
Christian religion, and a devout worshipper of his
God, after the customs of his fathers, and the mother
church he so heartily revered and tenderly loved.
He died at his residence in Andover on July 10, 1882,
and was buried in the cemetery of Christ Church, in
"consecrated ground," for which he had a reverential
regard too seldom seen among our native inhabitants.

banks and insurance.

The Andover National Bank. — This hank was

originally chartered by the State Legislature, in 1826,

under the name of the President, Directors and Com-



1656



HISTORY OF ESSEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS.



pany of the Andover Bank. The corporators were
Samuel Farrar, Joseph Kittredge, Amos Abbot,
Nathaniel Swift, Amos Spaulding, Henry Skinner,
Francis Kidder, Hobart Clark and Mark Newman.
April 3, 1826, Amos Blanehard was chosen cashier.
October 3, 1826, Samuel Farrar was chosen president.
The first semi-annual dividend of three and one-half
per cent, was declared March 2, 1827. The same rate
was continued till April, 1837, with the exception of
one in April, 1832, of three per cent. After passing
four dividends, they were resumed at the same rate
and so continued till 1842. For the five succeeding
years the average rate was two and seventy-two hun-
dredths dollars. From this date till 1865 the rate of
dividends varied from three and one-fourth dollars to
three and eighty-three hundredths dollars.

In 1865 the bank was reorganized under the laws
of the United States, and took the name of "The
Andover National Bank." Since that it has paid four
per cent, semi-annual dividends for five years, five per
cent, for eight years, three and one-half per cent, for
four years, and a trifle more than three for the re-
mainder of the time till 1887.

The bank, like other national banks in the State,
has paid the taxes assessed upon the shares of its
stockholders, amounting in 1886 to over $3080.

In 1848 Deacon Blanehard resigned his office of
cashier, and was succeeded by Mr. Edward Taylor.

Deacon Taylor resigned in May, 1845, and was suc-
ceeded by Francis Cogswell, Esq.

Esquire Cogswell resigned in October, 1856, to take
the ofiice of president of the Boston and Maine Rail-
road, and was succeeded by Moses Foster, Esq., who
has held the ofl[ice continuously to the present time,
twenty-one years.

Esquire Farrar held the office of president till Octo-
ber. 1856, thirty years, when he resigned, and John
Flint, Esq., was chosen to fill the place.

Esquire Flint held the oflice till his decease, in
June, 1873. Professor John L. Taylor was chosen to
succeed Mr. Flint, and held the office till Jan., 1880.

Professor Taylor was succeeded by Deacon Edward
Taylor, treasurer of Phillips Academy, who still holds
the office.

All the presidents of the bank have been treasurers
of Phillips Academy with the exception of Mr. Flint.

The present directors are Edward Taylor, George
W. W. Dove, Moses T. Stevens, Joseph A. Smart,
Joseph W. Smith, John H. Flint and John F. Kim-
ball.

The bank has always been conservative in its man-
agement, running few risks, and hence incurring few
losses.

Andover Savings Bank.— The Andover Savings
Bank was incorporated in 18.34. The first president
of the bank was Deacon Amos Abbot, who was
choson February 9, 18,35, and resigned January 1, 1845.
His successor was Nathan \V. Hazen, Esq., chosen
January 1, 1845, and resigned January 1, 1852. Mr.



Samuel Gray was chosen January 1, 1812, and re-
signed January 1, 1861. His successor was Mr. Na-
thaniel Swift, who was chosen January 7, 1861, and
resigned in 1878. Mr. John E. Abbot was chosen in
1879, and continued till his death, in 1881. Moses
Foster, Esq., was chosen May 16, 1881, and is still in
office.

The treasurers of the bank have been Mr. John
Flint, chosen February 23, 1835, and resigned Octo-
ber 1, 1870; Mr. John F. Kimball, chosen September
15, 1870, and still continues in office.

The amount of deposits in 1886 was $1,696,587.
Profits on hand at that time, §50,123. The guaran-
teed fund is $55,000.

The bank, as will be seen, is in good financial
standing, has uniformly been honestly and judiciously
managed, and has paid fair dividends semi-annually
to its depositors. By its regulations no one person
can place on deposit to his own account more than
five thousand dollars.

Mekrimac Mutual Fire Insurance Company.
— This company was incorporated by the General
Court, February, 1828, for the limited term of twenty-
eight years, the act of incorporation to take effect
when subscribers for iusurance should be obtained to
the amount of $100,000. This amount was speedily
obtainlsd, and in the month of April of the same year
the company was organized, choosing for its first
president Hobart Clark, Esq. Mr. Clark served till
April, 1839, and was succeeded by Samuel Merrill
Esq., who served till the time of his death, in Decem-
ber, 1869, and was succeeded by Nathan W. Hazen
Esq., who served till January, 1875, and was sue
ceeded by Mr. Samuel Gray, who served till Novem
ber, 1880, and was succeeded by Mr. William S. Jen
kins, the present president.

Samuel Phillips, Esq., was the first secretary. He
served one year, and was succeeded by Samuel Mer-
rill, Esq., who served till December 19, 1835, and was
succeeded by Mr. Samuel Gray, who served till 1885,
his successor being Mr. Joseph A. Smart, the present
secretary.

This company has had its office in Andover from
the first, though doing a large portion of its business
in other towns and cities. Its executive officers have
always been citizens of this town. Its business has
been conducted in a careful and conservative manner,
so as to secure the best results for its policy-holders.
It avoids specially hazardous risks, and risks on prop-
erty with an inflated valuation. The result of this pol-
icy has been that it has given eminent satisfaction to its
membership, has steadily grown in strength and in
favor in the community, and to-day stands among the
most reliable and prosperous companies of its class in
the commonwealth. In the year 1886 it divided six-
ty per cent, on its five year policies. It now has sur-
plus assets for the payment of losses amounting to
nearly $300,000, with outstanding policies amounting
to nearly $20,000, — a steady but substantial growth.



NORTH AN DOVER.



1657



Acknowledgment. — As the author of the pre-
ceding history was called so suddenly from his
almost finished work, the duty of acknowledging
assistance in its preparation devolves upon another.
Thanks are here given to Professor Edwards A.
Park, D.D., for his notices of Professors Pear-
son and Stuart, of Dr. Samuel Taylor and of the
author; to Rev. William E. Park for his notice
of Professor Edwards ; also to various persons
who have furnished material either by manuscript or
funeral sermons tj facilitate the writing of memorials
of their deceased friends ^ and to others vi-ho have
given verbal information as it was needed. Thanks
are given also to the authors of the following works,
to which recourse has been had : Abbot's " History of
Andover," Miss Bailey's " Historical Sketches of An-
dover," Raymond's " Record of Andover in the Rebel-
lion," Mooar's "Manual oftheSouth Church," Taylor's
" Memoir of Judge Phillips "and Wood's " History of
the Andover Theological Seminary."

If there is an omission to render thanks where
thanks are due, it is hoped that the peculiar circum-
stances of the case will furnish a sufficient apology.

C. L. S.



CHAPTER CXXXIX.

NORTH ANDOVER.

BY GEORGE B. LORING.

Eccksiastical — Civil and Milit'irii — Education — Industries — X]'itchcraft-



The town of North Andover occupies that portion
of the original town of Andover which lies northerly
and easterly of a line running from the Shawshin
River, at a point not far from where the Salem turn-
pike crosses it, in a southerly direction to the town-
line of North Reading. By this line the town was
divided in 1855, and the name of Andover was be-
stowed by the Legislature upon that portion of the
territory lying southerly and westerly of this line,
and formerly known as the South Parish. The North
Parish, as it was called from 1709 to the date of the act
dividing the town, became North Andover, and it is
bounded on the northwest by the Shawshin and Merri-
mac Rivers, on the northeast by Bradford and Boxford,
on the southwest by Andover and on the southeast by
Middleton and North Reading. It contains about
fifteen thousand four hundred acres, and constitutes
a territory full of int^rest to the geologist and the
agriculturist. Its rocky foundation belongs to the
oldest periods of the world, " antedating by a vast
period the strata of the White Mountains in New
Hampshire," and it furnishes a field for most inter-
esting speculation, wide, diverse and comprehensive,
reaching to the more manifest geological arrangements
of the glacial epoch, whose marks are visible every-
J04J



where throughout the town. The result of these
earlier and later geological operations is a most fertile
and beautiful tract of country, abounding in imposing
lens-shaped hills, originally wooded to the summit,
deep valleys of fine extent and sweep, all interspersed
with lakelets and streams. It is seldom that a more
interesting geological formation than this can be
found ; and nowhere, as the result of nature's handi-
work, does a more lovely landscape appear — the view
stretching from each one of these rounded elevations
miles away to the Wachusett and Monadnock on the
northwe.st, while, to the immediate gaze, the mysteri-
ous group stands around as fascinating monuments of
an ancient age. The explanation which is given of
these unusual hills is most interesting, and carries
the mind back to the time when the great seas of ice
covered this hemisphere, and left the record of their
slow and steady march as a guide to man in his en-
deavors to unravel the mystery of the earth's forma-
tion and his own creation. However formed, they
are really hills "in verdure clad," being immense
mounds of fertile soil, composed of clay and sand,
well watered from the far-off spring-heads which, at
their origin, overtop them, and constituting, with the
fertile valleys which lie between them, a most attrac-
tive and admirable tract of farming land, adapted to
grass, and grain, and fruits, and gardens and pas-
turage. Standing upon the top of one of these
" commanding hills," the observer may view a far-off
western horizon whose sunsets vie with those for
which Italy is famous, — a wide-spread landscape dotted
with villages aud towns, and interspersed with field
and woodland, the long line of the Merrimac a flash-
ing silver stream, the " Great Pond " a crowning gem
and the sauntering Cochichewick, which finds its way
slowly through reedy meadows before it steps down
and at last plunges into the river, which bears its
waters to the sea.

It was this territory of which, in 1G34, by action of
the court, " It is ordered that the land about Cochich-
ewick shall be reserved for an inland plantation, and
whosoever will go to inhabit there shall have three
years' immunity from all taxes, levies, public charges
and services whatever, military discipline only ex-
cepted." " John Winthrop, Richard Bellingham
and William Coddington, Esquire, are chosen a com-
mittee to license any that may think meet to inhabit
there, and that it shall be lawful for no person to go
thither without their consent or the major part of
them."

The land referred to in this order was purchased by
Rev. John Woodbridge, of Newbury in 1641, after a
long correspondence with Gov. Winthrop, and vari-
ous demonstrations by the people of Ipswich,
Newbury and Rowley, which seem to have resulted
in a mere temporary occupation. There were acts of
the General Court, but exactly to what they applied
is not known. In 1646, however, the purchase
and grants were confirmed by the court, and the



1658



HISTORY OF ESSEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS.



town was named Andover, " with reference to some
of the phmters who came from Andover in Hamp-
shire, England." Upon this order the town began to
take shape. The temporary settlers, who were few,
gathered themselves together ou the banks of the
Cochichewick and in the region lying westerly and
northwesterly from Wire Hill, a spot which for many
years was occupied by the meeting-house and such
other buildings as would constitute it the centre of
the town. The oldest list of settlers, probably made
before 1644, while the affairs of the settlement were
somewhat unadjusted, gives the following names
as original residents of the plantation of a perma-
nent character :



John Osgood.


Henry .laqucs.


Joseph Parker.


John Aslolt.


Richard Barker.


Richard lilake.


John Stevens.


William Ballard.


Nicholas Holt.


.Tohn Lovcjoy.


Benjamin Woodbridge.;


Thomas Poor.


John Frye.


George Abbott.


Edmond Faulkner.


John Russ.


Robert Barnard.


Andrew Allen.


Daniel Poor.


Andrew Foster.


Nathan Parker.


Thomiis Chandler.



These men received the titles of the lands they oc-
cupied from the town, the conveyance being made by
a vote of the town, and all freeholders being considered
proprietors and voters. The lands were divided into
small lots, — ten acres for house lots ; remote from
these, tillage lots ; wood-lots elsewhere ; swamp and
meadow-lands wherever they could be found. A
large contiguous farm was unknown, and scattered
lots are even now the order of the day.

Meanwhile records of private business transactions
have been brought to light by the faithful chroniclers
of the town. In 1643 William Hughes, of Ipswich,
sells heifers, bulls, kine, calves, a house and a house-
lot to Bichard Barker, of Cochichewicke. "In 1650 a
house and land and three cows in Andover are mort-
gaged by Job Tyler to John Godfrey, of Newbury."
Mr. Simon Bradstreet sells a house lot and dwelling-
house and fifty acres of land to Eichard Sutton, many
of whose descendants have had large interests in An-
dover, some of whom in this generation are engaged
in most important transactions.

The following description of Andover is given by
Captain Edward Johnson, of Woburn, in 1654:

"About this time there was a town founded about one or two miles dis-
tant from tho place where the goodly river of Merrimack receives her
brunches into her own body, hard upon the river Shawehiu, which is
ono of her chief heads; the honored Sir. Simon Bradstreet taking up his
last sitting there, hath been a great means to further the work, it being
a place well fitted for the husbandman's hand, were it not that remote-
ness of the place from towns of trade hringcth forth some inconveni-
ences upon tho planters, who are enforced to carry their corn far to mar-
ket. This town is called Andover, and hath good store of land improved
for the bigness of it."

In discussing the foundation of a New England
town, the peculiar and extraordinary nature of a civil
organization of this kind should not be forgotten, es-
pecially by those who enjoy the high privileges which



belong to it. To many nationalities and peoples a
town means nothing more than a cluster of houses
surrounded by a wall and fortified, or the realm of a
constable, or the seat of a church ; but to New Eng-
land the town was in the beginning, as it is now, the
primary organization, sovereign in itself. "The col-
onists had no sooner formed a settlement and erected
their cabins in proximity to each other than they or-
ganized themselves into a town — an independent na-
tionality — in which every citizen had a voice and a
vote." The first duty of these organizations in the
minds of the fathers was the establishment of a
church, and the erection of a meeting-house and a
school-house received their earliest care and atten-
tion. It is remarkable and interesting to see how, in
the little municipalities of New England, all the
rights of citizenship were cherished, and how silently
and uno.stentatiously all the elements of a free state
were fixed and developed. Starting away from the
original colonies, they planted themselves in the wil-
derness, and assumed at once the duty of independ-
ent organizations. Their citizens, in town-meeting
assembled, had control of all matters relating to their
civil and criminal jurisdiction. "In the New Eng-
land colonies the towns were combined in counties
long after their establishment and representation as
towns ; so that the county here was a collection of
towns, rather than the town a sub-division of the
county."

This system of town organization is maintained
throughout New England to the present day, consti-
tuting one of the most interesting features of the civil
polity of this section of our country. Says Palfrey in
his " History of New England: " With something of
the same propriety with which the nation may be
said to be a confederacy of republics called States,
each New England State may be described as a con-
federacy of minor republics called towns." Neither
in New York with its great landed properties, at first
held and occupied by a kind of feudal tenure, and
afterwards with its counties; nor in the Western
States, where the town survey carries with it no local
political authority ; nor in the South where the county
organization is the one which governs local matters,
can be found that form of self-government which
gives to the New England towns their individuality
and which has enabled them to enroll their names on
the brightest pages of American history. How in
the olden time they cherished the church and built
the meeting-house; how they fostered education and
erected the school-house; how they selected their
wisest and bravest men for the public councils ; how
they resolved for freedom in open town-meeting; how
they hurled defiance at the oppressor and sprang up,
an army of defiant communities, each one feeling its
responsibility and ready and anxious to assume it!
To study the valor of the early days and learn where
the leaders and statesmen were taught their lesson of
independence and nationality, it is only necessary to



NORTH AN DOVER.



1659



turn to the recorded resolves of the New England
towns.

The motives and manners and customs of those
who founded North Andover and its associate towns
are interesting and important. They formed a part
of that large body of dissenters who, under various
names, came to New England and settled the colonies
of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay. They came, it
is true, to enjoy religious freedom, but they also
sought a civil organization, founded on the right of
every man to a voice in the government under which
he lives. In the charters granted to all the towns by
the General Court, it was provided that the grantees
were " to procure and maintain an able and orthodox
minister amongst them," and to build a meeting-
house within three years. This was their first motive.
In all their customs they were obliged to exercise the
utmost simplicity, and they voluntarily regulated
their conduct by those formal rules which in their
day constituted the Puritans' guide through the world.
As an illustration of their character and manners, in
1G.51 dancing was forbidden at weddings by the laws
of the colony.

In 1(560 William Walker was imprisoned a month
" for courting a maid without the leave of her pa-
rents." In 1675, because " there is manifest pride
appearing in our streets," the wearing of "long hair
or periwigs," and also "superstitious ribands," used
to tie up and decorate the hair, were forbidden under
severe penalties. Men, too, were forbidden to " keep
Christmas," because it was a " Popish custom." In
1677 an act was passed to prevent "the profaneness"
of " turning the back upon the public worship before
it is finished and the blessing pronounced." Towns
were directed to erect a cage near the meeting-house,
and in this all ofi'enders against the sanctity of the
Sabbath were confined.

At the same time children were placed in a partic-
ular part of the meeting-house by themselves, and
tithingmen were chosen, whose duty it was to take
care of them. So strict were they in the observance
of the Sabbath that John Atherton, a soldier in Col-
onel Tyng's regiment, was fined by him forty shil-
lings for " wetting a piece of an old hat to put into
his shoes," which chafed his feet upon the march;
and those who neglected to attend meeting for three
months were publicly whipped. Even in Harvard
College students were whipped for grave offenses in
the chapel in the presence of students and professors,
and prayers were had before and after the infliction
of the punishment.

The domestic economy of the early colonists was
simple and, in many cases, rude; their dwellings
were small, coarsely constructed and deficient in all
those appointments which are now considered neces-
sary to the health and comfort of the family ; their
diet was coarse and common. Palfrey tells us that
" in the early days of New England wheaten bread
was not so uncommon as it afterwards became," but



its place was largely supplied by preparations of In-
dian corn. A mixture of two parts of the meal of
this grain with one part of rye has continued until
far into the present century to furnish the bread of
the great body of the people. In the beginning there
was but a sparing consumption of butcher's meat.
The multiplication of flocks for their wool and of
herds for draught and for milk was an important
care, and they generally bore a high money value.
Game and fish, to a considerable extent, supplied the
want of animal food. Next to these, swine and poul-
try, fowls— ducks, geese and turkeys — were in common
use earlier than other kinds of flesh meat. The New
Englauderof the present time, who, in whatever rank
of life, would be at a loss without his tea and coffee