grooves for t.n,or rests, atul at the rear tl,e armnalV ,11,,,.,... :ue rn-re-
sente.1. The back ,s etehe.l with short lines to „uli,..t' l.ris.lv h '.irs
A handle Iro.n Point IIoix-. on the Areti.' ...ast i liRur.. i;;.i, is oV ivorv"
tonr inehes lonj;-. At one end is earved a human faee. -.vith s„,all l,ha>
beads inlaid t.,r eyes an,l the ni.mth ineised: alon- th.. h.wor side ue
lour fm.uer j-rooves. and an ivory strip is lilted m tiie s,,naie .Int lor the
endsot the drum frame. Another si.eein.en Iron, the same ,,laee (n.im-
6-nnim hnniUc (5).
ber fi;l798) is similar to the precedinji. but has the faec enriously dis-
torted. The tip of the handle is j)atched with a bloek of wooil neatly
fastened with five wooden pegs.
A handle of reindeer born from St .Alicliael (lijiure l.??) measures
five inches in length and represents the head and neck of a sand hill
crane. The beak is ojien, and small, round incisions mark the eyes
and ears; the slot for the fraiiu-of the drum is at the base of the neck,
and the wings of the bird are indicated by an incised line on each side,
extending diagonally to the rear, where they meet on the back; short,
parallel, incised lines represent the (piill feathers. A drum obtained at
Sledge island (number
45401 1 has a handle made
from a section of deerhorn
without orna mentation.
The frame, made of si.ruce,
is slightly ]>ear-shai)e, with
the small end next to the
handle, and is about i'd inches in diameter. The ends overlap and are
fastened with sinew cord. It is fastened in the slot of the handle by
a wooden i)in, and is beveled both ways on the inside from a central
ridge. On the outer surface, near the up|)er edge, is a dee,) groove to
receive the braided sinew cord that fastens the cover, which has the
loo,ied end attached to a inojecting nooden jieg on the frame to the
right of the handle.
In a drum (number .â– ;sS4iii obtained at ('ai)e Vancouver, the frame.
ma<le of sjunice wood. 3 inches broad, is bent in a circle. L's inches in
diameter, the overlapping eiids benig sewed together with rawhide <-ord.
85-2
THE KSKIMd Ar.OlT BERING STRAIT
Over this fVaine is stretched a cover of walrus or wliite-wliale iatestiue,
lifld in phue by a cord in a groove around the miiUlle of the frame. It
h:is a large handle, 20 inches long, made of the same material as the
frame, and largest ou the inner end, which is in the shape of a sea- par-
rot's head. Ou the back of the bird's necli is a scjuare notch, an inch
dee|), into wldch the frame fits, and outside of whicth the handle projects
about 20 inches. The bill of the sea- parrot is colored red ; the rest of the
handle is tlie color of the wood, except a band of red near the middle.
These large drums are frequently held by one man while the other
beats tliem with a long, slender rod. As with the snuiller drums, they
are frequently struck so that the rod taps against the frame at the
same time that it strikes the cover, thus producing a sharp, rapping
sound which mingles with the more resonant tone.
The International Polar Expedition obtained at Point Barrow large
drums, somewhat similar to that collected by me at Cape Vancouver,
with handles also carved on the inner ends to represent the headsof birds,
one of which is that of a cormorant and another the head of a murre.
Fig. 138— Ivory baton
In the country between the lower Yukon and the Kuskokwim, as well
as on the American sliore of Bering strait, I saw large and small drums
used at the same time, producing a pleasing combination of sound.
The drum is held by the handle in the left hand, the top slightly inclined
away from the drummer and about on a level with his chin. When
excited by the sound and movement, the drummers sometimes raise the
drums almost at arm length, so that the handles are on a level with
their brows. They are beaten in measured time, two strokes in quick
succession, then a short pause, and two strokes again. Each drummer
has a single slender, flat rod about 12 t<> 1(> inches long, which he holds
in the right hand.
While witnessing a festival to the dead on the lower Yukon, I saw
people dancing near the graves to time beaten with a stick on the end
of a log projecting from one of the houses, and another ])arty dancing
on the ice on the river to time beaten on a piece of driftwood which had
been taken to the river for the purpo.se. This was the only instance
south of Norton sound in which I saw such an accompaniment to danc-
ing. On the American shore of Bering .strait, and thence northward
OANCKS
.•5:.3
slu.rt. heavy l.ar..n ot ualrns iv„r.v is .,..„..,allv „s,.,l. Sucl; In i ,snn
.Hout (hgure l;^S, was ohtai,,.-! at INu-t .laren..... It is l.U i,,..,,,. i,.
onnth ,y an u.H.mm ,l.an.,.te.-. rmuuhMl, Ik-vvUmI at .-ach en.l, and i.as
tl.c slight curve ..I the tusk from xvhieh it was ,n..l,.. l.'jne sh.vin.^s
are h.innd aroiiiid the butt l.y a braided sinew n,rd t„ allbrd a -ri,. -.nd
a deerhoru ,.e- elos,. to the prujeetinfi end of the han.ne preventVthe
hand Irom .slii.pinj;-. Exten.lin- from in^ar this ,„■.■to the otiier end of
the o-ri,, is a loop of twisted sinew eord wineh aids in holdin- the instrn-
ment (irmly. On its outer end tiie .nonth. eves, ainl blowlndes of â– ,
right whale are rei)resented l>y incised liolesand pits, i'.etwoen the
blowlades are inserted some small, downy feathers, liel.l in j.lace by
wooden pegs, to represent the spouting of tiie whale.
In addition to tlie dances i)erforraed dining the various festivals and
described iu eonnectiou with those ceremonies, various others are pia. -
ticed among the Eskimo with whom 1 came in contact. These latter
are generally executed for pastime, and are often merely a series of
movements sujiposed to be graceful or ])leasing: at other times (hey
are distinctly symbolic. fre(|ueiitly carrying out and illustrating a long
narrative Ijy gestures and sometimes aceoinpanied by a song. Dances
are usually accompanied by the beating of one or moie drums and by
the singing of the drummers, ami sometimes of other males, but at t imes
tiie drummers cease, and the dancing continues to (he sound of voices.
Some of these performances are extremely grotesque, the dancers being
ycmng men, often <|uite nude or .simply wearing a pair of ornamental
trunks made of fine deerskin, who sing or utter loud cries and leajt
about, gesticulating with tiieir arms and legs and contorting their bodies
in every conceivable manner. The object of such dances is apparently
to amuse the si)ectators. and the successful dancers frciiuenlly canst;
great laughter ainoiig the assembled people by the absurdity of their
attitudes and movements. The yourig men exert themselves iu fiiendly
rivalry at such timesuntil they are forced to (-ease from .sheer exhaustion.
r>oth men and women take part in the dances, each having <!ertaiu
movements peculiar to himself, fhe women remain with their feet
planted scpiarelN on the floor and. swaying tiie body and slowly gesdc-
ulating with hands and arms, go through the (igures periiii(ted to tliem,
always keeping time to the music. Very commonly the women have a
long, feather wand in each hand which they wave slowly back and forth
as tiiey move. During certain religious festivals they also use linger-
masks— small, round, tlat pieces of wood with a iirojection bchiw, through
which are one or two lioles for admitting the first or tlie first and second
fingers: they are carved to reiircsent a hiuiiaii face or a face aipjioscil to
lielong to .some animal, an inii'i. or some suiiernatural being. They
are generally iiainted and surrounded by a halolikc fringe, formed
by the niistanding hair on a narrow band of skin, usually of Ilie rein-
IS KTH -â– -')
;i;,| THE K-^KIMo AM'MT |iKI{IN(J >TR\IT iirrii a»> H
ilit-r <ir wi>lf. Tliry art* alM> (iriiiiiiiciiti-il witli i|iiill liMtliciNof various
hiriU, rr<-i|iliMilly Ii|>|M-tI «illi down.
Till* iiii-ii onliiiaiilv i«-Kt tin- \v<M;:lit ot Ili<- hotly lirst on imio tVnit ami
llicii oh the othiT, wliili- llii- fiii- foot !> a<lvaiiri-<l, tlie liall resting on
llii- tlooi' anil llic I I i-ontinuall\' raiHi'il ami l(iou;.'iit down witli a
: iiinn|> in (inn- to the Ucaiin;: of tlie drums. At tlif sanit- time
• c-otitort I III' IxmIv and ;:i*«tirtilal(> witli the liamis and arin.s
II I '. iiiiiiii' million. l-'ri-<|iu*iitly tin- dam-rr sin;.'s or utters loud cries at
r(';:iilar inti-i \alH, N|)rini:i>>u IVoiii om- side to tin- oilii'r. Tin* rytlimic
iHMiinc of till- dniiiis and the aci-om|ianyiiiy soii;;s work the dancers
to a |iit<-h of ureal rvcifemeiil, ;iiid they sometiliies fjo on for hours
with ilii'He Moleiit i-xertioiis, the perspii atloii rolling down their hodies,
lltitll the\ reu-si- tioin e\ liMilstioii.
Willi rare e\i-e|>tions the daiifes are |mtIo! ihimI in the kashiiii, tuktii;;
liliiee during the winter moiiihs. that is, I'rom ()i-tol>er niitil the end
otWpiil. Hotli soiifjs ami ilanres are iiractired lielorehaml when pre
paiint; tor any ^reat t'estival. In addition to the larger perrorinanees
iK-i'oinpaiivint; the more important festivals, there are niiiall dam-es u(
rather lrei|nent iMiiirrence anion;; the villa</ers diiiin;; the early ]iart ot
wiiilei ; liiit the^e are inlormal all'airs perloiined tor auiusemeiit by a
tew of the yoiiiiK men.
.\ ceremonial dance is performed by a stra!i;;er who enters for the
lir>t time the kashiiii of a villa^je. On sm-h occasion he is e.\pecled to
make a Kiiiall offering or gift ol' jiropiiiation to the headman, who
di\ idcH il among the other old mem. The stranger then ste]is out upon
till- lloor and dances for a short time, sometimes singing a song express
iiig hi." frieiMUhip for the people he is with, or merely a chorus .song.
In this w.iy he i> considereil to have introdiiced himself properly and
thus lo have gained the Ireedoin of the kashiin.
.Vt St Michael we were usually invited to the lirst dances In-lil in
the k.ishim every autnmii ll^icli year we made a practice of carrying
a litlle liiliai-co. which we liaiided In the headman upon eiileriiig. and
this he would divide into small portions and distribute among the
other iiii'ii. .\l such times, if one of iis would step out upon the tloor
and execute a short daiu'e alter the style of the ICskimo, it was received
wilh great merriiiienl by the assembled villagers.
'I'lie d.iiii-cs iif (he lUkiimi whether on the islamU of liering sea or
on the banks of Knskok wini i i\ er, are very similai- in general character,
but loeal vaiialioiis are common. < )ii .Sledge Island, in March, I.SSll,
v\a^ witnessed a lurioiis and characleristii; performance, dilfcrent from
any Ihin^ sei'ii elNewheie. NN'c I'oniid the people on the verge of star
\ntioii. and iiearl\ all ol their dog^ had died from lack of food. Our
own ilo;:.H were dyiiii.' from the >anie cause, so we decided to return
at oiice to the ni.iinland. When the headman of the villagers learned
this he eami- til Ih'u ns to remain at lea^t one night with them so that
Ihey iiiiuhi show us their appreiiation of our visit, promisiii;,' that the
^"â– '""' I'AXCE OX Sl.i:,,,;,,; ,sl,m, 3.5
inhabitants xvonl.l find somHlun- with wlii.-l, m t..nl ,„„■..n.l th-.t
they wouhl -ivc a (hi. ice in the kaslijm i,, „„r ho.i„r
About two l,m,rs .f,er .huk w wne i„vi,o,l urn, ,1... kashin, an.l
given the pla.-e of hnnor at the rear end .,r the r.„„„. Half a d(,.en .„..„
meliuhng the headmen of the vilia-e. stepped out in time to si„oi„.;
and dinmnung. and went throuf-h the movements of an ordinary danee
sneh ashadbeenseenattliebi.ginnin-sof.h.nresarCapeDarby Ini-
laklit. and elsewliere somhwanl to tlie montli of Knskokwim riv."-r.
One of these dance.s wore about liis brow a fdk't made from the
skill of the head and neck of an Adams loon, with the beak left on and
projeeting over the middle of the forehead: another man wore a lillet
made from the white breast of a muire with the wing-feather of a
gerfaleon stuck in it so as to stand erect over the Ibrehead.
Then a man and a woman took the lloor. iierforming some li-ures or
movements such as I had seen used by a coiiiile at Cnalaklit. Next
was a dance of similar character by a halfgrown boy and a girl; their
motions were greatly varied, but in iierfect unison; they postured with
the body inclined tirst to one side and then to the other, alternating
with an inclination forward until their heads nearly touched the tinor.
]Many of their movements were characterized by the swaying i;race
tliat is notable in many of the dances of tliese ])eople.
When this was tinished nine women and girls seated themselves <-lose
together, cross-legged, and stripped to the waist, on a bench extend-
ing along one si(U' of the room,iacing in one direction along the length
of the bench. Drummers and singers struck np a medley dilferent
from anything I had ever lier.rd, and the women on the bench responded
by executing a long and coini)licatecl series of swaying motions with
the head, arms, and body, in perfect unison. I'roni where I sat the
dancers were in profile, and their light-coldicd bodies showed in strong
contrast against the sooty wall. Their slow, regular motions, with
bodies swaying alternately from one siile to the other, now inclining
forward and then swaying back, the arms constantly waving in a series
of graceful movements, presented a remarkably pleasing sight.
'i'he headman asked me if 1 liked the dance, and 1 told him that I
did and that 1 thought it a good one. whereupon he seemed greatly
pleasedand told metliat several of the dancers were his wives. I)ire<-tly
afterward he called out something to the singers, and the latter iniMie-
diately began a different song and the women a dillerent set of motions.
In this way the headaum changed the dances until over twenty distinct
songs and sets of motions had been executed: some of the .songs and
movements were done in very slow time, while others were lajiid. All
of the movements were evidently conventional and carefully learned
by the ])erformers, as they were execnb'tl with great regularity.
On one occasion, at S.ibotnisky, on tin* lower Yukon, a dance was
given for my benetit by several villagers. Two women f.x.k the most
proiniueut part. One of the perlbrnieis by her gestures tolil the story
;$.')(; Tiu: kskisio aiii>i t lu.itiM; stuait [e™ .vx> .«
i.f li«T i.itlicr'H lilf iiinl ImUU's tluriiiK tlu' wars among tlio villa^iMH
|iri'< i«Imh; tl»<' .irriviil •>!' tin- wliitf iiKii; tin- Ufstiiros were iiiaiiily
lN-yi>iiil my fi<iii|trclicif<ii>ii, Imt tli<' I'.skiiiui uboiit luu itppL-an-il to
iiiiilfrHiaiiil (Ill-Ill all. I i-'Uilil iiitor|iri-t tin- iiintioii'^ nf st<*altliy a|i|iroa(-li
ami ii'ii'iMt. iliiMi a h(|'||(;;;|i- with tlic ciiciiiy ami tin.- lli^rlit, I'liiling by a
Minlilrii turn and tin* killin;; of a |Mirsiicr liy a spt-ar thrust. In aililitioii
thiM'i' \vi>ri- a gp'al lii'al of gi-stiiri- ami postiiro with hanil.s ami ImmIu-.s
whirh Mfiiinl to lie lull iit' iiieaiiiii;; to the |ieo|ile about m«-. This
HoinairH â– â– otn|ianioii wi-iit tliroii^li a Hories of imitioiiK di-Hrribiti;; lu-rry
|iii-kiii).' ami various other orciipations of women in tin- Biiiiiiner ami fitll.
Piiriiit; all tlu-ir iiiovcimMits both of thi-ni wcie extremely graeetiil ami
ki'i't aii-iirate liini- to the iiiusii-.
On I'fliniary l-'. ls.s(». | remained over ni^'ht in the villap- of I'lialak-
III, where a nniiiber of ilam-es were ;.'iven in my honor. Soon after <iark
I was invited to the kashiin. whei-e a do/en \ouii;; men were stripped to
the waist and rant;ed around the room in a eirrle. l-'ive or six old men
oIimmI near tiie lamp at the rear end of the room beating a drum and
singing one of the eominon daiiee songs; the young men postured and
leaped with siii-li energy that the perspiration ran down their bodies,
as it did also from the fares of the drum men. There seemed to boa
rivalry between the musicians and the ilancer.s to outdo one another,
and the singerH would stop to take bre.itli oeeasionally, i|uiek]y begin-
ning again while the daneers were still ])anting. lausing laughter at the
expense of the latter. This eoiitinued lor .some time, until the dancers
acknowledged theiiiHelves defeateil ami sat down. Then a young man
came out alone, stripped to the waist, and stood before the entrance
hole in the middle of the room. On his face was a mask representing a
wiilfliead. lie stood for a few moments appearing to look intently
into the hole in the tloor while he pastured slowly back and forth with
his arms and body: while he did this two women came up behind him.
stood closi- by and began gesturing, imitating in perfect time every
moiion tiiadi- by him. Then the time of the song sudilenly changed, the
women >tepping out ipiiekly. one upon each side a few paces away,
and all three piotured, .swaying back and forth to the song. The man
moved first toward one woman then toward the oilier with a gliding
motion and appeared to try to grasp them with one liaml. never losing
the time and keeping the motion uniform with the movements of the
women. After he had done this he resumed his first position, the women
slep|M-d back to their former place, and the dance soon ended. This
was said to represent a wolf hunting reindeer.
When I his dance ended, tiie man who wore tlie wolf mask went out.
but c.i Ill ag.iiii very i|iiickly weiring' a mask representing a human
face; he took the .-ame position as before, beginning with a set of
posiures of tlie arms ami body dilleient from those seen in the lirst
dance, lie was joined b.\' the two women, one on each side of him, and
all went ihroiigli tin- mcilion of picking berries, which was done very
DANCKS AMI FKSIIVAI.S
3:.7
slowly will, a .•oiitininl ■sr.u-vM swayinu "f the l„„lv. Tlii. .lance,
ended the iiciloriiiaiice.
At Cai.e Darhy. „„ tl,.. sa.n.- joarNey. i passed a nii^ht w,il, ,1,.. vil-
lagers and was invite.l int„ the l.ashi,,, with n.v ••.aapaiii,.,, to witness
a dance given lor us. We went in and r„und the entire popnlalion of
the village assembled. A small present of tobaeeo to the hea.linan
was our oHering as strangers, after whieh we were given the ],lare,)f
honor by the driiniiners at the rearend of the room. Tlie son- and the
drum-b.'ating began at once, witli a ehorus song „f meanin-less'syllables
like those sung in danees of eonventional style. A number of men and
women kejit the tloor, going through a series of ordinary postures
until they became tired and sat down. These were followed by a man
and a woman who came forward and went through a new set of motion.s,
which 1 was told they had learned from peojile on the shore of I'.eiing
strait. Afterward a woman came out and imitated the gathering of
eggs of sea fowl among the rocks. At certain intervals a song aceom-
jianied her movements, which was intended to represent the cries of
birds startled Irom their nests.
FKASTS AXI) FKSinAI.s
THE FTNCTION OF THE CELEHK A llnNS
Among the Eskimo of lower Ivuskokwim and Yukon rivers and
thence northward along the coast to Kotzebiie sound, as well as on the
islands of IJeriug strait, the festivals t'orni some of the most important
features of their social life. The same may undoubtedly be said of the
Eskimo elsewhere in Alaska, but these remarks are intended to cover
the regiou over which my personal observations extended.
These festivals serve to enliven the long. de|)ressing evenings of
Arctic winter, and at intervals render the cold, stormy season a period
of enjoyment and feasting. They serve also to promote friendly inter-
course between the jjeople of adjacent villages and districts. Through
the festivals comes an interchange of products and manufactures of
different localities, and, above all, they are important in expressing and
carrying out the religious beliefs and ob.servaiices of these people.
>;early or quite all of the formal festivals of the Eskimo in this
region are of a more or less religious character. As examples of these
may be noted the Fdadder feast and the Feast to the Dead.
CALEM)Ai; (IF FESTIVALS
Having been more familiar with the I'nalit Eskimo of Norton sound
than with auy others of this region, I subjoin a list of festivals ob-
served among them, although it is probably not complete. A .somewhat
similar program exists among the other tribes within the limits of the
region covered by the present paper. AVhile the same festival may
exist in dilfcrent localities over a considerable area, rites vary locally
;;".H TIIK K>KIMO Alion SlKltlM; STKAIT (irriiAXN.l*
(•I .k i;ri«aeiT or Iims evtoiit, allli<iii;;li tin- <»Miti:il i<li-a is preservetl.
IiiloKoiiiM- wicli till- l(ii'>-i.iii-^ ami Kiili«i-<|iKMitly with tin- Aiiicricaiis at
St Mii-iiai'l ami mliarciit pans of N'ortuii Mtuml lias inoditifd in many
ri-i^iH-i'tM ilir custumM of (III- i;>kiinii in tliat ic(;iiin. \et the ancient
Lelifl-. .mil oliHt'i vamc!. are still pr^•^erve^l anionj; the ciMer people.
Cert.iin festivals, Imwexer, are no lon^-r eeli'ltrated in the ilistrict
iiaiiieil. perhaps the most striking (-han;:e liat« lieeii in the disuse of
-•. wliii-h are still used in the <-iiinplieateil <-ereiiionials of the
t.intx ol the ninntry lyinj; lietween the mouths of the Kiisko-
1 vvim .mil the Yukon. Anions the I'nalit l^skiimi alxnit St .Michael I
nnled the follow in;; festivals:
I. .li' v"' il'xk, in Askin;: festival, which takes place each year about
thi- middle or latter pai t of Noveinhei.
â– J. //i/ " </'i. the I'estival to the Dead. In this there are .songs and
dances, with I'imhI otrerin;;s and iilia'.i'ins in honor of the dead. It is
heiil the last of No\eiidM I or llie lir>t of Decenilier.
:t. r/idii i i/iiA. the I'dadder least. This is held usually duritig the
Iieceiul>er nioon and .sometimes extends into .lanuary. It is a festival
l>cli.n;:iii;; essentially to the coast people, hut is still piesei vcd in
mo-liticd I'orm amon^' the Ivskiino id' lower Kuskoknim and Yukon
rixers.
I. .\ repitilioii of the Festival to the Dead is ^'iveii at St .Mi.hael
tHo days al"ter the close of the liladder feast, and {'tf another just
lieforc the opening of the lisliiu;; season in spriuK-
i;. Il.li li'i 1,11' li'ikli /liA-.dreat feast to the Dead. This is the most nota-
lile of all the festivals, owin;r to the tact that years are s]ient in jirepar-
in;: for the display with wiiich it is celehratcd. Anion;: the furiratler.s
It is known as the '•'reii Near least." but in reality there is no deliniic
niimlier of years liel ween its recurrciu'e. It is held at the time when the
makers consider that they have accumulated sutlicient material in the
shape of food, skins of fiir-liearin;; animals, and other olijects of value
to piopcily lioiior the shades of their ih-ceased relatives for who.se
lii-nelil till- feast is iielil.
nii; •iNvniMi IN" i kast
///(!/' A(((/»i/.-, a ma>k festival, known as the "invitin;; in feast." is
iiIim-i'mmI aloii;: the lower Yukon and southward to Knskokwim river.
.Ma^k> in e\ ery variety of shape and form are made tiy the iiieii foi' use in
it. .-(oiiH' of these are so lar;;c that it liecoiues necessary to han;r them
I rum the roof of the kashim by a stout cord, and the owner stands behind
Willi the mask fastened lo his head. wa;:giiit: and swayiii;; it from snle
to side. The masks are usually carved lo reproent heads of animal.s,
fiei|iienlly the loteinic animals of the maker, and very ot'teii eNpi'essin;;
in> tholo;:ii'al fancies, which will be more fully detailed in treatin;;
of masks. The shamans make masks represeiitiiiK the faces of their
Hiipernatuial or semihuman familiar.s by whose aid they claim to work
'MNVITIX(i-IN" AND 'â– AMilNo'"
KKSTIV AI.S
3.') '.I
their will. Tlic object
tlie aiiiiiKils (ir hciiiiis
if tlifsc faci
^ i'^ to pn.|.ltiMtcaiHl (1„ iK.norto
, , , , . •''"■'■■■^^'"^^'•l ^Jytl'-'i'i-MiHl thus to hri,,.. about
p enty ol ,anu, .lum.g tl,. ,.on,in«- year an.l to wanl otV-vil inlU.cMu.os
The v,nn. or sha.les ot the varion. animals an- invitnl ami are s,,,,-
posed to be present an,l enjoy the sonos an.l .huuvs. with the loo.l a.1.1
.Ir.nk otler.nos, .,ven in their honor. The masks are burne.l at the
conelus.on ot the eerenionies. and shouhl a man sell his mask he n.nst
replare it with wood in about e.,ual amount lor the saerilh.ial lire which