thick enough to support the strong tension necessary to the
â– weaving. The warping requires an extreme attention, espe-
cially in the case of ribbons which are to include different kinds
of web and different colors of warp. Each warping-mill is com-
posed of a '' bank," a frame slightly inclined and arched, fixed,
at its two extremities, into a wooden frame. It bearsa vari ible
number of bobbins, among which are divided the organzines
destined to form the web. Parallel to the bank is placed a ver-
tical divider, on which each warp revolves when it is made The
•workwom m, with her left hand, moves a crank, which trans-
mits the motion to the divider, and with her right hand she
guides the pussage of the threads between the glass teeth of a
kind of large toothed comb. The warp^ prepired in the divider
are then rolled by large bobbins, called blocks, belonging tq the
master weaver, who is intrusted with themakingof the ribbon.
The thrnads of weft are not twisted and doubled like the org'vn-
zines of the w.arp, hut arc more or lesi^ twisted, according to the
nature of the tissue desired To proiluce plushes in various de-
signs, imitating either fur or the feathers nf bird^, especially of
the peacock, they imprint on n wurp the ornament they wish to
reproduce, only on a wider scale, and weave it in satin: and
bv means of the shortening of the threads, caused by weav-
ing, the figure is formed more or less exactly as the imprint was
well or badly calculated. This satin, worked with thick silk
threads, after being woven, is placed in the hands of women,
who cut every length of the threads with little special tools
worked with the hand. The plush then is niised or left flat ac-
cording to the nature of the thread employed, and the close
or loose texture of the satin. The most satisfactory resulLt are
thus obtained. Among charming combinations may be men-
tioned one rt-'prest-ntiug, on tafft-tas, a peacock embroidered in
relief, accompanied, on each side of the ribbon, ■»ith a plush
border, happily imitating the beautiful iris eyes which glitter
at the end of the peacock's feathers. A large quantity of rib-
bons are bordered with bands of imitation fur.
The finishing workshops, common to all the manufacturers
of .Saint-Etienne, give the last figuring to the different kinds of
ribbons which are to receive them. Most of these figures are
impressed by rolling; thus moire is obtained by passing the
stuff between cylinders ranged with various cuttings, ^iitin,
on the contrary, between smooth cylinders, the action of whi<'h
compresses the threads of the warp, and gives them the polish
peculiar to this beautiful material. In some special cju=es, the
ribbons, before being rolled, are passed through a bath of
starch or gum. A rigid inspection of the completed products,
both on their return from the houses of the workmen and be-
fore their sale to the purchaser, weeds out all defective pii-ces.
Rilibons for hand-stamps are tapes saturated with
an oily jiigment, which becomes impressed upon an
olijeet when the stamp is brought down upon the
tw(i, which are placed in contact beneath it. It is
an inky ribbon, and is used as a substitute for ink-
ing the face of a stamp.
2. {Fiber.) A continuous strand of cotton or other
fiber in a loo.se, untwisted condition. A sliver.
3. {Caiycntry.) A long, tliin strip of wood or a
series of such strips connecting a number of parts.
4. {Metal -vm-fcing.) A long, thin strip of metal,
such as a watch-spring ; a thin steel band for a belt
or an endless saw ; a thin band of magnesium j'or
burning ; a thin steel strip for measuring, resembling
a tape-line in its size and functions.
5. {Nautical.) The painted moldings on a ship's
side.
Rib'bon-brake. A brake having a band which
nearly surrounds the wheel whose motion is to be
Fig. 4312.
Kibbon- Brake.
checked. One end is made fast and the other is
iittaehed to the short arm of a bent lever, by means
of which it m:iy be at once applied to the greater
part of the periphery of tlie wheel, exerting a frio-
I tional pressure proportionate to the force applied to
I the lever.
Rib'bon-loom. Tbe ribhon-loom first appeared
fit Dantzii; in 1586, nnd the inventor is saiil to hnve
been strani,ded to prevent tlie spread of what woidd
j throw so many mP(;hnnics out of employment. It
I was prohibited in Holland for that reason in 1623.
1 It is first noticed in England in 1674. In 1780, the
I mode of ornamentation (watering) by pres.sing be-
I tween figured steel plates was adopted. Steel cylin-
KIBBON-MAP.
1937
EIC&HULLER.
Fig. 4314. ders were after-
ward substituted.
See Xaiikow-
WARE Loom.
Rib'bou-map.
A niiip |iriiitfd on
a lon;^ strip which
winds on an axis
within the case.
Rib'bon-saw.
A thin and nar-
row endless ban<l
of steel, one edge
of whieh is serrat-
ed. Itis stretched
over two drums,
such a distance
apart that there
is a certain length
of straight saw-
Ribboii'Map. h and bet w e e n
them. Motion is
communicated to one of these drums, which causes
the band-saw to travel with it by friction. Owing
to the small width and thickness of the hand, it is
capable of cutting the wood to almost any curve re-
quired. See Band-saw.
Rib-vault 'ing. {Architecture.) Vaulting hav-
ing ribs projecting below the general surfnce of the
ceiling to strengthen and ornament it. When the
ribs I'adiate from a central boss or pendant, it is
Xernxi^iX fan-raidtbi'j ov fon-traccry vauHinfj.
Rice-hull'er. Rice is a native of Asia, in whose
warm climates it has been grown from time imme-
morial. Its introduction into Africa and America
is comparatively recent.
The watered rice-fields of "the East" (India) are
noticed by Aristobulus.
Rice was introduced into Europe by the Spanish
Saracens. The samt* is true of cotton and .sugar.
Roujh rke, as it is termed in Amcrii-a, or padihf^
its name in the East Indies, has an outer husk, and
a thin cuticle which adheres to the pearly grain
with great tenacity.
Fig. 4315.
Rice-Hulier.
The old method of remov-
ing the hulls of rice was bv
pounding in niortir.-. Thfse
were made of pitch-pine and
held about a bushel. The
work was performed by the
slaves of South Carolina and
Georgia in addition to the
day's work, a certain amount
of huUing being performed by
each before regular work and
after it.
Machinery was constructed
by Lucas, about 1780 - 90,
which was driven by tide-
power.and operated irou-shod
pestles in cist-iron mortars of
the capacity of five bui^hels
each. Steam-power was sub-
seqviently introduced.
Fig. 4.31y is an example of
the application of machinery
to the pestle and mortar hnll-
er. The grain, after a rough
preliminary grinding between
stoae.i, U pa^^ed to the mor-
tar, and is beaten by the
ribbed pestle From the mor-
tar it passes to a horizontal
cylindrical chamber having
wire gauze at the sides, and
containing a rotating cylin-
der with corrugated curved
arm-!. From the latter the
rif-e parses to the polishing-
c} Under.
In another form of machine
the cuticle is removed iu a
I whitening-machine, which consists of a stone of coarse grit
' mountoil likf a grhnlstuue and rotating in a sheet-irou casing,
which i.* punched full of huies,thcrougliD(.-!?yes projecting in ward.
The ciusiug is lai-ge enough to allow a space of about oue inch
I all round the stone, and a door in the rasing allows the rice to
' be placed therein. The stone is rotated about 25l> revolutions
per minute, and a slow motion is allowed to the ca.siog. The
roughness of the stone and the casitig and the mutual attrition
of the grains on each other, together with the heat evolved,
looseu and remove the cu-
ticle, which passes out as a
red powJer through the
holes in the casing.
Ewbauk's rice-hulIer(Eng-
lish patent, 1819) recites the
following series of processes:
1. The paddy is cleaned
by sifting to remove dust
and dirt.
2. The husks are rubbed
off between millstones set at
,' a suitable distance apart.
I 3 The grain is cleaned oi
I its husks by a fanning-mill.
I 4. The grain is tliea
' pounded in mortars to re-
move the red skin.
! 5. It is placed on a .=creen
' of three distinct grades of
fineness. -.
I a. The upper screen at- CA'
lows all to pass through but ^
the unhuskcd grains.
b The second screen de-
tains the whole rice.
c. The third screen de-
tains the broken grains,
but allows the dust to fall liicc-HulUr.
throigh.
The grains unhusked in the process are conducted back to the
mill.
6. The whole hulled grains are taken to the polishing or
whitening machine, which consists of two cylinders placed con-
centrically. The exterior cylinder is stationary, and tlie re-
volving inner cylinder is covered with sheepskin having the
wool on and placed on the outside. The
action of tlie wool, the inner surface of
the outer casing, and the attrition of the
grains on each otlier, remove the remain-
ing portions of the cuticle and polish the
grain.
\V'ilPon"s rice-huller (English patent,
June, 1827) specifies an inclined cylinder
with inwardly projecting spokes and a
slow rotation and an axial shaft with ra- '
dialing spoke? and a rapid rotation The
anus of the shaft occupy the spaces inter-
Fig. 4317.
=iS&
Kice-HulUr.
1-22
EICE-MILL.
1938
EIDDLE.
Tcnins between those of the cylinder and conversely The rice i
enters ;it top, and is driven around in t.ie inclined annul.tr
space, folluwiug a spiral course to its eventual dlsciarj^e at the
bottnni
The same plan has been adopted of late years in the United
Stiitcs in lIoMiNY-M\c:n.Nes (wiiich see).
In yet another macaiue wire cards ^tithin a wire cylinder are
u.sed.
In one sorting-machine the revolving cylindrical inclined
wire screen has sections with meshes of gmdually increasing
size. This, in connection witii a blast, sort-s the matter from
the huiler into five kiuds, — chn(f; flour; smalt fragments of
less than half a grain; mijt/tim^s ; gniin less than prime, bat
larger than small ; primi^ unbroken grains
Fig. 431) is a machine which has a cone with pins, beneath
which is a frustum with elastic scourers within a roughened
case of conformable shapa. The rough rice is ted in at top, and i
pas,scs tile grinding and abrading surfaces. t
In Fig. 4317, tiie rice from the hopper p:iSSOS between several
pairs of rollers, in which a Hute.l metallic and a rubber-covered
roller are placed opposite to peel the rice, which passes be-
tween tliem. Below eacli pair is a suction spout H, wliieh
draws the hull and chalT into thechainber /, allo.ving the gi-uin
to descend by its superior gnivity. J is the fan wnich drartS
the chair from the grain t>, the spout do. vn which the grain
descends. JV is a valve for regulating the draft.
Rice-mill. A mill I'ur rciuoving the husk of
paiMy.
Rice-pa'per. A kiml of paper intioiluceil into
Eiighiiul about 1S03 by Dr. Liviiig.stone, ami naini'il
from its supposeJ iiiatiiri.il. It was uiuk'istood to
be a sort of ilrit'd ptill> ol riue.
It is, however, iiiuile of tlie pith of a leguininons
plant, the Araliu, jtajii/ri/cm, which grows wilil in
abundance in the island of Formosa. The stem is
cut into lengths of 8 or 10 inches, and the ])ith
pushed out, much as elders are cleared of pith.
Tins is cut into a continuous spiral ribbon, about 4
feet long, which is spread out and flattened into
sheets.
Rice-plant'er. {Hushandnj.) An implement
for sowing rice. The character of the land lenders
Fig. 4318.
thereby producing an
agitation and mutual
frirtiou of the parti-
cles.
Rice-scWer-
{HuaJMiiulrii.) A drill
for planting rice. Fig.
43*JU shows a side ele-
vation and a top view.
The seed-slides in the
bottom of the hopper
are worked by gearing
from the main axle,
and the seed drops
down the conductor
in the rear of the
share, which opens
tlie furrow.
Rick. (Husband-
ry.) A structure of
hay or grain slieaves,
having an oblong plan
and a top with sloping
sides to shed rain. A
stuck is round in plan, at least in the United States.
Rico-chef. (Military.) A mode of tiring with
small cliarges and small elevation, resulting in a
bouuding or skipping of the projectile. In tiling at
Fig. 4320.
Rice Pounder.
Rice-Planter.
necessary a somewh.at ditrerpntarrangemonl from the
grain-drill. The .seed falls through the tnbular
standard of the plow and is scattered by a deflect-
ing board. The plow is followed by the eoverer,
which consi.'its of a plate cast with seriations or
ribs upon its lower surface. The plow is concave
on its lower side, and is adjustable in horizontal
inclination.
Rice-pound'ing Ma-chine'. A jiestle and
mortar for rcniovnig the cuticle from rough rice.
The pointed elevations witliin the mortars prevent
the (lestles from crushing the particles of rice, and
also cause them to sinead from under the pestles.
a fortification, sufficient elevation is given
to just clear the parapet, so that the ball
mav bound along the terre-plein or ban-
quette without rising far above its level.
It is used with effect on hard, smooth
ground against bodies of troops or such obstacles as
abattis ; and also upon water, either with ronml shot
or rille lialls. It was introduced by Vauban at the
siecc of riiilipsburg, in 1688.
Ri'co-chet'-shot (Gunnery.) A bounding or
leopiuH shot, lired at low elevation with small charge,
Rid'dle. A sieve with coarse meshes, used is
pre[>ai'atory separation, as : —
1. The riddle of a grain-separator which removeii
the coarser material, such as broken heads, straw,
etc., from the grain ; the latter is afterward separated
from tlie chalf liy the siccrs, ahled by the blast ; and
subsw^uently from the cheat and cockle by the
RIDDLINGS.
1939
RIFLE.
!>„/cen. Increasing fineness of meshes, — riddle, sierc-
scrccn.
2. The coarse iron sieve which separates cindere
from ashes, the larger jiieces of ore from tlie smaller,
gravel from sand, etc. See Sieve ; Siftek.
3. {Wire-working.) A board with sloping pins
which lean op|)Osite ways, and between which wire
is drawn in a somewhat zigzag course, to straighten
it (See WlRE-STR.ilGHTENINU.)
4. (Founding.) A coarse sieve (half-inch mesh),
used to clean and mix the old iloor-sand of the
molding-shop.
5. (Hijdraulic Engitieering.) A kind of weir L
in rivi-rs.
Rid'dlings. (.Vctallurgy.) The middle grade
of broken oie which is obtained by sifting. The
sizes are, hiockimjs, riddliirgs, and fell. The hiock-
ings are the large pieces of spar and ore which are
pickeil out. The riddlings remain in the sieve ; the
fell is the smallest, and falls through.
Ri'der. 1. (Mining.) Adepositof ore overlying
the principal lode.
2. (Shipbuilding.) a. A rib within the inner
sheathing, bolted through the latter into the main
ribs and planking, for the purpose of .stiffening the
frame. The riders extend from the keelson to the
orlop- beams.
6. A second tier of casks in a hold.
c. A rope which crosses another and joins it.
Ridge. 1. (Carpentry.) The upper horizontal
edge or comb of a roof.
2. (For/if efUion.) The highest part of the glacis
procei-ding from the interiorangle of the covered way.
Ridge-beam. (Gtrpcntry.) A beam at the
upper ends of the rafters beneath the ridge. A
eroini -plate.
Ridge-drill. (Agrieulture.) One adapted to
sow seed alojig a ridge which has been listed up, by
baekin!» up one furrow against another.
Ridge-fillet. 1. (Arehitccture.) The fillet be-
tween two channels of a pillar.
2. {fuiiiftiiig.) The runner or principal channel.
Ridge-hoe. (Agrieulture.) A form of culti-
vati):- lor tending crops in drills.
Ridge-plow. (Agriculture.) A double mold-
board plow, used in throwing land into ridges for
certain kinds of crops.
Ridge-rope. (Xautieal.) a. A rope leading from
the k^iighllu:rid to the upper part of the boirsprit-cap,
for the safetv of the men walking out upon the bow-
sprit in rough weather.
b. The center rope of an awning.
e. A safety line extended from gun to gun in bad
weather.
Ridge-tile. A semicylindrical tile for covering
the comb of a roof. It is 12 inches long, 10 wide,
§ thick, and weighs about 4i pounds. Sometimes
called a rrest-tilc.
Ridg'ing. The covering of the ridge of a build-
ing by ridge-tiles of a .saddle shape.
Ridg'ing-plo'wr. A double mold-board plow,
throwing the earth
Fij 4321. away and serving to
ridge up land for beet-
root, potatoes, or oth-
er plants sown on the
ridge, and for ojiening
water-furrows. Tlie.se
operations are sometimes performed by a single-
breasted plow, which has to go up and down the
field to accomplish the same work which tins j)low
effects in one journey. AVlien used for setting out
land, a marker is attached for indicating the line of
the ue.xt furrow. By removing the breasts and
marker, it may be used for subsoiling ; and again,
by attaching the hoe-frame and cutters, a horse-hoe
is formed, suitable for cleaning land between rows
of plants sown either on the ridge or flat. By attach-
ing to the frame of the subsoil body a set of prongs
and a share, these plows are adapted for digging
potatoes.
Fig. 4322
Molding or Ridging Plow.
Fig. 4323.
^^=dr^
Doub.e-mded Riffler.
Ridging-Ptow.
Fig. 4322 shows a ridging-plow, the wings of
which are expanded or contracted by segmental
racks and a pinion.
Rid'ing-bitts. (Shipbuilding.) Two strong up-
right timbers near the bows of a sliip, to which the
cable is secured ; they extend through two decks,
are connected by a cross piece and braced against
the strain of the cable by horizontal standards bolted
to the deck beams.
Rid'ing-part. A protuberance on the inner sur-
face of the joint part of a scissors-blade « liicli forms
the touching portion back of the rivet, while the
cutting portion is at the jioint of contact of the edges
as they move past each other in closing.
Riffle. (Mctnllurgtj.) An in('lined trough or
chute down which auiiferous .slimes or sand is con-
ducted in a gentle stream, which is broken by occa-
sional slats or by depi-essions containing mercury,
which an-ests the gold. See Gold-w.\siiek ; also
list under Met.\llukgv.
Rif'fler. A file with a side so convex as to oper-
ate in shallow depressions ;
used by sculptors, carvers, and
gun-stockers. They are made
of various convexities and cur-
vatures to adapt them to vary-
ing surfaces.
Rifflcrs are usually made of
steel, but sometimes of wrougbt-iron and case-hard-
ened, so that their shape may be modifieil to a certain
extent by bending on a block of lead with a mallet.
Ri'fle. 1. (Fire-arms.) A fire-ann having the
bore spirally grooved, so as to impart a rotary mo-
tion to the bullet and cause it to keep one point
constantly in front during it.s flight.
Grooved-bored small-arms are said to have been
in use as fiir back as 149S ; these, however, do not
seem to have been rifled in the proper acceptation
of the term, the grooves being straight and intended
merely to jirevent fouling of the bore and facilitate
cleaning. The grooves were made spiral by Koster
of Birmingham. England, about 1620. In Berlin is
a rifled cannon of 1664, with 13 grooves, and one iu
JIunich of perhaps equal anti<iuity has 8 grooves.
The French Carabineers had rifled arms in 1692.
Pere Daniel, who wrote in 1693, mentions rifling
the barrels of .small-arms, and the practice was appar-
ently well known at that time.
Kifles were early used by the American settlers in
their conflicts with the Indians ; and their first suc-
cessful employment in civilized warfaie is .said to have
been by the colonists in the war of the Revolution.
In the .\rtil!ery Museum at Paris is a l.irge assortment of old
rifles, comprehending a gre.lt diversity of grooves and twists.
These exhibit straifrht grooves and prooves of uniform twist.
In some the twist conmienees near the breech : in others, at
the middle of the barrel or tow.irtl the muzzle. In .«ome speci-
mens, the grooves make from \\ to 2 turns in the length of the
barrel ; nearly two thirdi tiave an even number of grooves, and
RIFLE.
1940
RIFLE.
about throe fourths upward of (5 groovop, varyiuK from 7 to 12.
Nearly scvt'ii I'ii^hth^ havo i^rooVL's with roiuiiU'J I'dgcs. Much
the greiitcT part of the remaiuilcr have triaiij;iihii-, hut a few
have ro<'tant;ular {grooves. Xorit; havi? jiroovus di-creat;ini^ in
depth from the hreccli toward the iiinzxle. This species of
groove was introdueed by Taniisier, in lS4li, but is now (general
anionjj: the shallow-i^rooved arms iiitendetl for disellarging ex-
panUiiij.' liullots. Tamisier also introduced the plan of iricreas-
iug the twist of the grooves as they approached the muzzle.
With the earlier vilU^s uiul until a very I'eoeiit pe-
riod, a patch was generally used over the lial), caus-
ing it to lit tightly in the bore and tnke hold of the
grooves. This was a somewhat precarious method ;
and, accordingly, the I)runswick rifle, one. ol' the
latest specially adiipteil for tlie round l>al], was made
with but two grooves, into which an annular rib on
the ball htted, compelling it to follow these. Lan-
caster eti'ected the rotation of the ball by making it
and the. bore of the gun slightly elliptical in section.
.To this succeeded the system invented by Delvigne,
and improved by Thouvenet, Tamisier, and Minio,
in whieii an elongated bullet, htting loosely in the
bore, is expanded, so as to till tlu^ grooves. This
]iennitted greater rapidity in loading, and insured
tlie rotation of the projectile. See BuLLirr, page 401.
Killing is now generally adopted in small-arms. The
number of grooves is usually three. They are made
very shallow, and gradually diminish in de]pth from
the breech to the nuizzle. The Swiss Federal rille,
introduced in 184S by Colonel Wurstemburger, lias
eight grooves with a twist of one turn in three feet.
In this the bullet is not e.\]ianded, and it has en-
joyed a liigli reputation for accuracy. The caliber
is small, .41 inch, the bullet weighing 2.')7 grains,
and the powder charge 62 grains. Tlie plan of hav-
ing' stuils or ridges on tin; bullet to engage the
grooves has not been e.\teiisively adopted for small-
arms. The rille of General .laeobs, East India ser-
vice, employs a bullet of this clas.s, liaving four ridges
corresponding to the four grooves of the rille, and
useil witli a patidi.
In Murphy's mode, the rilling only extends four
inches from the muzzle, and has its ]iitch lelt-hand-
ed to correct tlie slight tendency to pull the gun over
to the right in pulling the trigger.
The Whitworth rille has a hexagonal bore ; the
AVestley Richards carbine, an octagonal bore ; the
Lancaster carbine, an elliiitical bore, or it may be
described as a sjiiral of oval section.
The rilling of gun-barrels in the Itcmington \Vorh.s
at llion, N. Y., is done by a very small cold steel
chisel inserted in a long rod firmly attaclied to a
rapidly revolving wheel, which also moves up and
ilown a platform. The barrel is run over this rod
and ]ilaced finiily in jio.sition. As the wheel revolves,
the chisel in the rod cuts the rilling in the barrel ;
and as the wheel advances and ii'liics very rapidly,
tlie t«ist of the rilling is very elongated.
In breech-loading arms the bullet is of slightly
laiger diameter than the bore measured from land
to land, and shiijs so as to fill them when driven
forward by the ignition of the charge.
See list of breech-loading fire-arms on pages S.'iS -
S02, and illustrations. Plates XVI., XVIL, XVIIL
See also Bullet.
Sharps' is one of the very oldest successful guns
of the breech-loading cla.ss, and the first in which a
vertically sliding bieeeh-block was employed. Orig-
inally, a paper cartridge was used, the rear end of
which was cut olf by the sharp forward end of the
breech-block in its upward movement ; a cartridge
having its end dosed by a thin combustible paper
-^f<^
Fig. 4324.
b/iarjis^ S/yorfiiii^'lii/ies.
â– was .subsequently substituted for this. At present
the metallic cartriilge is employed.
In Fig. 4324, A is a vertical section of the gun,
the parts in loading position ; B, the parts in filing
jiosition ; 0, a to]! view ; /), a trans\'erse section,
"with the breech-block down ; U, front view of the
breech-block, showing in the center the end of the
fiiing-pin, and at the right-hand shie the groove
occupied by the cartridge-retractor shown by two
views at OH. Fis a metallic cartridge in section.
a is the metallic brecch-piece, secured to the
wooden stock h, and into which the barrel <â– screws ;