upon Jackson. — Gen. Johnston's arrival at Jackson. — Situation and strength of the
Confederate forces. — Evacuation of Jackson. — Johnston offers a second op-
portunity of attack to Pemberton. — The latter disobeys the order and commits a
fatal error. — Sherman's incendiary record in Jackson. — His use of the fire-brand.
— Grant forces battle upon Pemberton. — Battle of Baker's Creek. — Tremendous
exertions of Stevenson's division. — Gen. Loring fails to support him, remains in-
active, and is cut off" in the retreat. — Pemberton's new position upon the Big Black.
— ^Its strength. — It is shamefully abandoned. — Disgraceful retreat of Pemberton's
army. — The fate of Vicksburg virtually decided at the Big Black. — Gen. John-
ston orders the evacuation of Vicksburg. — Pemberton entrapped there. — Siege and
surrender of Vicksburg. — Confidence of the garrison restored. — Prospect ol relief
fi'om Johnston. — ^How it was visionary. — Two assaults of the enemy repulsed.—
CONTENTS. XIX
Painful operations of siege. — Sufferings of the garrison. — Jolinston lias some hope
of extricating the garrison. — Taylor's attack and repulse at Milliken's Bend. —
Pemherton's despatch to Johnston. — The reply : " Something may yet be done to
save Vicksburg." — Johnston prepares to attack on 7th July. — Pemberton surrenders
on Fourth of July. — His conference with Grant. — A terrible day's work. — Extent
of the disaster to the Confederate cause. — Surrender of Port Hudson. — Other events
in the region of the Mississippi connected with the Fall of Vicksburg. — Operations
in th-e Trans-Mississippi. — Battle of Helena. — Object of Gen. Holmes' movement on
Helena. — An extraordinary march. — An extraordinary council of war. — Gen.
Price protests against an attack. — He is ordered to take " Graveyard " fort. — He
succeeds. — The other attacks fail. — Disastrous retreat of Gen. Holmes. — The cam-
paign in Lower Louisiana. — Gen. Taylor's capture of Brashear City and its forts* —
His operations in the Lafourche country. — His successes neutralized by the fall of
Vicksburg and Port Hudson. — Banks returns to New Orleans and the enemy holds
the entire line of the Mississippi 385
CHAPTER XXIV.
Favourable aspects of Confederate affairs after the battle of Chancellorsville. — Alter-
native of campaigns in Richmond. — Virginia and Tennessee. — What decided the
campaign into Pennsylvania. — Reorganization of the Army of Northern Virginia. —
Its grand preparations on the Plains of Culpepper. — Ewell's movement upon Win-.
Chester. — His captures. — Order of Lee's march to the Potomac. — Hooker out-
generalled and blinded. — Lee's march to Gettysburg, a master-piece of strategy. —
Conduct of his troops in the enemy's territory. — Gen- Lee abstains from " retalia-
tion." — Comment of the Richmond " Examiner." — Gen. Hooker relieved, and Meade
put in command of the Federal army. — Alarm in the North. — Meade marches
towards Gettysburg. — The battle of Gettysbui-g. — A Confederate victory the first
day. — How it was not improved. — A great errour. — The critical heights of Gettys-
burg taken by the enemy. — Cemetery Ridge. — " Round Top." — The Confederate
line of battle. — Why Gen. Lee determined to attack. — Action of the second day. —
Longstreet's desperate engagement. — Temporary possession of " Round Top." —
Successes on the Confederate left. — Action of the third day. — An ominous silence.
—^Sudden and terrible cannonade. — Heroic charge of Pickett's division. — Sublime
devotion of the Virginians. — They take the key of the enemy's position. — The
sl\out of victory. — Pettigrew's support fails. — The day lost. — Gen. Lee rallying
hii troops. — His subsequent retreat to the Potomac. — Success of the retreat. — He
retires to the line of the Rapidan. — Gettysburg the climacteric of the Southern
Confederacy. — History of the peace mission of Vice-President Stephens as connected
therewith. — An ostensible letter of President Davis. — How the mission was re-
pulsed, — The honourable position of the Confederate President 401
CHAPTER XXV.
Gettysburg and Vicksburg twin disasters for the Confederntes. — Their effect on the
Confederate currency. — The financial system of the Southern Confederacy. — The
modern system of public credits an encouragement to Avar. — Review of financial
experiments in the modern wars of Europe. — The three conspicuous examples of
Great Britain, France and Russia.— The great financial errour in the America^
war. — IIow a bank of exchequer would have operated in the war. — The rule of
reflux in currency, — ^Brief statement of financial condition of North and South at
close of the war. — Suspension of the Southern banks in the first year of the waj
XX CONTENTS.
— Amount of specie in the South at the commencement of the war.-^Principa
measures of Confederate finance. — How the Soutliern hanks became involved. —
Practical results of their loan to the Government. — " Making money hy machinery."
— Sales of Confederate bonds. — Special occasions for this investment. — Unequal to
relieve the currency. — Eates of depreciation of the Confederate money. — Rich-
mond, the centre of finance and trade. — Gold not a measure of value in the
Confederacy. — Reasons for its extraordinary appreciation there. — Comparison of
Confederate money with the Continental currency in the Revolution of 1776. —
Two capital causes of the depreciation of the Confederate money. — Tlie influence
of speculation. — How tlie engrossers managed in Richmond. — Summary of the
mismanagement of the Confederate finances 415
CHAPTER XXVI.
I'he new attempt upon Fort Sumter and Charleston. — Gen. Glllmore's command. — His
plan of operations. — What was proposed by the reduction of the works on Morris
Island. — A base of operations on Folly Island. — How Gen. Beauregard was blinded
and deceived. — Forty-seven guns of the enemy unmasked. — The assault on Fort
"Wagner. — Gallantry of a Connecticut regiment.' — The assault repulsed. — Gen.
Beauregard's plans. — His object in holding Morris Island. — Second assault on Fort
"Wagner in conjunction with Dahlgren's fleet. — The bombardment of Fort Wagner.
• — Profound and significant silence of the garrison. — Advance of the storming
column. — Its rep'jlse. — Terrible scenes of cariljige. — Siege operations. — Appeals to
the South Carolina planters, and their indiflerence. — Gillmore prepares to bombard
and destroy Chaneston. — "The Greek Fire." — "The Swamp Angel." — Gillmore"'a
notice of bombardment. — Sharp and memorable reply of Gen. Beaungard.—
Cowardly rejoicings in the North. — The bombardment a failure. — Attempted
demolition of Fort Sumter. — How far the fort was injured by the bombardment. —
Gillmore announces its reduction. — The announcement false and absurd. — Pro-
gress of the siege operations against Fort Wagner. — A terrific fire opened upon
it. — Surpassing grandeur of the scene. — Gillmore plans another assault upon the
fort. — The Confederates evacuate it and Morris Island. — What Gen. Beauregard
accomplished by the retention of Morris Island for two months. — The Island not
the key to Charleston. — Admiral Dahlgren refuses to ascend the harbour with hia
iron-clads. — He summons Fort Sumter to surrender. — Beauregard's reply. — A
boat-attack on the Fort. — Its disastrous repulse. — The enemy's operations against
Charleston degenerate into a chronic and fruitless bombardment. — Disappoint-
ment in the North-. 429
CHAPTER XXVII.
General Joseph E. Johnston's prophecy of the fate of Tennessee. — Character and ex-
traordinary foresight of tliis commander. — How Tennessee was sacrificed to the
attempted defence of Vicksburg.- — Bragg's army flanked at Hoover's Gap. — It
commences a retreat to Chattanooga. — Expedition of John Morgan. — How it
afi"ected the Western campaign and embarrassed Burnside. — Morgan's circuit
through Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio. — What he accomplished. — His anxiety for
retreat. — Cut oft" on the Ohio River. — Terrible scenes in the attempt to swim the
river. — Capture of Morgan and the bulk of his command. — Cruel and infamous
treatment of the distinguished captive and his officers. — Surrender of Cumberland
Gap. — President Davis' commentary on this event-Recoil of serious charges upon
the Richmond administration. — Burnside's invasion of East Tennessee. — Gen,
CONTENTS. XXJ
Frazier in command at Cumberland Gap. — His correspondence with Gen. Buckner.
— The defences of the Gap imperfect. — Insufficiency of tlie garrison. — Why Gen.
Frazior surrendered it. — Two lines of operations now opened against Chattanooga.
—The Battle of Chickamauga. — Topography of the country around Chattanooga. — ■
Movements of Rosecrans. — He threatens a Hank movement towards Rome. — Th€»
Confederates evacuate Chattanooga. — Bragg'snew line from Lee's and Gordon's Milla
to Lafayette. — Longstreet's corps on the way from Virginia to reinforce him. —
Rosecrans pursues the Confederates, and expos,es himself in detail. — The lost
opportunity in M'Lenore's Cove. — Lines of Rosecrans' advance. — Bragg resolves
to advance and attack him. — Arrival of Longstreet with five brigades.— The
enemy anticipates a flank movement by Bragg. — A severe encounter. — Cleburne's
gallant charge. — The Confederate plan of battle for the next day. — Gen. Polk to
open the action. — A strange delay. — A singular breakfast scene. — Gen. Bragg
furious. — The Confederate right wing beaten back. — Critical condition of the
field. — Long.street's attack. — lie saves the day. — The enemy utterly routed. —
Chickamauga a brilliant but unproductive victory 439
CHAPTER XXVIII.
Conference of Gens. Bragg and Longstreet the day after the battle of Chickamauga.
— Longstreet's plan of campaign north of the Tennessee River. — "Why Gen. Bragg
declined it. — His investment of Chattanooga. — He cuts ofl:' the enemy's supplies.
— He hopes to starve the garrison into surrender. — Reorganization of the Federal
armies in the west. — Gen. Grant's new and large command, — His first task to
relieve Thomas in Chattanooga. — His successful lodgment on the south side of the
Tennessee River. — Surprise of Longstreet. — The Confederates retreat to Lookout
Mountain. — Longstreet makes a night attack on the enemy's new position, but is
repulsed. — The enemy accomplishes the relief of Chattanooga. — Detachment of
Longstreet from Bragg's i'ront to operate against Ivnoxville. — This unfortunate
movement the work of President Davis. — Military pragmatism and vanity of the
Confederate president. — Grant determines to take the offensive. — The Battle of
Missionary Ridge. — Extraordinary strength of the Confederate position. — Two at-
tacks repulsed. — General advance of the Federal lines to the crest of Missionary
Ridge. — Audacity of the movement. — Bad conduct of the Confederate troops. — A
sjiameful panic — Causes of the extraordinary misconduct of Bragg's army. — It
f^lls back to Dalton. — Longstreet's expedition against Ivnoxville. — His pursuit of
Burnside. — Ilis unsuccessful assault on Fort Sanders at Ivnoxville. — He retreats to
Roge^sville, is cut off from Virginia, and spends the winter in North-eastern Ten-
nessee. — Operations in Virginia in the Fall of 1863. — Lee attempts to flank Meade
and get between him and Washington. — An extraordinary adventure of Stuart's
cavalry. — Meade retreats to and beyond Bull Run. — Failure of Lee's flank move-
ment. — Incidents of success for the Confederates. — Lee retires to the Rappahan-
nock. — Aff'air of Rappahannock Bridge. — Affair of Germania Ford.- — Desultory
operations between Lee's lines and East Tennessee. — Averill's raid. — Close of the
campaign of 1863 in Virginia 453
CHAPTER XXIX.
X Effect of the Federal successes of 18G3 on the Northern elections. — Estimate in the
Richmond newspapers of the Democratic alliance in the North. — Losses of the
Democratic party in the elections of 18G3. — President Lincoln's triumph. — His
administration strengthened. — It ventures to new lengths. — Arrest of Mr. Val-
XXU CONTENTS.
landigliam. — Protests of the Democratic Party. — Their worthless and ridiculons
character. — i^ew and vigorous measures of war at Washington. — Scarcity of men
and of food, the two concerns at Eichmond. — Meagre results of the Couscriotiox
law. — An alarming statement from the Confederate Secretary of "War. — Diminution
of subsistence in the Confederacy. — Suffering among the people and army. — His-
tory of the Confederate commissariat, — Report of the meat supplies in the Con-
iederacy in January, 1862. — Effect of the campaigns in Kentucky and Tennessee on
the question of subsistence. — Proposition to get meat through the enemy's lines.
— Obstinate objections of President Davis. — His mania about cotton. — The Con-
federate States drained of meat in the second year of the war. — Statement of
Commissary Northrop. — Attempt to get supplies through the blockade. — How
mismanaged. — The Crenshaw contract.-^Small yield of impressments. — The whole
Confederate policy of subsistence a failure. — An extraordinary device of Secretary
Seddon. — How it played into the hands of speculators. — Reflection upon the want
of the commercial or business faculty in the Southern mind. — A stock of childish
expedients 464
CHAPTER XXX.
A. train of Confederate successes in tlie beginning of 1804. — The Battle of Ocean Pond. —
Gen. Seymour's expedition into Florida — Its defeat and complete disaster. —
Sherman's expedition in the Sbuthwest. — His first experiment of "the moveable
column." — His designs upon Mobile and the Confederate lines in isTorth Georgia. —
The co-operating column of cavalry. — Gen. Polk evacuates Meridian, and falls
back to Demopolis. — Forrest defeats the Federal cavalry. — Disastrous and dis-'
graceful conclusion of Sherman's adventure. — The Red River expedition. — Gen,
Banks' designs upon Texas. — The Confederate commands in the Trans-Mis^issippi.
— The federal advance up Red River.— The Confederates fiill back towards
Shreveport. — Battle of Mansfield. — How the action was brought on. — Rout of the
enemy. — Singular scenes on tlie pursuit. — Battle of Pleasant Hill. — An unfortunate
mistake of orders. — Churchill's corps panic-stricken. — Gen. Walker holds the
field. — The enemy continues his retreat to Alexandria. — His march a career of
unparalleled cowardice and crime. — Large spoils of the Confederates. — The ex-
tent of Banks' disaster. — Termination of his vision of empire west of the Missis-
sippi. — Forrest's expedition up the Mississippi. — Capture of Fort Pillow.— Hoke's
operations on the North Carolina coast. — Comparative unimportance of these Con-
federate successes. — The raid of Ulric Dahlgren. — The parts of Custer and Kil-
patrick. — Failure and ludicrous cowardice of the several expeditions. — Dahlgreu's
atrocious designs. — He retreats, and is chased by Pollard. — Manner of his death.
— Discovery of " the Dahlgren papers." — Sensation in Richmond. — President Davis'
melodrama. — Statement of Edward W, Halbach in relation to the " Dahlgren pa-
pers." — The papers first found by the schoolboy Littlepage. — How transmitted to
Richmond. — The theory of foi-gery. — Its utter absurdity 490
CHAPTER XXXI.
)pening of the great spring campaign of 1864. — Explanation of renewed confidence in Rich-
mond. — Prospect for the Confederates in the Presidential contest of 1864. — A new
theory of peace. — Value of endurance. — The mission of Messrs. Holcombe, Clay, and
Thompson. — They leave Wilmington when the campaign on the Rapidan opens.—
U. S. Grant appointed Lieutonant-General of the Federal armies. — Character of
Grant.— Compared with Buell. — Gen. Grant's low and gross conception of war.—
CONTENTS. XXm
The Federal Government prepares an army organization of one million of men. —
Distribution of the Federal forces in Virginia. — Strength of the Ai-my of the Po*
tomac. — Position and numbers of Gen. Lee. — His great anxiety. — Appeal of Con-
federate women. — The battles of the Wilderness. — Grant crosses the Kapidan. —
Lee springs upon his flank. — Attack of Ewell and Hill. — The Confederate line
broken. — Gordon's splendid charge. — Gallant conduct of Pegram's and Hays' di-
visions. — Night attack of the enemy. — Tiie second day's battle. — Hill's corps
broken. — Longstreet comes up and turns the fortimes of the day. — He is shot
down by his own men. — Gen. Leo offers to lead a charge. — Touching remons-
trances of the men. — The Confederate attack withdrawn. — Results of the day.—
Gordon's night attack. — Grant's whole army on the verge of rout. — His immense
losses. — Movements of the two armies to Spottsylvania Court-house. — Masterly
performance of Lee. — A melancholy episode to the campaign. — Sheridan's expedi-
tion. — Death of Gen. Stuart. — Battles of Spottsylvania Court-house. — Combat of
Anderson's corps. — The fighting on the 10th May. — The battle on the 12th. — A
salient of the Confederate line taken. — Great slaughter of the enenjy. — Grant
confesses a failure, and waits six days for reinforcements. — Operations on the
south side of Richmond. — Grant's instructions to Butler. — Sigel's column in AVest-
ern Virginia, another part of the combination. — Butler's boastful despatch. — Ho
dares " The whole of Lee's army." — He is defeated by Beauregard, and his army
"bottled up." — Operations in the Kanawlia and Shenandoah Valleys. — Signal de-
feat of Sigel. — Grant's combination broken down. — He moves to the Korih Anna
Elver. — Is foiled again by Lee. — He crosses the Pamunkey River. — "Tiie Pen-
insula " made the battle-ground again. — The sura of glory achieved by Lee's
army. — Statement as to Lee's reinforcements. — The Federal host held at bay by
an army of fifty thousand men.— Gaseous nonsense in New York about Giant's
generalship. — His operations in May absurd and contemptible failures 507
CHAPTER XXXII.
Position of the armies around Richmond, June 1, 1864. — Manoeuvres for position.- •
Battle of Cold Harbour. — Easy repulse of the enemy. — Grant decides to cross the
river, and attempt the south side of Richmond. — Why Gen. Lee did not attempt
to /attack him in the movement. — Battles of Petersburg. — Two attacks of the
enepiy repulsed. — Butler advances his position, and is driven back. — Grant turns
his attention from the fortifications to the railroads. — Demonstrations on the
Weldon and Danville Roads. — Defeat of Sheridan's expedition on the railroads
noi'th of Richmond. — Operations west of the Blue Ridge. — Hunter's movement. —
He captures Staunton. — He advances upon Lynchburg. — He is defeated, and driven
into Western Virginia. — Gen. John Morgan's expedition into Kentucky. — Its disas
trous conclusion. — Particulars of the murder of Gen. Morgan in East Tennessee. —
Early's invasion of Maryland. — Daring of Gen. Lee. — What he proposed by send-
ing Eai'ly's column into the North. — Grant's preparations against this movement.—
Battle of Monocacy Bridge. — Defeat of "Lew" Wallace's command. — Early ad-
vances upon Washington. — Skirmish in front of Fort Stevens. — Early declines to
attack the Federal capital and retreats. — Questions as to the strength of Washing-
ton. — Results of Early's expedition. — Its effect on the armies operating around
Richmond. — The mine fiasco at Petersburg. — Three elements in the plan of attack,
— Description of the mine. — The explosion and a '•'•feu cVEnfery — The assaulting
column pauses in the crater. — Terrible scenes of carnage. — The miserable failure.
• — Commentary of the New York " Times." 526
XXIV CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XXXIII.
Sherman's campaign in Georgia tlie important correspondent of Grant's in Virginia. —
Tbe '• On to Eichmond," and the " On to Atlanta," the two important movements
of 1864. — Slierman's demand of numbers. — Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's command. —
He proposes an oiiensive movement. — Is balked by Bragg at Richmond. — Statement
of Johnston's forces on 1st May. — Johnston's policy of reti-eat. — He proposes to
fight at Cassville; but is overrnled by Hood and Ilardee. — Ee crosses the Etowah.
— Engagement at New Hope Church. — Battle of Kenesaw Mountain. — Sherman's
ghastly experiment. — He resorts to manoeuvring. — Johnston retires to Atlanta. —
The situation around Atlanta. — Defe'at of Sturgis' column in North Mississippi. —
Johnston master of the situation. — Wonderful success of his retreat. — He holds
Sherman suspended for destruction. — Naval fight in Mobile Bay. — A match of 212
guns against 22. — How the gunboats Selma and Morgan fought the enemy. —
Gallant fight of the iron-clad Tennessee. — Surrender of the forts in the harbour.
— Little value of Farragut's conquest. — Excessive laudation of him in the North.
— Sinking of the Confederate privateer Alabama. — Review of the result of the
privateering service of the Confederates. — A glance at British " neutrality." — How
Earl Russell was bullied by the Washington Government. — The story of the Lairds'
rams. — Cruise of the Alabama. — Why she fought the Kearsarge off the French
coast. — Capt. Semmes' motives for a naval duel. — The Alabama sinking. — The
Federal vessel sends no relief. — Mr. Seward's little remark about " pirates." —
Discovery of concealed armour on the Kearsarge. — How the Richmond editors
•would have treated Capt, Winslow. — A curious annecdote of Admiral Farra-
gut. — Capture of the privateer Florida. — The exploit of Napoleon Collins in a
neutral port. — He attempts to sink and then steals the Confederate vessel. — The
New York EeraUl and " The pages of History." — Invasion of Missouri by Gen.
Price. — How and why it failed. — The Trans-Mississippi sunk out of sight in the
War 539
CHAPTER XXXIV.
The Presidential canvass of 1804 in the North. — Its relations to the military campaign.
—Review of parties in the North. — A general distinction founded on two
questions. — Composition of the party opposing Mr. Lincoln's administration. — The
doctrines of the Black Republican party impossible to be defined. — How the Party
changed and shifted through the war. — Opinions of Mr. Webster and Mr. Clay. —
Modem verification of Mr. Clay's charge of " amalgamation." — Policy of the Black
Repiiblican party at the beginning of the war. — Mr. Lincoln's instincts of unwor-
thiness. — How the Peace party in the North made the first false step. — Growth
of the power of Lincoln's administration. — Its measures of terrour. — Moderation
of the Confederacy towards "Union men" and dissentients. — Some account of
arrests in the North, — Lincoln's detective system. — Comparative impossibility of
maintaining an Opposition party in the North. — ^Infamous conduct of "War
Democrats," — The Conservative phalanx in the Congress at Washington. — A
record of its votes. — Reassui-ance of the Conservative party in 18G4. — The party
issues of 1864, with reference to " reconstruction." — Convention of the Govern-
ment party at Baltimore, — Its "platform." — Pretermission of the condition of
State abolition of slavery. — How this condition was afterwards inserted, — Mr.
Lincoln's rescript, " To whom it may concern." — History of the Niagara Falls com-
mission. — How Mr, Lincoln's passport was made a political card.— Democratic
CONTENTS. XXV
Convention at Chicago. — Its declamtion of princii)les. — M'Clellan's letter of
acceptance. — Slavery no longer an issue in the war. — The constitutional point at
issue between M'Clellan ami Lincoln, — The liadical wing of the Republican party.
— The Cleveland convention. — The issues of the canvass as between the Democratia
party, the Government i)arty, and the Radical party. — How the two last