WHS represented as accomplished by the
high priest on the Day of Atonement after
he had made satisfaction to Justice. Then
coming out of the Most Holy he laid aside
the sacrificial garments and put on the
robes of glory and beauty, which fore-
shadowed his great work as the Mediator
of the New Covenant between God and
the World. Proceeding to the altar of
sacrifice, the high priest lifted up his
hands and blessed the people, who lay
prostrated before him in sackcloth and
ashes. No wonder that the people rose
up and gave a shout of thanksgiving for
the cancellation of their sins for a year,
in the type. In the antitype they will rise
up from the dust of ignorance and super-
stition and sin, and arise from the tomb,
to praise God and by his grace to attain
unto the glorious perfection, he has de-
signed for mankind in an earthly paradise,
world-wide. Ah! there is a wonderful
force and beauty in God's Plan, and noth-
ing illustrates it better than the Day of
Atonement and its sacrifices and ultimate
blessings as God gave these in a typical
way to his Chosen People.
OIL AS FUEL FOR WARSHIPS
BY ARTHUR INKERSLEY
One of the favorite arguments of many naval officers to the wider use of oil as
t'l for our irarships has been the plea that, while oil is superior to coal as fuel, and
fV preferable in the cases of merchant steamers that make, regular runs between
ports where oil may always be secured, the navy is called upon to send its ships all
over the world, at out of the way places and far from sources of oil supply, while coal
may be had. at nearly every port of any consequence. In this article, Mr. Inkersley
effectually disposes of this fallacious argument by showing that vessels may be eco-
nomically fitted with convertible furnaces, which enable them to use either oil or
coal, and points as examples to the steamers of the Toyo Risen Kaisha, the Japan-
rvr line irlticli runs between San Francisco and the Orient. THE EDITOR.
BEFORE THE CLOSE of the
19th century, vessels plying
along the Pacific Coast were
using oil as fuel, and in the last
year of the century the conversion of the
steamers Alameda and Mariposa, owned by
the Oceanic Steamship Company, into oil-
burners attracted the attention of shipping
men generally to the advantages of crude
petroleum as fuel. O'n: one of the early
vo} r ages of the Mariposa a naval engineer
made the round trip from San Francisco
to Tahiti, but, though his report was fav-
orable, the Navy Department did nothing
in the direction of the adoption of oil as
fuel until a year or two ago, when: the
coast defense steamer Cheyenne "was con-
verted into an oil burner for the purpose
of testing the value of the new fuel. The
experiments on the Cheyenne convinced
the naval officers who made them of the
great utility of oil, and the Navy Depart-
ment gave orders that all the small vessels
going to navy yards for repairs should be
equipped with oil burning apparatus.
The experience of more tlian a decade
ha shown conclusively that liquid fuel
is not only more economical than coal, but
more efficient. Nor does oil involve
greater danger than the use of coal; for
the exercise of the same care and intelli-
gence that prevents fires from occurring
in the coal-bunkers will prevent damage
from the explosive gases contained in pe-
troleum. Of course, some accidents have
happened on craft using oil as fuel, but it
has been shown, that these were due to the
fact that some common precaution was
neglected. It has been said that liquid
fuel is more economical than coal. Four
and one-quarter barrels of oil will evapo-
rate as much water and generate as much
steam as one long ton (2240 pounds) of
coal, though the oil weighs only 1423 Ibs.,
or 817 Ibs. less than the coal. A steamer
that formerly used 135 tons of coal per
day is now securing better results by the
consumption of 560 barrels of oil. The
coal, at $6.75 per ton, cost $911.25, while
the oil, at one dollar a barrel, costs $560,
or $321.25 less. And the lower initial
cost is only part of the saving effected by
the use of oil. To coal a ship requires a
gang of highly-paid stevedores, and, when
the work of coaling is over, the whole ves-
sel is black and grimy with coal dust, and
the ship's crew has "a long, hard job of
scrubbing and cleaning to do. All that is
needed to put oil on a vessel is a pump and
a sufficient length of rubber hose. The
process of taking on oil creates no dust,
and interferes with no other work that
may be in. progress. Whereas it takes a
day or two to coal a ship, it can be "oiled"
434
OVBBLAND MONTHLY.
in an hour or two. When it comes to
burning the fuel, the advantage in the
matter of cleanliness again is with the oil.
Coal, while being burned, scatters cinders
and dust widely, whereas oil is free from
this drawback. Coal must be supplied to
the furnaces by gangs of firemen, each of
whom receives wages of forty or fifty dol-
lars a month. Oil is supplied automati-
cally to the furnace, and one man tending
the burners can keep a hotter fire than a
gang of stokers at a coal furnace. On an
oil -burning vessel ten men can do the work
that on a coal-consuming craft would keep
four times that number of men busy. On
a coal burning vessel, especially in tropical
waters, the stoke hole .is an inferno, and
deaths from prostration are not infre-
quent among the firemeni, whereas the
fire-room of an oil-burner is cool and
clean. No shovels or other firing tools are
needed on an oil burning craft, and the
saving on these implements amounts to a
considerable sum in a year. On an ocean-
going vessel that burns coal, the task of
keeping things clean is a never-ending one,
while on an oil-burner, most of the dirt is
eliminated, and a smaller force can keep
the vessel spotless. The freedom from
soot, dust and cinders adds more to the
comfort of passengers than any improve-
ment that has been made in ocean-going
craft in recent years. The use of oil ren-
ders it possible to maintain a steady steam
pressure, and saves the machinery from
much wear and tear. The oil occupies less
space than coal, thus leaving more room
for freight and passengers. It increases
the speed of a vessel and its steaming
radius.
Where circumstances render it desir-
able, a vessel can be equipped so as to burn
either coal or oil. For example, the Jap-
anese Company, Toyo Kisen Kaisha,
equipped its turbine liners Tenyo Maru
and Chiyo Maru with oil-burners, but,
finding that coal could be obtained more
cheaply in Japan and oil more cheaply
in California, the vessels were fitted
with convertible furnaces, capable of
using either coal or oil. On the way from
Japan to San Francisco they burn coal,
but on the return trip to Japan they burn
oil. At times, some of the furnaces on
these ships may be burning oil, while
others are consuming coal. It was sup-
posed at one time that a vessel equipped
to burn oil would be helpless if she could
not get it, but evidently that is not so.
California is greatly interested in the
adoption of oil as fuel in the navy; for,
if American warships burn petroleum, a
great market will be created for Califor-
nian oil, insuring a steady price for one
of the most abundant products of the State
and a great development of the oil-pro-
ducing industry. Urged by these consid-
erations, the oil-producers of California
intend to make concerted efforts to induce
the Navy Department to adopt petroleum
as fuel for the nation's fighting ships and
transports.
IN THE REALM OF BOOKLAND
Edwin L. Sabin, one of the best writers
in the world on the picturesque life of the
great cattle ranges, and author of the
popular "Bar B Boys/' has brought forth
a sequel to that excellent story, under the
title "Bange and Trail, or The Bar B's
Great Drive/* 7 In it he introduces the
reader to many of the characters of the
earlier book, and the story is one calcu-
lated to stimulate more than ever the in-
terest in the life and history of the cow-
puncher? and the methods of the old cat-
tle ranches now so rapidly diminishing.
The tale is based upon the adventures of
Phil Macowan, a young Easterner, who
reaches the Bar B ranch in midwinter,
shares the hardships of the cowmen and
assists in the driving up of a new herd of
cattle from the south in the spring.
Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., New York.
Especial interest attaches to a work just
produced by S. S. Curry, Ph. D., Litt. D.,
entitled "Mind and Voice," in which the
author discusses instructively the princi-
ples and methods of vocal training. It is
Dr. Curry's opinion that there is really a
science of expression, a science of the
voice, and he deals with his subject in a
scholarly and impressing manner. Exer-
cise and training, the motive power of the
voice, education and faults of breathing,
the co-ordination of diaphragm and vocal
bands, and extensive discussion of sound
waves, are among the many interesting
features of the book.
Expression Company, Boston.
The works of George Wharton James
have long been standard in the literature
of the Far West, his delightful writings
about the old missions and other features
of the Pacific Coast having earned him
nation-wide, even world-wide, fame. He
has just added to the list of his produc-
tions an admirable volume entitled "The
Grand Canyon of Arizona," which is quite
np to his usual style. It is highly enter-
taining and instructive, splendidly illus-
trated with half-tones, and makes the
reader eager for a trip to the picturesque
wilds of which it treats.
Little, Brown & Co., Boston.
An invaluable book for hunters, camp-
ers and other lovers of the out-of-doors is
"Backwoods Surgery and Medicine," by
Charles Stuart Moody, M. D., who, in this
handy volume,, gives excellent practical ad-
vice for the preservation of health in the
woods and fields. He mentions the vari-
ous ailments apt to be found, and the rem-
edies for them, and for a variety of hurts
from accidents. First aid treatment, rem-
edies for bites of snakes and insects, and
a list of surgical articles and medicines
apt to be of service during an outing are
included in the book.
Outing Publishing Co., New York.
Hudson Maxim is not only a leader
in the material sciences and in invention,
but he is likewise a writer of high ability,
with a truly admirable power of analysis.
In "The Science of Poetry and the Phil-
osophy of Language," he offers a practical
method for literary criticism and a stand-
ard of uniform judgment for determining
the relative merits of literary productions.
The work is marked by its scientific origi-
nality, and certainly proves the versatility
of the author's mind. In the book he has
applied to literature the same analytical
methods of thought that have made him
famous among the Governments of the
world for his production of smokeless pow-
ders and high explosives.
Funk & Wagnalls Company, New York.
"Chinese Fairy Stories" is exactly de-
scribed by its title. It is an attractive
volume, by Norman H. Pitman, who is an
American teaciier in the Provincial Col-
lege, near Peking, and has obtained his
material at first hand. The book is a col-
lection of interesting Chinese fairy tales
and folk lore, suggestive of the Arabian
Nights. It is well printed and handsome-
ly illustrated in colors.
' Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., New York.
436
OVERLAND MONTHLY.
One of the strongest stories of the year
is "The Doctor's Lass," by Edward C.
Booth. It is strong not only in its lan-
guage and dramatic features, but in the
originality of its plot, which proposes
many problems of human nature to the
reader. The Doctor, abandoned by the
woman loved for another man, lives a life
of sorrow until he learns that his former
sweetheart has died, leaving him her
daughter for a ward. The tale is full of
intensity, and the growth in love of the
Doctor for the young girl makes a strange-
ly attractive story. The work is well il-
lustrated.
The Centurv Co., New York.
As a testimonial to the late Bronson
Howard, who died two years ago, his fel-
low members cf the American Dramatists'
Club, of which he was the founder and
president, have published a neat volume,
in which the biography of that brilliant
writer, together with the addresses deliv-
ered at the memorial meeting held in the
Lyceum Theatre, New York, are printed,
together with illustrations well selected,
showing Bronson Howard at various ages,
and members of his family.
Many interesting data are contained in
two recent publications of the Census Bu-
reau of the Department of Commerce and
Labor. They are the reports on Street
and Electric Railways and on Benevolent
Institutions. Both are rich in full tables
of statistics.
In "Rhymes of Home," Burges John-
son, whose "Beastly Rhymes" and
"Rhymes of Little Boys" have already
placed him in the forefront of humorous
yet appealing versifiers, has collected a
number of very clever verses, mostly re-
lating to such domestic subjects as Mat-
ing, Building, Life Year In and Year
Out, the Little Folks, and so on. Each of
the fifty-seven poems is of high quality,
the treatment suggesting the work of
Eugene Field.
Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., New York.
The reason for the publication of "Col-
lege Days' Essays" is difficult to discover.
The volume, a small one, consists of a
collection of sophomoric essays, writ-
ten during and immediately after the
Civil War, by Reuben Alonzo Gibson,
LL. B. One of many entertaining ex-
cerpts that might be made is the follow-
ing, written in 186-1 :
"We have no doubt but that in very or-
dinary times Mr. Lincoln would make a
capital President, to s-ay the least. To-
gether with his honesty, he has good judg-
ment and a desire to do right. He would
be a useful and honorable member of
society, and could fill a position in a State
Legislature, but he is not great enough
to command the destinies of a mighty
nation in her hour of greatest peril. He
has proved himself not competent to man-
ago our national affairs, and why shall we
deprive the world of the good he might
do elsewhere and perhaps seal our national
ruin by keeping him longer outside of his
natural sphere?''
The book is trivial and untimely, and
not worth the reading, except for many
such humorous effusions as that above.
Nixon-Jones Printing Co., St. Louis.
"Flamsted Quarries" is a pretty story
by Mary E. Waller, . which is descriptive
of present-day conditions in the United
States, social and industrial. The heroine
is a little girl taken off the stage of a vau-
deville theatre in New York by a fatherly
priest and transplanted from the metro-
politan night life to the healthful atmos-
phere of a little Maine village, among the
granite quarries. It is a story of love,
honesty and the simple life, well worth
the reading.
Little, Brown & Co., Boston, $1.50.
A delightful little story is "The Wheels
of Time," by Florence L. Barcla}', in
which are narrated the experiences, the
miseries and trials of a young married
couple, who become cooled toward one
another by reason of the husband's devo-
tion to his profession and the wife's fond-
ness for gayety. Finally, in an hour of
deep agony, the true natures of each arc
mutually recognized, the true lave that
has existed all. along asserts itself, and the
ending is happy. The book may be read
with profit by many a married couple, to
whom life seems unattractive by reason of
mutual misunderstanding.
Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., New York.
A. D. Sherreff and his dog "Buster.'
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NOV 19 1910
-.I
NOVEMBER 1910
OVERLAND
Jfou nded 1666
Vol. LVI
DUCK SHOOTING IN CALIFORNIA
BY JOHN DE WITT
BACKED BY ITS unfailing popu-
larity, so well expressed in the
sporting adage which says : "Once
a shooter, always a shooter/ 7 the
game of duck hunting seems this fall sea-
son in California to be having a veritable
"boom" similar to that which has brought
tennis, golf, bowling and other sports be-
fore the fun-loving people at various times
within* the past decade. Whether the well-
established weakness of the American pub-
lic as regards going in for fads and then
dropping them, will eventually restore
duck shooting to its normal proportions,
can only be told in the next two or three
years, though the large investments in
money necessary to equip a preserve forms
a weighty argument for the longevity of
this particular phase of sport with the
shotgun provided the supply of wild-
ducks lasts.
With those who have seen golf, tennis,
billiards and bowling come and go back-
to their comparatively small clientele of
regular devotees, the financial argument
will hardly appeal; however, since each of
these sports also represents a considerable
expenditure in money.
Interest in shooting, however duck-
hunting in particular has this season
reached a plane that surprises all the vet-
erans. Hundreds of business men who,
for years, many of them since boyhood's
days, had not touched a gun, have been
taken with a more or less virulent attack
of "duck fever," bought into or organ-
ized duck shooting clubs, hired somebody
to run them, and tasted the ideal recrea-
tion for a business man.' one that does
not require of him the muscular strength
and endurance of quail hunting, a condi-
tion that must be the outcome of practice
and patient training.
There are at present in the vicinity of
San Francisco, cind, in fact, throughout
the State, wherever there is a chance to
indulge in the sport, twice as many duck
clubs as ever before, and this fact alone
tell? its own story. Indeed, many con-
servative sportsmen, referring to the ex-
perience of past seasons, when the sport
has been of ordinary productive variety,
advance the argument that there are now
too many associations of sportsmen bent
upon the decimation of the ducks. They
argue that the present conditions are in-
imical to good sport in the future. In
some shooting sections the clubs have
failed to come together on dates, with the
result that the webfeet are being pounded
somewhere in the district every day of the
week. While conceding that this lack of
arrangement is not for the best interests
of all, most sportsmen believe that the
more clubs there are, the better will be
the sport, as more birds will stop over for
the winter, owing to the greater expanse
of fresh water, more ponds, and the better-
ing of their food supply.
In other shooting districts, notably so
on the Suisun marsh, regular shooting
days, Wednesdays, Sundays and holidays,
Seymour Gun Club's clubhouse.
during the season, is the schedule for the
powder burners. This gives the birds a
rest, and induces newcomers from the
North, or birds bombarded out of other
grounds, to get settled down in new quar-
ters before the chilled lead distribution
puts them in the bag or sends them away
to other feeding grounds. Too much
shooting on a preserve, particularly at the
opening of the season, will drive birds
away.
The amount of money invested by local
sportsmen in duck clubs and preserves
would about cover the sum total of a
national bank's yearly operations,- and the
annual cost of maintaining them would
run several small cities.
Few persons have any idea of the num-
ber of men who, without saying much
about it, slip away quietly of a Saturday
-afternoon for a few hours' duck shooting,
and are back home again the next after-
noon or evening. The trip to and from
the shooting ground is made in every-day
-garb; the ducks shot reach the city by
^express. The next morning the telephone
conveys the pleasing information to the
sportsman's friends : "There's a pair of
ducks for you in So-and-So's ice-box." Or,
it may happen, that a dozen fine birds are
sent to the club, or a popular down-town
restaurant, and a duck dinner will be on
tap later in the week.
In the early days of the shooting season,
most of our ducks are homebred varieties,
sprig, mallard, greenwing and cinnamon
teal. The birds breed in the vast tule
stretches of the Sacramento and Yolo
basin overflows, and in the connecting
tule morasses of the San Joaquin. Round
about the bay counties district, the Suisun
and adjacent marshes, the ISTapa, Sonoma
and Petaluma salt marsh sections and the
sedgy stretches of the Alameda marshes,
also contribute their quota of wild-fowl,
more or less as the season is favorable or
not.
Here and there down the San Joaquin
Valley, almost to the portals of Tehach-
api Pass, Tulare, Kern and other lakes of
greater or less size and innumerable
marshy districts, there are regions that
can also be counted upon annually for a
supply of home-bred webfeet.
Ibis Gun Club's new clubhouse.
A month before the opening day of the
present season), the Suisun club preserves
and Joyce Island ponds were alive with
flocks of thousands of mallard, sprig and
a big showing of cinnamon teal. Never in
years past were so many ducks, in Sep-
tember, observed in the Alameda marshes.
On the west bay shores flights of sprig-
tails were daily observed for hours. These
birds were not all local ducks, but un-
doubtedly came from up-river and other
breeding grounds that were more or less
dried out.
Last year, particularly in the Yolo
basin, large tracts were inundated; im-
mense overflowed areas furnished plenty
of food and sheltered the birds that sum-
mered there. This was a state of affairs
that no doubt induced the presence of an
unusual number of summer breeders.
This year has been an exceedingly dry
one. Coupled with that fact, thousands of
acres have been reclaimed, including Jer-
sey, Bouldin and Victoria Island, and all
the overflow country near Little River.
All this meant that the wild ducks were
compelled to seek sanctuary in more con-
genial places. That is why, early in the
season, ducks were so very plentiful at
every available resort where there was food
and fresh water.
Early this season, quite a few geese
made their appearance, heralds of the
musical army of migrants soon to follow
in flight from the frozen fens of the north-
ern breeding grounds.
The first ducks from the North are gen-
erally the birds from the Klamath Lake
and other Oregon wild-fowl resorts, prin-
cipally sprig and teal. The season in
Oregon opens September 1st. Wild game
is wary; it takes but little disturbance of
the balance of ordinary conditions to
cause speedy exit from uncongenial or
dangerous localities. The flight of the
different varieties of ducks is of a quality
that requires but a comparatively short
period of time to reach a far away south-
ern haven of refuge, where the climate is
more acceptable or the breech-loader does
not greet them at every pitch into a pond
or waterway. The teal is credited with
covering nearly one hundred miles an
hour when he is strictly .on the job. Can-
442
OVERLAND MONTHLY.
vasbacks also do a space covering flying
stunt, in rapid time, for a short distance;
the sprig can cut out a good sprint also.
The mallard is probably the slowest of
the webfeet, with his 40 miles an hour,
and at .that, this is a trying speed for
many guns.
Unless Northern rigorous conditions of
climate insure early arrivals, and such
seems this season to be the case, the main
flight of Northern ducks does not usually
arrive until about the first days of Novem-
ber, coming down in easy stages, as feed-
ing grounds in different latitudes along
the line of migration are sealed by win-
ter's chill.
These aerial wayfarers are mostly sprig
and teal, accompanied by small barrels of
widgeon and SDOonbill. Following in
short order come the royal canvasback
and the handsomely plumaged blue-bills.
These latter varieties are essentially deep-
water fowl, and find quarters in and about
the tide waters/ San Francisco bay and
Its connecting arms. Richardson's bay,
:San. Pablo bay, Suisun bay and the tribu-
tary large creeks and sloughs, for years
past have been frequented by flocks of
countless thousands of these ducks, at-
tended by a motley camp-following of
butter-balls, copper-eyes, mergansers, oys-
ter ducks, coots, shags, divers and their
miscellaneous kin. Frequently a family
gathering of these aquatic deep-water
birds has been observed resting on the
placid stretches of San Pablo bay that
would number thousands, and cover a dis-
tance of a mile or more.
These bay refuges of the birds, up to
two years ago, invited forays by murder-
ously bent gunners in launches. Sur-