from McClellan. — Curious disposition of the Northern people to surrender their
liberties. — Conservatism of the Confederate cause. — Lincoln's view of State
"Neutrality" in the war. — Application of it to Kentucky. — The elections in Ken-
tucky. — The Confederates anticipate the Federal occupation of Kentucky. — Zoili-
coffer's command. — Polk's command. — Justification of the Confederate occupation.
— Claims and designs of the Federals in Kentucky. — Polk's occupation of Columbus.
— His profiler of withdrawal.— Arrests in Kentucky. — Despotic and brutal legisla-
tion. — Distinguished refugees. — Breckinridge's address. — Early military movements
in Kentucky. — Zollicofier's operations. — Buckner's occupation of Bowling Green. —
The Battle of Belmont. — Movement of IT. S. Grant. — Gen. Pillow's command en-
gaged at disadvantage. — The Confederates driven back. — Timely reinforcements. —
Sudden conversion of a defeat into a victory. — Eetreat of Grant. — His official
misrepresentation of the day. — Prospect of the war in the West 175

C II A P T E E XI.

The fickle public of the North. — Gen. Scott. — The clamour for McClellan. — His exalta-
tion in the newspapers. — The theatrical and sensational mind of the North. —
Advance of the Confederates towards the Potomac. — McClellan's designs. — The
Confederates fall back to Centreville. — The Battle of Leesburg.— McClellan's move-
ment on the Confederate left. — Evans' brigade. — Fortunate capture of a Federal
courier. — The Federals cross the Potomac and occupy Ball's Bluff: — Splendid
charge of the Confederates.— Death of Col. Baker.— The enemy driven into the
Eiver. — An appalling spectacle of death. — Misrepresentations in Washington. —
Morale of M'Clellan's army. — The aff"air at Dranesville.— Defeat of Stuart. —
" Stonewall " Jackson's new cominand. — His expedition from Winchester. — Ter-
rible suff'erings of his command. — His demonstration at Eath. — His movement to
Eomney, and return to Winchester.— Close of the First Year's Campaign ia Vir-



\/



CONTENTS. XI

ginia, — Naval operations in 18G1. — The enemy's immense advantage in his navy. —
Statistics of the Federal navy. — Improvidence of the Confederates in coast and
river defences. — Secretary Mallory. — The Confederacy to lose all her sea-ports. —
Two naval expeditions down the Carolina coast. — Engagement at llatteras Inlet. —
An unequal combat. — The Port Royal expedition. — Capture of Port Royal. — Value
of this Federal success. — The " Trent " affair. — Capture of Commissioners Mason
and Slidell. — An English commander's protest. — Great indignation in England. —
Pi-eparations there for war. — Conceit and exultation of the North. — Tributes and
attentions to Capt. Wilkes. — Concern among the Confederates. — AVhat Richmond
orators said. — Seward's correspondence with the British Government. — His col-
lapse. — The last resort of demagogueism. — Disappointment of tlie Confederates in
the termination of the " Trent " affair. — Earl Russell's declaration in Parliament. —
Mr. Gregory's reply. — The Treaty of Paris and the Federal blockade 185

CHAPTER XII.

General character of the military events of the year 18G3. — The Confederate situation
in Kentucky. — Gen. A. S. Johnston's command and position. — Battle of Fishing
Creek. — The Confederate right in Kentucky. — Gen. Crittenden's command in ex-
treme straits. — Difficulty in subsisting it.- — The decision to give battle to the
enemy. — Zollicoffer'e brigade. — The contested hill. — Death of Zollicoffer. — Defeat
of the Confederates. — Crittenden crosses the Cumberland. — His losses. — Import-
ance of the disaster. — Designs of the enemy in "Western Kentucky. — Popular de-
lusion as to Johnston's strength. — Hopelessness of his defence. — Official apathy in
Richmond. — Beauregard's conference with Johnston. — The Tennessee and Cumber-
land rivers. — The avenue to Nashville. — Grant's ascent of the Tennessee. — Cap-
ture of Fort Henry. — Noble and gallant conduct of Gen. Tilgliman. — Battle of Fort
Donelson. — Johnston's reasons for making a battle there. — Commands of Buckner,
Pillow, and Floyd, — Site and strength of the fort. — Battle of the trenches. — ^En-
gagement of the gunboats. — Two days' success of the Confederates. — Suffering of
the troops from cold. — Exposure of the wounded. — Federal reinforcements. — The
Confederate council of war. — Plan of attack, to extricate the garrison. — A fierce
/ and terrible conflict. — The Federals forced back towards the Wynn's Ferry Road.
— The opportunity of exit lost. — Gen. Buckner's explanation. — A commentary
on military hesitation. — How the day was lost. — Nine hours of combat— Scenes
\ on the battle-field. — Council of Confederate generals. — Gen. Pillow's proposition. —
\ Literal report of the conversation of Gens. Floyd, Pillow, and Buckner. — A sur-
render determined. — Escape of Floyd and Pillow. — Buckner's letter to Grant. —
Johnston's movement to Nashville. — Excitement there. — Retreat of Johnston's
command to Murfreesboro'. — Panic in Nusii ville.— Cai)ture of Roanoke Island by the
enemy. — Bnrnside's expedition. — Gen. V/ise's estimate of the importance of Roan-
oke Island. — His correspondence and interviews with Secretary Benjamin. — De-
fences of the Island. — Naval engagement. — Coniniodore Lynch's squadron. — Land-
ing of the enemy on the Island. — Defective reconnoissance of the Confederates. —
Their works flanked. — The surrender. — Pursuit of the Confederate gunboats. —
Extent of the disaster. — Censure of the Richmond authorities. — Benjamin accused
by the Confederate Congress 198

C H A P T E R X 1 1 1 .

True causes of tlit Confederate disasters in the second year of the war. — The enemj'^s
"Anaconda plan." — Rebukes to the vanity of the Confederates. — The sum of tlieir



Xil CONTENTS.

disasters. — ^Inauguration of the Permanent Government of the Confederate States.—
Gloomy scene in Capitol Square. — President Davis' speech. — Commentary of a
Richmond journal. — Causes of popular animation in the Confederacy. — Develop-
ment of the enemy's design upon slavery. — History of the Anti-slavery measures
of Lincoln's administration. — His early declaration of non-interference with sla-
very. — Mr. Seward in 1860. — Lincoln's statement, March 4th, 18G1. — Diplomatic
declaration, April, 1861. — Early affectations of Lincoln's Administration on tho
subject of slavery. — M'Clellan's address. — M'Dowell's order. — Revocation of the
emancipation measures of Fremont and Hunter. — First act of Anti-slavery legisla-
tion at Washington. — Lovejoy's resolution. — The Anti-slavery clause in the Confis-
cation Act. — Three notable measures of anti-slavery legislation. — Commencement
of the Emancipation policy in the District of Columbia. — Explanation of the ascen-
dancy of the Abolition party during the war. — The new Confederate Congress. —
Its vigour. — The old Provisional Congress. — Its measures. — Its echoes to Federal
legislation. — The sequestration law. — Silly and demagogical military legislation. —
The " Sixty Days' furlough " law. — Alarm of Gen. Johnston. — Indisposition of
Confederate volunteers to re-enlist. — The Conscription law of the Confederate
States. — Its timely passage. — Its provisions and effect. — Other military acts of the
Confederate Congress. — Re-organization of the army. — Destruction of Southern
cotton and tt)bacco. — Authorization of partisan service. — Alternations of Confede-
rate victory and defeat. — The Trans-Mississippi. — Battle of Elk Horn. — Van Dorn's
command. — An obstinate fight. — Death of M'CuUoch. — The Confederate success
indecisive and imperfect. — Reasons for Van Dorn's retreat. — Confederate designs
upon Missouri abandoned for the present. — Transfer of Van Dorn's and Price's
forces. — Naval fight in Hampton Roads. — The Virginia and the ?.Ionitor — Lack of
naval enterprise in the Confederacy. — The privateer service. — Construction of the
Virginia. — Confederate squadron in the James River. — Federal fleet off Fortress
Monroe. — Fearful enterprise of the Virginia. — Sinking of the Cumberland. — Gal-
lantry of her crew. — A thrilling ccene of heroic devotion. — Surrender of the Con-
gress. — Frightful scenes of carnage. — Perfidious conduct of the enemy. — The
Virginia engages the Minnesota.— Wonderful results of the first day's fight. —
Second day's fight. — Apparition of the Monitor. — A singular scene of naval com-
bat. — A drawn battle. — Excitement about iron vessels. — Discussion in the news-
papers. — Addition of Ironclads to the Federal navy. — What M'Clellan thought of
the Virginia. — Capture of Newbern, &c. — Objects of Burnside's expedition. —
Branch's command at Newberu. — The Conftderate works on the Neuse River. —
Retreat of Branch. — Federal occupation of Newbern. — Capture of Fort Macon. —
The entire coast of North Carolina in possession of the enemy. — The sea-coast
an unimportant part of the Confederate defences 214

CHAPTER XIV.

The new line of Confederate defence south of Nashville. — Its objects. — Co-operation
of Johnston and Beauregard. — Capture of Island No. 10 by the enemy. — Gen.
Polk's evacuation of Columbus. — M'Cown's occupation of Island No. 10 and
New Madrid. — Condition of the defences at tliese places. — Pope moving on
New Madrid. — Smallness of M'Cown's force. — Pope's strength in artillery. —
His occupation of Point Pleasant. — A terrific bombardment. — Evacuation of New
Madrid. — Effect of this movement. — Bombardment of Island No. 10. — Gallant
defence of Pucker's battery. — Transfer of a portion of M'Cown's forces to Fort
Pillow. — His preparations for retreat. — Gen. Mackall assigned to tho defence of



CONTENTS. ' Xlll

the Island. — Canal cut by the enemy across the Peninsula. — Two gunboats pass
the island. — Mackall's surrender. — Wretched management of tlie evacuation of
the Island. — Great loss of Confederate artillery. — The Battle of Shiloh. — Concen-
tration of Confederate forces at Corinth. — Grant's lines at Pittsburg. — BueU
advancing from Nashville. — Design of the Confederates to attack before the
junction of these forces. — Unfortunate loss of a day in the march. — The Confed-
erate plan of battle. — The enemy driven from his encampments. — Splendid and
irresistible charge of the Confederates. — Tragical death of Gen. Johnston. — The
Confederates press on in their career of victory. — Grant in the last extremity of
defeat. — lie retreats to the banks of the Tennessee. — Beauregard's order for a
cessation of the conflict. — A fatal halt. — Explanation of it. — Beauregard's great
mistake. — Demoralization of his troops by plunder. — Buell's forces across the
Tennessee. — The second day's action. — The Confederates fall back. — Overwhelm-
ing force of the enemy. — Odds of the second day's battle. — The enemy does not
attempt a pursuit. — A frightful sum of carnage. — Beauregard's claim of success.
— Federal interpretation of the battle. — Exultation at Washington. — Death of
Johnston, a serious loss to tlie Confederacy. — Sketch of his military life. —
President Davis' tribute to the fallen hero. — His obsequies in. New Orleans 232

CHAPTER XV.

The military situation of the lower Mississippi. — The fall of New Orleans.— A long
train of secret history of the Confederate Administration. — Sense of security in
New Orleans. — Strange errour of the Richmond authorities. — Gen. Lovell's corres-
pondence with the War Department. — Startling disclosures. — Naval structures for
the defence of New Orleans. — Secretary Mallory's statement to the Confederate
Congress. — Testimony of Gov. Moore, of Louisiana. — His interposition with the ship-
builders. — The ironclads Mississippi and Louisiana. — Condition of the defences of
New Orleans in April, 1862. — The river obstructed by a raft. — Farragut's fleet at
the mouth of the Mississippi.— Festivity in New Orleans. — Bombardment of Forts
Jackson and St. Philip. — Passage of the forts by the enemy's vessels. — The Con-
federate gunboats all destroyed.— Confusion and panic in New Orleans. — Grea*"-
(conflagration in the city. — A scene of terrible grandeur. — Lovell's evacuation of
New Orleans. — Disorder in New Orleans. — Farragut's correspondence with Mayor
Monroe. — Why the Mayor protracted the correspondence. — A new hope of de-
fence. — Surrender of Forts Jackson and St. Philip. — Gen. Duncan's speech on
the Levee. — Farragut's ultimatum. — Hoisting of the Stars and Stripes over New
Orleans. — What the fall of New Orleans involved. — Note: — Gen. Lovell's reasons
for evacuating New Orleans.— Rule of Butler in tlie conquered city. — Character
and person of " The Tyrant of New Orleans." — " The woman-order."— Arrest of
Mayor Monroe and of various citizens. — Butler on female secessionists. — His
opinion of " she-adders."— Confiscation, fines, and plunder.— Butler's decoy for
assassins. — The hanging of Mumford. — His speech on the gallows. — General ex-
perience in the Confederacy of the enemy's atrocity. — New codes and methods
of war.- — Progress of Federal cruelty 245

CHAPTER XVI.

More than one-third of the Federal forces operating against Richmond. — M'Clellan'8
opinion of his army. — Its numerical strength. — Official statement of Confederate
forces in North Virginia. — Lincoln's order of the 22d February. — M'Clellan's dis-
sent. — Wlien Johnston determined to change his line on the Potomac. — His prepa



nV CONTENTS.

rations for retreat. — How it Avas accomplished. — M'Clellan's advance. — Discovery
of Johnston's evacuation of Manassas and Centreville. — He crosses the Rappahan-
nock and waits for tlie enemy. — He penetrates M'Clellans's designs, —Federal
council of war at Fairfax Court-house. — Shifting of the scenes of war in Virginia.
— The Battle of Kernstown. — How " Stonewall " Jackson came to fight this battle.
— Great numerical superiourity of the enemy. — The contest at the Stone Fence. —
Jackson falls back to Cedar Creek. — Magruder's line on the Peninsula. — A feai'ful
crisis. — M'Clellan held in check by eleven thousand Confederates. — Outwitted again
by Johnston. — Retreat of the Confederates up the Peninsula. — Strategic merit of the
movement. — Battle of Williamsbarg. — Longstreet's division engaged. — Success of
the Confederates. — M'Clellan's whole army in peril. — His flank movement on
Johnston's retreat. — Engagement at Barhamsville. — The line of the Ohickahominy.
Johnston's brilliant strategj.— Evacuation of Norfolk. — Destruction of the Virginia.
— Her last challenge to the enemy. — A galling spectacle. — Commodore Tatnall
orders her destruction. — A court of inquiry. — Naval engagement at Drewry's
Blufl:". — A feeble barrier to Richmond. — Repulse of the Federal fleet. — What it
proved. — M'Clellan's investment of the line of the Chickahominy. — Defences of
Richmond. — Scenes around the Federal capital. — Alarm and excitement of its
people. — The exodus from Richmond. — Public meeting in the City Hall. — Noble
resolution of the Legislature of Virginia. — Re-animation of the people and the
authorities. — President Davis' early opinion of the effect of the fall of Richmond.
— Appeals of the Richmond press. — Jackson's campaign in the Valley of Virginia. —
Jackson determines on the aggressive. — Disposition of the Federal forces west of
the Blue Ridge. — Affair at M'Dowell. — Jackson deceives Banks — Surprises his
rear-guard at Front Royal. — Banks' race to Winchester. — Scenes of retreat through
Winchester. — Banks' quick time to the Potomac. — Extent of Jackson's success. —
Fruits of two days' operations of the Confederates. — Jackson passes between the
columns of Fremont and Shields. — Death of Turner Ashby. — Jackson's tribute to
him. — Battles of Cross Keys and Port Republic— E well defeats Fremont. — The
field of Port Republic. — Ewell's arrival saves the day. — Critical and splendid
action of two Virginia regiments. — Close of tlie Valley campaign. — Jackson's
almost marvellous success. — His halt at Weyer's Cave 261

CHAPTER XVII.

The tardiness of McClellan. — How the Confederates availed themselves of it. — Their
concentration of forces at Richmond. — Strength of these forces. — Position of the
two armies. — The Chickahominy and the roads crossing it. — Battle of " Seven
Pines." — Failure of Gen. linger to attack. — Gallant charge of the troops of Long-
street and Hill. — Gen. Johnston wounded. — The affair of the next day. — Important
change of military command. — Secret history of the attempt to limit the military
power of President Davis. — A plan of Confederate politicians. — Plot against the
President's power. — The new afiice ot Commanding-general of the Confederates. —
How made nominal by President Davis. — Gen. Robert E. Lee appointed to this
office. — His appearance and manners. — The Seven Days' Battles around Richmond. —
Lee's plan of operations. — Jackson's withdrawal from the Valley masked. — Battles
of Mechanicsville and Beaver Dam. — Repulse of the Conftderates at Beaver Dam
Creek. — Jackson flanks the enemy's position. — McClellan's retreat to Gaines'
MiUs. — Its strategic design. — Extraordinary strength of the new position. — Gen.
Lee waiting for the great battle. — Battle of Gaines' Milh. — Heroic fight of Hill's
division. — The enemy gains ground. — An urgent message to Longstreet. — Jackson



CONTENTS. XV

appears, — Final charge of the day. — Its -fierce grandeur. — Victory of the Confed-
erates. — McClellan retreats towards the James River. — Faihire of Magruder and
Huger to intercept him. — The great errour which they committed. — Battle oi
Savage Station. — McClellan crosses White Oak Swamp. — Failure of Huger's attack.
— Another opportunity lost. — Battle of Frazier's Farm. — Hill and Longstreet'a
troops only engaged. — Battle of Malvern Hill. — McClellan's position on the Hill. —
His numerous artillery. — The attack of the Confederate left not supported. —
Magruder's impetuous and desperate charge. — Tlie. sublime scenery of the contest.
— Failure of the attack. — McClellan continues his retreat to Harrison's Landing. —
Fruits of the Confederate success. — Gen. Lee's explanation of McClellan's escape. —
Estimate of the victory by Lee and Stonewall Jackson. — Richmond erect and
exultant 278

CHAPTER XVIII.

Eflfect of McClellan's defeat in the North. — Organization of another Federal army
under Gen. Pope. — Political significance of Pope's appointment. — New measures of
violence in the war. — McClellan's ideas of the conduct of the war. — His " Harri-
son-Bar Letter." — Divisions of sentiment in the North as to the character and
measures of the war. — Position of the Democratic party. — The Radical in Congress.
— Their Anti-slavery design. — Their theory of revenge upon the South. — Cardinal
errour of this political school. — Declaration of Wendell Phillips. — System of
spoliation and disfranchisement in the South. — Gen. Pope's address to his army in
Virginia. — His war upon non-combatants. — Legalization of plunder. — Irruption of
the Northern spoilsmen into Virginia. — Pope's military lines. — Gen. Lee between
two forces — He sends Jack'^on against Pope. — He threatens McClellan's communi-
cations. — Battle of Cedar Run. — Banks again deceived by Jackson. — A rapid and
severe engagement. — Gen. Lee moves out to the lines of the Rappahannock. — Ad-
venturous movement of Jackson to reach Pope's rear. — His perilous position. —
He is apparently in the jaws of destruction. — The affair of Manassas and Bristoe
Station. — The second battle of Manassas. — Longstreet's march to reinforce Jackson.
— His^passage of Thoroughfare Gap. — His timely and critical arrival on the field
of battle. — A close contest. — Fighting at ten baces. — The battle of the first day
■'not decisive. — Disposition of the two armies for the great contest of the second
day. — Jackson at close quarters. — He drives tlie enemy. — The whole Confederate
line of battle advancing. — A sublime spectacle. — Scenes on thSpirit of the press and people of the Con-
federacy.— Effect of the proclamation in the North. — Analysis of the Northern
elections of 18G2. — The Democratic protest against President Lincoln's adininistra- '
tion. — Speech of Mr. Cox in the Federal Congress. — Supposed design of " recon-
struction " of the Union. — How the idea was treated in Richmond. — Savage de-
nunciations of it. — Vice-President Stephens' Declaration of Independence or death,
— ^]Military operations jn the early months of 1863. — Generid cliaracter of the war
in the winter season. — The recapture of Galveston by the Confederates. — Fight
between the Cottonboats and the Federal Fleet. — The Harriet Lane captured. — The



XVni CONTENTS.

other Federal vessels surrender, but escape under white flags. — Renewed attempt?
against Vicksburg. — Shameful failure of Sherman'a expedition. — Third attempt
upon Vicksburg made by Gen. Grant. — Its failure. — Attempt of Farragut's fleet to
run past Fort Hudson. — Destruction of the Mississippi. — Capture of Arkansas Post
by the Federals. — Its importance. — Attack of an iron-clad fleet upon Charleston.- -
Trial between iron-clads and artillery. — Combat of the Keokuk and Fort Sumter. — •
Complete triumph of the Confederates. — The prestige of " Monitors " destroyed. .S5G

CHAPTER XXII.

Military situation in the early months of 1863. — Early resumption of the campaign in
Virginia. — The new Federal favourite, " Fighting Joe Hooker." — The Battle of
Chancellorsville. — Hooker's plan of operations. — His flaming address to his troops.
— Critical situation of Gen. Lee. — Surrounded by an enemy more than threefold
his numbers. — Calmness and self-possession of Lee. — His deliberate dispositions for
attack. — The flank-march of Stonewall Jackson. — How he emerged from "the
Wilderness." — Fall of Stonewall Jackson. — The impetus of the Confederate attack
ceases. — How Gen. Lee received the news of Jackson's fall. — The battle in front of
Chancellorsville. — Hooker's army crippled and driven. — Sedgwick's advance from
Fredericksburg. — It arrests Lee's pursuit of Hooker. — The fight near Salem Church.
— Sedgwick's force routed. — Hooker retreats across the river. — His terrible los-
ses. — Chancellorsville, the masterpiece of Lee's military life. — Reflections on the
victory. — Startling oflicial developments as to the numbers of Confederate armies.
— Particulars of the death of Jackson. — Exact report of his last words. — Character
of Stonewall Jackson. — His great ambition. — Early misconceptions of the man. —
How he was ridiculed. — His difference with President Davis. — His resignation sent
in, but recalled. — Jackson's military career. — His genius. — His piety. — His epicene
nature. — Personal appearance of the hero. — What Virginia owes to his memory, .oTO

CHAPTER XXIII.

Vicksburg, the second prize of the war. — Gen. Grant. — "What his persistency was
worth. — His new scheme of attack. — Two parts of the enterprise. — Porter's gun-
boats run the batteries. — Grant's march from Milliken's Bend. — Blindness of Gen.
Pemberton at Vicksburg. — Antecedents and' character of this commander. — His
extreme incompetency. — President Davis blamed. — His caprice and obstinacy. —
Grant crosses the Mississippi and moves towards Port Gibson. — Gen. Johnston's
telegram to Pemberton. — Critical opportunity of the campaign. — Pemberton
refuses to use it, and disregards Johnston's despatch. — Battle of Port Gibson. —
Extraordinary valour of Bowen's command. — Grant turns Grand Gulf and moves