Resting one foot on the threshold,
In his sledge the other placing, 140



Runoxxii] Tormenting of the Bride 255

Then thy head thou liftest higher,
And thy ears thou liftest higher.

"This throughout my life I wished for,
All my youthful days I hoped for,
And throughout the year I wished it,
Like the coming of the summer.
Now my hope has found fulfilment ;
Near the time of my departure ;
One foot resting on the threshold,
In my husband's sledge the other, 150

But I do not yet know rightly,
If my mind has not been altered.
Not with joyful thoughts I wander
Nor do I depart with pleasure
From the golden home beloved,
Where I passed my life in childhood,
Where I passed my days of girlhood,
Where my father lived before me.
Sadly I depart in sorrow,

Forth I go, most sadly longing, 160

As into the night of autumn,
As on slippery ice in springtime,
When on ice no track remaineth,
On its smoothness rests no footprint.

" What may be the thoughts of others,
And of other brides the feelings ?
Do not other brides encounter,
Bear within their hearts the trouble,
Such as I, unhappy, carry ?

Blackest trouble rests upon me, 1 70

Black as coal my heart within me,
Coal-black trouble weighs upon me.

" Such the feelings of the blessed,
Such the feelings of the happy ;
As the spring day at its dawning,
Or the sunny spring-day morning ;
But what thoughts do now torment me,
And what thoughts arise within me ?
Like unto a pond's flat margin,
Or of clouds the murky border ; 180



256 Kalevala [Rtmo xxn

Like the gloomy nights of autumn,
Or the dusky day of winter,
Or, as I might better say it,
Darker than the nights of autumn ! "

Then an old crone of the household,
In the house for long abiding,
Answered in the words which follow :
" Quiet, quiet, youthful maiden !
Dost remember, how I told thee,
And a hundred times repeated, 190

Take no pleasure in a lover,
In a lover's mouth rejoice not,
Do not let his eyes bewitch thee,
Nor his handsome feet admire ?
Though his mouth speaks charming converse,
And his eyes are fair to gaze on,
Yet upon his chin is Lempo ;
In his mouth there lurks destruction.

"Thus I always counsel maidens,
And to all their kind I counsel, 200

Though great people come as suitors,
Mighty men should come as wooers,
Yet return them all this answer ;
And on thy side speak unto them,
In such words as these address them,
And in thiswise speak unto them :
1 Not the least would it beseem me,
Not beseem me, or become me,
As a daughter-in-law to yield me,
As a slave to yield my freedom. 210

Such a pretty girl as I am,
Suits it not to live as slave-girl,
To depart consent I never,
To submit to rule of others.
If another word you utter,
I will give you two in answer,
If you by my hair would pull me,
And you by my locks would drag me,
From my hair I'd quickly shake you,
From my locks dishevelled drive you.' 220



Runo xxn] Tormenting of the Bride 257

" But to this thou hast not hearkened,
To my words thou hast not listened,
Wilfully thou sought'st the fire,
In the boiling tar hast cast thee.
Now the fox's sledge awaits thee,
To the bear's hug art thou going,
And the fox's sledge will take thee,
Far away the bear convey thee,
Ever slave to other masters,
Ever slave of husband's mother. 230

" From thy home to school thou goest,
From thy father's house to suffering.
Hard the school to which thou goest,
Long the pain to which thou goest.
Reins for thee are bought already,
Iron fetters all in order,
Not for others are they destined,
But alas, for thee, unhappy.

" Shortly wilt thou feel their harshness,
Helpless feel, and unprotected, 240

For the father's chin is wagging,
And the mother's tongue is stormy ;
And the brother's words are coldness,
And the sister's harsh reproaches.

" Hear, O maiden, what I tell thee,
What I speak, and what I tell thee,
In thy home thou wast a floweret,
And the joy of father's household,
And thy father called thee Moonlight,
And thy mother called thee Sunshine, 250

And thy brother Sparkling Water,
And thy sister called thee Blue-cloth.
To another home thou goest,
There to find a stranger mother.
Never is a stranger mother
Like the mother who has borne thee :
Seldom does she give good counsel,
Seldom gives the right instructions.
Sprig the father shouts against thee,
Slut the mother calls unto thee, 260

I *i 259



258 Kalevala [Runo xxn

And the brother calls thee Doorstep,
And the sister, Nasty Creature.

" Now the best that could await thee,
Best the fate that could await thee,
If as fog thou wert dispersing,
From the house like smoke departing,
Blown like leaf away that flutters,
As a spark away is drifted.

" But a bird that flies thou art not,
Nor a leaf away that flutters, 270

Nor a spark in drafts that's drifting,
Nor the smoke from house ascending.

" Lack-a-day, O maid, my sister !
Changed hast thou, and what art changing !
Thou hast changed thy much-loved father
For a father-in-law, a bad one ;
Thou hast changed thy tender mother
For a mother-in-law most stringent ;
Thou hast changed thy noble brother
For a brother-in-law so crook-necked, 280

And exchanged thy gentle sister
For a sister-in-law all cross-eyed ;
And hast changed thy couch of linen
For a sooty hearth to rest on ;
And exchanged the clearest water
For the muddy margin-water,
And the sandy shore hast bartered
For the black mud at the bottom ;
And thy pleasant meadow bartered
For a dreary waste of heathland ; 290

And thy hills of berries bartered
For the hard stumps of a clearing.

" Didst thou think, O youthful maiden,
Think, O dove, full-fledged at present,
Care would end and toil be lessened,
With the party of this evening,
When to rest thou shalt betake thee,
And to sleep thou art conducted ?

" But to rest they will not lead thee,
Nor to sleep will they conduct thee ; 300



Runo xxii] Tormenting of the Bride 259

Nought awaits thee now but watching,
Nought awaits thee now save trouble,
Heavy thoughts will come upon thee,
Saddened thoughts will overwhelm thee.

" Long as thou didst wear no head-dress,
Wert thou also free from trouble ;
When no linen veil waved round thee,
Thou wast also free from sorrow.
Now the head-dress brings thee trouble,
Heavy thoughts the linen fabric, 310

And the linen veil brings sorrow,
And the flax brings endless trouble.

" How may live at home a maiden ?
Maid in father's house abiding ;
Like a monarch in his palace,
Only that the sword is wanting,
But a son's wife's fate is dismal !
With her husband she is living
As a prisoner lives in Russia,
Only that the jailor's wanting. 320

" Work she must in working season,
And her shoulders stoop with weakness,
And her body faints with weakness,
And with sweat her face is shining.
Then there comes another hour
When there's need to make the fire,
And to put the hearth in order,
She must force her hands to do it.

" Long must seek, this girl unhappy,
Long the hapless one must seek for, 330

Salmon's mind, and tongue of perchling,
And her thoughts from perch in fishpond,
Mouth of bream, of chub the belly,
And from water-hen learn wisdom.

"'Tis beyond my comprehension,
Nine times can I not imagine,
To the mother's much-loved daughters,
Best beloved of all her treasures,
Whence should come to them the spoiler,
Where the greedy one was nurtured, 340



260 Kalevala [Runo xxn

Eating flesh, and bones devouring,
To the wind their hair abandoning,
And their tresses wildly tossing,
To the wind of springtime gives them.

" Weep thou, weep thou, youthful maiden,
When thou weepest, weep thou sorely.
Weep thyself of tears a handful,
Fill thy fists with tears of longing,
Drop them in thy father's dwelling,
Pools of tears upon the flooring, 350

Till the room itself is flooded,
And above the floor in billows !
If thou weepest yet not freely
Thou shalt weep when thou returnest,
When to father's house thou comest,
And shalt find thy aged father
Suffocated in the bathroom,
'Neath his arm a dried-up bath-whisk.

" Weep thou, weep thou, youthful maiden,
When thou weepest, weep thou sorely ; 360

If thou weepest not yet freely,
Thou shalt weep when thou returnest,
When to mother's house thou comest,
And thou find'st thy aged mother
Suffocated in the cowshed,
In her dying lap a straw-sheaf.

" Weep thou, weep thou, youthful maiden,
When thou weepest, weep thou sorely.
If thou weepest yet not freely,
Thou shalt weep when thou returnest, 370

When to this same house thou comest,
And thou find'st thy rosy brother
Fallen in the porch before it,
In the courtyard helpless fallen.

" Weep thou, weep thou, youthful maiden,
When thou weepest, weep thou sorely.
If thou weepest yet not freely,
Thou shalt weep when thou returnest,
When to this same house thou comest,
And thou find'st thy gentle sister 380



Runoxxii] Tormenting of the Bride 261

Fallen down upon the pathway,
And beneath her arm a mallet."

Then the poor girl broke out sobbing,
And awhile she sobbed and panted,
And she soon commenced her weeping,
Pouring forth her tears in torrents.

Then she wept of tears a handful,
Filled her fists with tears of longing,
Wet she wept her father's dwelling,
Pools of tears upon the flooring, 390

And she spoke the words which follow,
And expressed herself in thiswise :
" O my sisters, dearest to me,
Of my life the dear companions,
All companions of my childhood,
Listen now to what I tell you.
'Tis beyond my comprehension
Why I feel such deep oppression,
Making now my life so heavy,
Why this trouble weighs upon me, 400

Why this darkness rests upon me ;
How I should express my sorrow.

" Otherwise I thought and fancied,
Wished it different, all my lifetime,
Thought to go as goes the cuckoo,
Crying ' Cuckoo ' from the hill-tops,
Now the day I have attained to,
Come the time that I had wished for ;
But I go not like the cuckoo,
Crying ' Cuckoo ' from the hill-tops, 4 1 o

More as duck amid the billows,
On the wide bay's open waters,
Swimming in the freezing water,
Shivering in the icy water.

" Woe, my father and my mother,
Woe, alas, my aged parents !
Whither would you now dismiss me,
Drive a wretched maid to sorrow,
Make me thus to weep for sorrow,
Overburdened thus with trouble, 420



262 Kalevala [Runo xxn

With distress so heavy-burdened,
And with care so overloaded ?

" Better, O unhappy mother,
Better, dearest who hast borne me,
O thou dear one, who hast suckled,
Nurtured me throughout my lifetime,
Hadst thou swaddled up a tree-stump,
And hadst bathed a little pebble,
Rather than have washed thy daughter,
And have swaddled up thy darling, 430

For this time of great affliction,
And of this so grievous sorrow.

" Many speak unto me elsewise,
Many counsel me in thiswise :
' Do not, fool, give way to sorrow,
Let not gloomy thoughts oppress thee.'
Do not, O ye noble people,
Do not speak to me in thiswise !
Far more troubles weigh upon me,
Than in a cascade are pebbles, 440

Than in swampy ground the willows,
Or the heath upon the marshland.
Never can a horse pull forward,
And a shod horse struggle onward,
And the sledge sway not behind him,
And the collar shall not tremble.
Even thus I feel my trouble,
And oppressed by dark forebodings."

From the floor there sang an infant,
From the hearth a growing infant. 450

" Wherefore dost thou weep, O maiden,
Yielding to such grievous sorrow ?
Cast thy troubles to the horses,
Sorrow to the sable gelding.
Leave complaints to mouths of iron,
Lamentations to the thick-heads,
Better heads indeed have horses,
Better heads, and bones much harder,
For their arching necks are firmer,
All their frame is greatly stronger. 460



Runoxxii] Tormenting of the Bride 263

" No, them hast no cause for weeping,
Nor to yield to grievous sorrow ;
To the marsh they do not lead thee,
Push thee not into the ditches.
Leavest thou these fertile cornfields,
Vet to richer fields thou goest,
Though they take thee from the brewery,
'Tis to where the ale's abundant.

" If around thee now thou gazest,
Just beside thee where thou standest, 470

There thy bridegroom stands to guard thee,
By thy side thy ruddy husband.
Good thy husband, good his horses,
All things needful fill his cellars,
And the grouse are loudly chirping,
On the sledge, as glides it onwards,
And the thrushes make rejoicing,
As they sing upon the traces,
And six golden cuckoos likewise
Flutter on the horse's collar, 480

Seven blue birds are also perching,
On the sledge's frame, and singing.

" Do not yield thee thus to trouble,
O thou darling of thy mother !
For no evil fate awaits thee,
But in better case thou comest,
Sitting by thy farmer husband,
Underneath the ploughman's mantle,
'Neath the chin of the bread-winner,
In the arms of skilful fisher, 490

Warm from chasing elk on snowshoes,
And from bathing after bear-hunt.

" Thou hast found the best of husbands,
And hast won a mighty hero,
For his bow is never idle,
Neither on the pegs his quivers ;
And the dogs in house he leaves not,
Nor in hay lets rest the puppies.

" Three times in this spring already,
In the earliest hours of morning, 500



264 Kalevala [Runo xxm

Has he stood before the fire,

Rising from his couch of bushes ;

Three times in this spring already

On his eyes the dew has fallen,

And the shoots of pine-trees combed him,

And the branches brushed against him.

" All his people he exhorted,
To increase his flocks in number,
For indeed the bridegroom owneth
Flocks that wander through the birch woods, 510
Tramp their way among the sand-hills,
Seek for pasture in the valleys ;
Hundreds of the horned cattle,
Thousands with their well-filled udders ;
On the plains are stacks in plenty,
In the valley crops abundant,
Alder-woods for cornland suited,
Meadows where the barley's springing,
Stony land for oats that's suited,
Watered regions, fit for wheatfields. 520

All rich gifts in peace await thee,
Pennies plentiful as pebbles."



RUNG XXIII. THE INSTRUCTING OF THE BRIDE

Argument

The bride is instructed and directed how to conduct herself in her
husband's house (1-478). An old vagrant woman relates the ex-
periences of her life as a daughter, as a wife, and after her separation
from her husband (479-850).

Now the girl must be instructed,
And the bride be taught her duty,
Who shall now instruct the maiden,
And shall teach the girl her duty ?
Osmotar, experienced woman,
Kaleva's most beauteous maiden ;



Runo xxm] Instructing of the Bride 265

She shall give the maid instruction,

And shall teach the unprotected

How to bear herself with prudence,

And with wisdom to conduct her, 10

In her husband's house with prudence,

To his mother most obedient.

So she spoke the words which follow,
And in terms like these addressed her :
" O thou bride, my dearest sister,
Thou my darling, best-beloved,
Listen now to what I tell thee,
For a second time repeated.
Now thou goest, a flower transplanted,
Like a strawberry forward creeping, 20

Whisked, like shred of cloth, to distance,
Satin-robed, to distance hurried,
From thy home, renowned so greatly,
From thy dwelling-place so beauteous.
To another home thou comest,
To a stranger household goest ;
In another house 'tis different ;
Otherwise in strangers' houses.
Walk thou there with circumspection,
And prepare thy duties wisely, 30

Not as on thy father's acres,
Or the lands of thine own mother,
Where they sing among the valleys,
And upon the pathways shouting.

" When from out this house thou goest,
All thy doings must be different ;
Three things leave at home behind thee,
Sleep indulged in in the daytime,
Counsels of thy dearest mother,
And fresh butter from the barrels. 40

" All thy thoughts must now be altered ;
Leave thy sleepiness behind thee,
Leave it for the household maiden,
By the stove so idly sitting.
To the bench-end cast thy singing,
Joyous carols to the windows,



266 Kalevala [Runo xxui

Girlish ways unto the bath-whisks,

And thy pranks to blanket-edges,

Naughtinesses to the stove-bench,

On the floor thy lazy habits, 50

Or renounce them to thy bridesmaid,

And into her arms unload them,

That she take them to the bushes,

Out upon the heath convey them.

" Other habits wait thy learning,
And the old must be forgotten.
Father's love you leave behind you ;
Learn to love thy husband's father ;
Deeper now must thou incline thee,
Fitting language must thou utter. 60

"Other habits wait thy learning,
And the old must be forgotten.
Mother's love thou leav'st behind thee ;
Learn to love thy husband's mother.
Deeper now must thou incline thee ;
Fitting language must thou utter.

" Other habits wait thy learning,
And the old must be forgotten.
Brother's love thou leav'st behind thee ;
Learn to love thy husband's brother ; 70

Deeper now must thou incline thee ;
Fitting language must thou utter.

" Other habits wait thy learning,
And the old must be forgotten.
Sister's love thou leav'st behind thee,
Learn to love thy husband's sister.
Deeper now must thou incline thee,
Fitting language must thou utter.

" Never may'st thou in thy lifetime,
While the golden moon is shining, 80

Seek a house of doubtful morals,
With the worthless men consorting,
For a house must needs be moral,
And a house must needs be noble,
And for sense a husband wishes,
And desires the best behaviour.



Runo xxni] Instructing of the Bride 267

Heedfulness will much be needed

In a house of doubtful morals ;

Steadiness will much be wanting

In a man's of doubtful morals. 90

" Is the old man a wolf in corner,
By the hearth the crone a she-bear,
Brother-in-law on step a viper,
In the yard like nail the sister,
Equal honour must thou give them,
Deeper must thou then incline thee,
Than thou bowed before thy mother,
In the house of thine own father,
Than thou bowed before thy father,
Or before thy dearest mother. 100

" Thou wilt always need in future
Ready wit and clear perception,
And thy thoughts must all be prudent,
Firmly fixed thy understanding,
Eyes of keenness in the evening,
That the fire is always brilliant,
Ears of sharpness in the morning,
Thus to listen for the cockcrow.
If the cockcrow once has sounded,
Though the second has not sounded, no

It becomes the young to rouse them,
Though the old folk still are resting.

" If the cock should not be crowing,
Nor the master's bird be crowing,
Let the moon for cockcrow serve thee,
Take the Great Bear for thy guidance.
Often thou should'st seek the open,
Often go the moon to gaze on,
From the Great Bear seek instruction,
And the distant stars to gaze on. 120

" If you see the Great Bear clearly,
With his front to south directed,
And his tail extending northward,
Then 'tis time for thee to rouse thee
From the side of thy young husband,
Leaving him asleep and ruddy,



268 Kalevala [Runo xxm

Fire to seek among the ashes

Seeking for a spark in firebox,

Blowing then the fire discreetly,

That from carelessness it spread not. 130

" If no fire is in the ashes,
And no spark is in the firebox,
Coax thou then thy dearest husband,
And cajole thy handsome husband :
1 Light me now the fire, my dearest,
Just a spark, my darling berry ! '

" If you have a flint, a small one,
And a little piece of tinder,
Strike a light as quick as may be,
Light the pine-chip in the holder, 140

Then go out to clear the cowshed,
And the cattle do thou fodder,
For the mother's cow is lowing,
And the father's horse is neighing,
And her chain the son's cow rattles,
And the daughter's calf is lowing,
That the soft hay should be thrown them,
And the clover laid before them.

" Go thou stooping on the pathway,
Bend thou down among the cattle, 1 50

Gently give the cows their fodder,
Give the sheep their food in quiet,
Spread it straight before the cattle,
Drink unto the calves so helpless,
To the foals give straw well-chosen,
To the lambkins hay the softest,
See that on the swine thou tread'st not,
Nor the hogs with foot thou spurnest,
Take thou to the swine the food-trough,
Set before the hogs the food-tray. 160

" Do not rest thee in the cowshed,
Do not loiter with the sheep-flock ;
When thou'st visited the cowshed,
And hast looked to all the cattle,
Do thou quickly hasten homeward,
Home returning like a blizzard,



Runo xxiii] Instructing of the Bride 269

For the baby there is crying,

Crying underneath the blanket,

And the poor child still is speechless,

And its tongue no words can utter, 170

Whether it is cold or hungry,

Or if something else annoys it,

Ere its well-known friend is coming,

And the mother's voice it heareth.

" When into the room thou comest,
Come thou fourth into the chamber ;
In thy hand a water-bucket,
Underneath thy arm a besom,
And between thy teeth a pine-chip ;
Thou art then the fourth among them. 180

" Sweep thou then the floor to cleanness,
Sweep thou carefully the planking,
And upon the floor pour water,
Not upon the heads of babies.
If you see a child there lying,
Though thy sister-in-law's the infant,
Up upon the bench then lift it,
Wash its eyes, and smooth its hair down,
Put some bread into its handles,
And upon the bread spread butter, 190

But if bread perchance be wanting,
Put a chip into its handles.

" Then the tables must be scoured,
At the week-end at the latest ;
Wash them, and the sides remember,
Let the legs be not forgotten ;
Then the benches wash with water,
Sweep thou too the walls to cleanness,
And the boards of all the benches,
And the walls with all their corners. 200

" If there's dust upon the tables,
Or there's dust upon the windows,
Dust them carefully with feathers,
Wipe them with a wetted duster,
That the dust should not be scattered,
Nor should settle on the ceiling.



270 Kalevala [Runo xxm

" From the stove scrape all the rust off,
From the ceiling wipe the soot off,
And the ceiling-props remember,
Nor should'st thou forget the rafters, 210

That the house be all in order,
And a fitting place to live in.

" Hear, O maiden, what I tell thee,
What I say, and what I tell thee,
Do not go without thy clothing,
Nor without thy shift disport thee,
Move about without thy linen,
Or without thy shoes go shuffling :
Greatly shocked would be thy bridegroom,
And thy youthful husband grumble. 220

" In the yard there grows a rowan,
Thou with reverent care should'st tend it,
Holy is the tree there growing,
Holy likewise are its branches,
On its boughs the leaves are holy,
And its berries yet more holy,
For a damsel may discover,
And an orphan thence learn teaching,
How to please her youthful husband,
To her bridegroom's heart draw nearer. 230

" Let thy ears be keen as mouse-ears,
Let thy feet as hare's be rapid,
And thy young neck proudly arching,
And thy fair neck proudly bending,
Like the juniper uprising,
Or the cherry's verdant summit.

" Likewise hold thyself discreetly,
Always ponder and consider ;
Never venture thou to rest thee
On the bench at length extended, 240

Nor upon thy bed to rest thee,
There to yield thee to thy slumbers.

" Comes the brother from his ploughing,
Or the father from the storehouse,
Or thy husband from his labour,
He, thy fair one, from the clearing,



Runo xxm] Instructing of the Bride 271

Haste to fetch the water-basin,

Hasten them to bring a towel,

Bowing with respect before them,

Speaking words of fond affection. 250

"Comes the mother from the storehouse,
In her arms the flour-filled basket,
Run across the yard to meet her,
Bowing with respect before her,
Take thou from her hands the basket,
Quickly to the house to bear it.

" If you do not know your duty,
Do not comprehend it fully,
What the work that waits the doing,
Where you should begin your labours, 260

Ask the old crone then in thiswise :
' O my mother-in-law beloved,
How is this work to be managed,
And arranged these household matters ? '

" And the old crone thus will answer,
And your mother-in-law will tell you :
* Thus this work is to be managed,
And arranged these household matters,
Pounding thus, and grinding thiswise,
And the handmill quickly turning. 270

Likewise do thou fetch the water,
That the dough be fitly kneaded,
Carry logs into the bakehouse,
And the oven heat thou fully,
Set thou then the loaves for baking,
And the large cakes bake thou likewise,
Wash thou then the plates and dishes,
Likewise washing clean the meal-tubs.'

" When thy work she thus has told thee,
And thy mother-in-law has taught thee, 280

From the stones the parched corn taking,
Hasten to the room for grinding ;
But when you at length have reached it,
And the room for grinding entered,