ernment issue*, that the sreenback series, so called, of IStiS) - 75,
embracing nine denominations, which liave never been sur-
pusseil in excellence and artistic finish, and which have been six
years in circulation, two alone of the notes have been attempted
to be counterfi-i'ed, and these but rude in compari^'on. In re-
gard to the latter feature, that of security in the business
method, it may be stated that for the entire term of Mr. Mc-
Cartee's incumbency, the loss to the government, whether from
theft, delinquency, or otherwise, has not equalled in percent-
149



age the loss resulting from the abrasion of gold coin of an equal
amount in a single euuut. *

Steel-press. One for solidifying molten steel,
Tlie suggestion is embodied in one ot" Besseiner's
early inttents, Imt lia.s been developed by Sir Joseph
Ariiilwortb and by IJevollier, Bietrix, & Co., of St.
Ktieniie, wlio adopted it in 1867, having built steel-
works specially arranged for itin uonnection with fut-
iiaces for making steel by the Siemens-Martin process.
Aceording to the plans adopted by KevoUier ^ Co.,




1 reos for Compressing Sted.

tlio nict^il was villi fioiii the fiiriiace into a ladle,
wliicli, by means of a tuni -table crane, wa.s conve3'ed
to the ingot-molds, and the metal turned into the
latter. The molds were jilaeed on an ingot-car-
riage, and after filling they were lun under an hy-
draulic press. See also Steel-casting.

Casting under pressure has been eniployerl to secure com-
pactness and sharpness, anil is ilescrilied in Hollingrake's Eng-
lish patent, 1819. (See also Vig 1180, wliich sllows a pri'ss for
casting car-wheels.) Articles of household hardware are cast
very sharply and handsomely by Smith's process, described on
page 500.

Steel-saw. One saw for cutting cold steel, used
in Pittsburgh, is a disk of soft iron 42" diameter, |"
thick, driven at a speed of 2,506 revolutions per
minute. This is a periphery .speed of 25,000 feet.
The steel sparks are melted, but the steel bar is not
heated sufficiently to draw its temper.

Steel-topped Rail. A railway-rail whose
treirrJ or ui>per surface is of steel welded on to an
iron boily. See 1!.\1L.

Steel-trap. A trap w itli steel jaws and a spring
to e.itch wild animals.

Steel'yard. A weigh-beam having arms of un-
equal length. In the usu.il form {A, Fig. 5748), the
scale is suspeniled from the shorter arm, and the
weight is adjustable upon the longer arm, which is
graduated.



STEELYARD.



2370



STEELY IRON.



A sin;;le weight is tlius made avjiilable for weigh-
-in,^ objects liaviiig ditlcivnt gravity.

The balance with equal arms {librn) is more ancient than the
stot-lyai-a {statrrii). The iattt^r is said to have been itu'eiileU in
Campania, a Greek colony. The balance-beam \a the leature of
the Kf^vptiau instrument. See Balance.

The funaameutal principle of the steelyard is given by .Archi-
medes ill his book " De Eciuipouderantibus." He there demon-
strates that a balance with unequal arms will be lu equihbiio
if the two weights in the opposite scales are reciprocally propor-
tional to the arms of the balance.

The Chinese iaiance is a tapering rod of square section, and
is suspended bv a silk cord. The object depends trom the
shorter arm, and the slandard weight is atljustabte on the
larger graduated arm. Four points of suspension are provided,
at diiferent relative distances fi-oui the ends, so as to increase
the range of the instrument. A corresponding set of gradua-
tions is marked on each of the four sides.

The Danish balance [B) i." the inverse of the Chinese or llo-
nian balance. The weight being attached to one end. and the
object being suspended from the other, a loop forms the
means of suspension of the _ _

beam, and is passed back- Fig- 5749.

â– ward and forward until the
equilibrium is obtained.
The weight of the goods is
then to the weight of the
lead reciprocally as their
respective distances from
the loop.



tached to a graduated box, which slides with some friction on
the beam The larger weight is used for the hundred weights
and quarters, which are indicated by the graduatmns on tlie



Fig. 5750.





beam Tiiesniuller
weight is L*ni ployed
fordcteriiiiningthe
pounds and ounces,
which arc t-howa
by the graduations
on the up|x;r part
of thesliding-box.
Fig. 5751 shows a
convenient appli-
cation of tlie sleel-
J.H „ '] yard to weighing

b:ig3 of grain, and
Payne' sWetghi II g- Machine, to articles coa-
tained in ii pan.
Fig. 5752 is a counter-scale, on the steelyard
principle. See also Weighing-machine.

The bent-lever balance (Fig. 5753j is on the
principle of the steelyard; the arm which
counterbalances the object exerts a greater
power, so as to balance a greater weight as it
approaches a horizontal po.sicion. It is a combination ot the
beut-lever balance and steelyard. The east-iron frame u ft c is
heavier toward a, and is pivoted at
Fi". 5751 f\ e /ns a movable suspender, which

"may be applied at cither of the
three points e k s The instru-
ment has three scales, / m n ; the
first indicates to single ounces the
weight of a body not exceeding 2



Fig. 57o2



Steflijard and Danish Balance.



Roman Siatera.



The Knmanhnlance (statera^, Fig.5749,is mentioned STSb c ,
and had the center of gravity of the lever immediately over the
pnint of support, so that the beam was equally balanced on its
axis the effect of the weight of the longer arm of the lever
being neutralized by the addition of metal to the shorter arm.
The longer arm was then divided into parts, each e(iual to the
length of the shorter arm, and these portions were again subdi-

A Roman balance found at Pompeii shows that they also had
two centers of suspension for varying grades of weights

The modern steelyard is substantially similar to the Roman
balance, but it is not regiirded as essential that the unweighted
beam should balance at its fulcrum The comnier.cement of
the divisions begins at that point where, the weight being placed,
equilibrium is established. To increase the range of the steel-
yard, the Chinese plan has been adopted ofiucreasing the number
of points of suspension. The upper
and lower sides of the longer arm
are graduated in accordance with
the proportions which exist between
the points of sU"^pension of the beam
and the load The beiim is suspended
by one or the other of the hooks ;
the end hook swings over, so as to be
in place for weighing in either case.

Beranger (France) makes a steel-
yard in which the weight traverses
along a screw the length of the
graduated arm, and p;irallel to it^
The head of the screw is 4 inches
in diameter, and divided into 100
part-J, which permits the weight to
be adjusted to a distance equal to
1 ,on part of the pitch of the screw.

Dearborn's steelyard (Massachu-
Betts, 1800) ha-s the center of motion,
center of gravity, and point of sus-
peasionadjustablciso that it vibrates
like a scale-beam when unloaded
and when loaded in equilibrium.

Fig. 6750 is Piivne's weighing-
maohiae. The weights are at- Compoioh




Bag-Weigher.



Counter- Scales.



pounds when the suspender is placed at
is at k, any ciuautity be-
tween 2 and 11 pounds
may be weighed on the
scale »», which is divided
into parts showing 2
ounces. The third scale
71, with the suspender at
e, is employed for bodies
weighing from 11 to 80
pounds; it is divided to
quarter-p o u u d s . The
principle may, of cour.-^e,
be applied to balances of
greater capacity.

Fig 5754 is an appa-
ratus for determining the
load of car-axles. The
prong §■ is introduced be-
neath the tread of the
wheel, and the weight
transferred through the
compound system of lev-
ers to the graduated bar

n.



when the suspender
Fig. 5753.




Steel'y I'ron. A



Bent-Lever Balance.



term applied to compounds of iron with less than 0.5



5754.




d Sueli/ard for delermining the Load of Cor-itrisi.



STEERING.



2371



STEERING-APPARATUS.



per cent of carbon. Tlie (juality is interniediiite be-
twcfii sti'cl ami iron. Sciai-slccl,

Steen'ing. (Masonry.) A Hell-wall, half a brick
tliiik. SUiiiinj.

Steep'er. A vat in which the imligo-plant is
soaked lor maceration, previous to soaking in the
be.iting-vat,

Steep'ing. The watering or wetting of flax
hauhn, to facilitate the seiiaration of tlie woody
matter (skives) from the fiber (/lan).

Also to soften and remove the nuicilage.

The flax-straw is tied in bundles and placed in
ponds or rivers from 8 to 12 days, when it is taken
out and spread on the grass. Grassimj. See Fla.v.

Stee'ple. (Architcctarc.) A spire or lantern.
The sn[ierstructure above the tower of a church. See

TOWEK.

Stee'ple-en'gine. (Stcam-engincerinff.) A form
of mariiie engine, deriving its name from the high
ereetion on tlcck ret[uired for the
guides to tlieeonnecting-rod, which
•works above the crank-shaft. It
is not iinfrecpiently met with on
American iiver-l)oats.

Stee'ple Steam-en'gine. A
form of direct-action steam-engine
in ^\hie]l the crank-shaft occu[)ies
a position between the cyliiuler
and tlie slide-block from which
the connecting-rod is sus]ienileil.



The mode of connection is shown in
the steaiu-carri.ige of Trevethick and
Vivian, 18i-)2, but the plan was adopted
into the murine engine by Napierof lila3-
gow (Fig 57.55).

Fig. 575o is a longi-
tudinal section of
Maudslay's steeple-
engine.

a is the cast-iron
frame ; 6, the cylin-
der; c, the pi-ston,
connected by the rod
fj to the cross-head c,
guided by the wheel /"
between the uprights
g S \ rots /i , one on
each side, connect the
cro-i.s-head f with two
cranlcs, one shown at
I, to which the fly-
wheel shaft is con-
nected. Two eccen-
tric wheels n on the ifleeple-Enginr.
fly-wheel sliaft give

motion to the levers o r by mcins of connecting-rods v. The
lever o, turning on the bearing f/, works tlie cold-water pump
5 by the rod r: the lever/, supported on the center r, workstbe
air-pump ;and the hot-water pump ; the condenser _/' surrounds
the air-pump, and is itself surrounded by one of the cold-water
cisterns k Ic, which are connected by the pipe ^'. The steam-
passages are opened and closed by an eccentric i/ on the crank-
shaft, tJirough the medium of the rod it', bent lever w, and
connecting-rod x and lever x*, operating the steam-cock y The
valve z in the steam-pipe is opened or closed for a longer or
shorter time, depentliug on the velocity of the engine, by a
cam-piece on the governor spindle, operating through conuect-
ing levers. 7v' is a lever for working the eugiue by hand.

Steer'age. (XauHcul.) The part of a 'twecn-
decksjust lorward of the cabin.

Steer'age - way. (Xautical.) Motion of a vessel
suftieient to enal)le lier to feel the effect of the rudder.

Steer'iug-ap'pa-ra'tus. A device in aid of the
steersman, Ijinng interiiosed between the tiller or
tiller-wheel and the rudder-head. See also Steeu-

ING-WIIKEL.

In Sickel's steam-steering apparatus (Fig. 5757), in
nse since 1860, the steering-wheel a and the barrel c
for the steering-chains are upon sc|iarate shafts, in a
line with each other. On tlie shaft b of the steering-
barrel is a toothed wheel, gciiring with a pinion upon
a crank-shaft, which is driven by a small steam-en-




gine having two cylinders working at- a right angle
to each other. The eccentrics which work the slide-
valves of that engine
are upon a separate
shaft, having a pin-
ion driven by a
simr-wheel fixed to
and driven by the
steering-wheel. Thus
when the steering-
wheel is turned, it
causes the eccentric- c,
sliaft to turn, and
every revolution of
the eccentric-shalt
causes the en-
gine to make
one revolution,
and thus the
motions of the
barrel are made
to correspond
exactly with
those of the
steering - whi
Another steer




^^np ilaudslay's Stefple-Engini.



ing-wheel d is made fast to the barrel, to be used
in the ordinary way, in the event of the engine get-
ting out of order ; in which case the wheels and
pinions are thrown out of gearing.

Fig 5758 is North's steering-apparatus, 1865, Attached to
the upright shaft that carries the bevel-gear a is a cam b hav-
ing two grooves on its p<*ripheryfor the reception of thechains.
This cam has a spline that allows it to traverse longitudinally
on the upright shaft. The gear-wheel and cam are rotated by
means of the pinion on the horizontal shaft that carries the
steering-wheel. The machinery is mounted on a frame, bolted
to the deck of the vessel. On the rudder-post is secured a
quadrant //, so depressed in its periphery to correspond witil the
eccentric action of the cam c in its rotation as always to pre.sent
the same face to its action. The periphery of the segment has
two grooves for the reception of the chain. When the rudder
is " hard up " the quadrant presents its longest radius to the
shortest radius of the cam, thereby increasing the power upon
the rudder at the time when it is most required.

In Fig. 5759, the tiller-wheel .sbalt has a right and left handed
screw which passes through nuts which are connected by arms
to the gudgeons of the rudiler-head. The rotation of the shaft
draws the nuts simultaneously toward or from the rudder, and
rotates the hitter on its axis.

Hunt's steering and propelling apparatns (English patent)
combines the two operations in one. the axis of the screw being
made to oscillate in a horizontal plane by means of the tiller,
while the rotation of the axis by the engine is not affected, a
is a driving-shaft rotated by the stcain-engine ; 6. a bearer ; c e
d mil, the gearing and shafting connecting the sliaft a with
the short shaft / of the propeller. The shaft d is carried down
to the step z projecting from the stern-post, and is inclosed by
a casey which faVs independent motions thereon by means of



STEElUNrJ-APPARATlTS.



2372



STEINING.



the tiller w. The trunk g is formed by an eiilnrgetiicnt of tlie
ciise A and inelosifs the lower piiir nf \>cvv\ i^e.irs m and n,
and the short J^haft (", to who?e end the propeller p p' is iit-
tiurhed by a couplint; o. This iirraiigeuiunt is used in tlie
propiilsini).

The steering pjirt of the npparatus ronsi^ts of a tiller-wheel
Tc, shaft 7. bearing r, and bt-vel wheel t geuring into a similar
bcvet-wheel (see the other figure â– ! on tlie end of a sliort screw-
BliJift V Wiiieh takes into a quadrant jr attached to the top of the
ciisc/ above the plate cm which the vertical plate 7 is stepped
When the steersman turns the wheel jc, motion is eommuni-
fiited to the quadrant .r and tlie eii<e /, thereby rotatinj; the
propeller-f^haft ( o in a horizontal plane, and thereby varying
the anjjle of pn-seatation of the axis of the itropelier to port or
ptJirboard, as the case may be, giving a positive lateral propul-
sion to the stern of the vessel.

Blaekie's electric signal for steering-apparatus is to enable the
pilocof a vessel toconumuiicate with the engineer or helmsman.

When the pilot sends

A an order he presses

\a a knob, and a bell

II /IS iJkn A rings, meaningatteu-

)A-^JIJ^n „,„=; • ■,.!„. engineer

''/ ^ â–  ,i,s to the index,



lonjr, A incli (Iminefer, wliich lends from the center of the
diiii b:icl<\v:ird at rit;ht :int:les. und is snpportedfiti-aeh end f
eeceutrieully. Ou each side are two electro-ma[;uets and

Fig. 5759.




^'d'



Fig G757.



^Mi



m




s




aw



t






iW'



SickeCs Steam- Steer nrj lit,,,-.

which resembles a clock f'ice,on which are printed theS general
orders u^ed. namely, stop; ahcmt fast/ : nheml full speeil ; bark
east/; bark full speed . The pointer indicates the order, and al-
ways remains at the last, and is locked The device by which
the pilot transmits his or-
Fig 5758. ders to the engineer is con-

sfructed as follows : First,
there is a dial on which the
five orders described are print-
ed. A pointer, like the hand
of a clock, moves at the will
of the pilot froni order to
order. The pointer is athiched
fo a cylinder of iron 4i inches



J '-







North\*i Steering Apparatus,



Jackson's Steering- Apparatus.

one nndcrncath ; there being one macnet for each order,
A wire from each magnet leads to tlie pilot-house, and
all wires are connected with a battery Hy means of five
knobs in the pilot-house tbe connections are made; one on
each wire The iron cylinder, or keeper,
moves from side to side, or downwani, ac-
cording to the attraction of the magnet; and
as the pointer is attached to the keeper or
cylinder, the movements on the dial will cor-
respond with movements of the keeper, by
reason of its eccentric motions, Ry a dnnbie
arrangement of wires in connection with 11
galvanometer, the rudder is uiade to indicate
its position on a dial for the observation of
the captain and pilot.

Steer'iiig-'wheel. (Sltipbui/fliuff.)

\ wlircl liy wliiili a nulik'r is turned
I ^ tlnoufili the itHiliiiin of a tillcr-ropo
j ^ \viiiilin<i on the axis of the wheel.

,„,ni |i_V In the cut. Fig. 5761, —

iliii &* .T is the rutliter-liFafl : xt the ti/rrr, having

pl IP a Pnir of blocks fixed to it? forward end I.

" I 'J ^ ee are a pair of eye-bohs in the deck, to

â– which are made fast the ends or standing
^ parts of the steering-chains or wheel-ropes.
The chains are led through the blocks of the
tiller, then through a pair of fixed blocks 6 b
attactied to the deck, and then through a
pair of fixed blocks beneath the barrel of the
I steering-wheel iv. and hidden by the latter in
the figure. The chains then pass through
liolos or tubes in the deck or decks that lie
between the tiller and the wheel, and then
)i.iss round the barrel, to wliich they are
f;u>teneu at the middle of its upper siile.

The steering-wheels are from 3 to fi feet in
ditinietcr, and one may be placed at each end
fif the barrel.
The Inw<T vim of the wheel must move in an opposite direc-
tion to the rud-
der, that is, in Fig- 57G0.
the same direc-
tion as a lUler
pointing for-
ward.

Steeve.

( A'nufical. )
Tlifi slope or up-
ward deviation
from the liori-
zontal of an outboard spar,
as the bow.sprit, catlicad,
eto.

Steev'ing. {Kanticrfl .)
a. The nnglc of a bow-
sprit with the horizon ;
formerly 70° to 80"*, now-
much less.

h. Stowinfj bales in a hold
by means of a jaek-serew.

Steg'a-nog'ra-phy. The
art of writing in ciplier.

Stein'ing. (Mifsonn/.)
I,iiiino; a well with bricks.
Till? wall may be carried up
on a curb which is lowei-ed by
under cutting, the wall XG- Hunt's PropeUer and Stferer,




STELLA.



STEM-WINDING WATCH.




Steering- W/teel.




ceiling additions at
top as it sinks. See

C'L'UD.

Stel'la. (Surgi-
cal.) A star-shaped
bandage crossed like
the letter X, applied
to the shoulder in
cases of fracture of
the clavicle or scap-
ula, or dislocation of
the humerus.

Stel'larln'di-ca'-
tor. An instrument
for enabling an observer to recognize the dill'er-
ent stars and point out their positions in the heav-
ens.

It consists of a stand carrying a table, on which is a celestial
chart, and having iucircilniferunce graduated to show the days
and mouths. The

table is inclined at Fig. 57G3.

an angle equal to that
of the elevated pole,
and being properly
set, using the pole-
star as a guide, the
eight-bar a being di-
rected to a star the
name of which it i:
desired to know,
the star and its
name are found
on the chart be-
tween the branches
of the alidade indica-
tor 6. In the same
way, by setting the
indicator, the posi-
tion in the he ivcns of
any st^ir on the chart
may be a-^certained.
From the portion de-
voted to the star-map,
included between the
branche.'s of the indi-
cator, may be .seen the
aspect of the heavens at
any day and hour, and
also the hours of rising
and settingof any stars,
and the tiuics of their
meridian passages.

Stell'wa-gen-
cup. An instru-
ment invented by
Lieutenant Stell-
w a g e n , United
States Navy, for
bringing up speci-
mens of bottom in
sounding. It con- SteUar Indicator.

sists of a hollow

cone attached to the bottom of the sounding-lead,
and having a lle.xible cap over which may he an
intle.\ible di-sk, rising and allowing the niuil, sand,
etc., to enter the cup when the lead strikes the l)ot-
torn, but falling and preventing it from being washed
out when drawn up.

Stem. 1. (Sliipbuildinrj.) Tlie upright piece of
timber or bar of iron at the fore end of a vessel, to
which the forward ends of the stakes are united.
With wooden stenrs, the lower end is scarfed into
the keel. The npp^-r end supports the bowsprit, ,
ami in the obtu.se angle is thejiijarc-hend. The ad
vauced edge of the stem is the ciit-walcr.



Fig. 5763.





S, stem.
K.krel.
A, apron.
D. deadwood.
SS, sremson.
DII. ileri;-hooks.
BU, breast-hooks.



SP. stem-piece, or independent piece.

M P . main or lace piece.

BP, bolistay-pieee.

I? -VS. bowsprit.

O, cripe.

F, false keeL



Stem and Allied Parts.



2. (I'diick.) The bar to wliich the bow of a
falling hood is hinged.

3. (J/tH«i//.) A day's work.

4. (Falve.) The projecting-rod which guides a
vah'e in its reciprocations.

5. Of a therinonieter, hydrometer, etc. The nar-
rowed part, usually graduated or having a graduated
scale beside it.

Stem-knee. {Shipbuilding.) One uniting the
sti;m with the keel.

Stem'mer. {.^fining.) A piece of iron with
wliich clay is I'amnied into the blasting-holes to
make them water-tight.

Stera'ming. (.Mining.) The stuff beaten down
upon a charge of powder.

Stem-piece. (S/iipbnilding.) A piece in front
of the stem, into which the main piece of the head
is stepped. See Ste.m.

The stem-piece is sometimes called the iiuk}xn-
denl piece. (SP in Fig. 5763).

Stem'ple. (Mining.) One of the cross-bars of
wood placed in the shaft of a mine and serving the
pur|)ose of steps.

Stem-post. (Shiphtiilding.) The vertical tim-
ber f< inning the prow of a vessel. The stem.

Stem'son. (Shipbuilding.) A kiiee-jnece whose
horizontal arm is scarfed to the keelson and vertical
arm fayed into the throats of the tran.soms.

Stem-'wind'ing Watch. A watch having a
stem or ]teudant wljicli may be tlirown into etigage-
ment with a winding wheel so as to wind up the
spring without the intervention of a key.

Its use is to avoid the trouble of carrying a watch-key. and
to prevent the .access of dust to the works. Some act by merely
pushing the pendant in. and some by turning it round. Some
of the item-winders are so constructed that by pushing in the




Howard's Stem-Winding Watch.



STENCH-TRAP.



2374



STENOGRAPHIC MACHINE.



pendant it is brouglit into relation with the hand-setting mech-
anism, anii by pushing it to another certjiin distance, it is
brou-jht into conneetitin with the windini^ portiou.

In other (leviies the winding is acconipiiahed by means of a
fluted knob at the end of the pendant. The arlior of th« winder
has a ratehet and click, so that it cannot be turned in ttije
wrong direction. Kike a Bn^utt keij in this respett.

Borollaa's stcm-wiiiding watch ^Knglish) has a diuin which
makes one turn around the pulley of the going-barrel and ter-
minates in a button at the end of the peiid.iut,f!0 that it may be
grasped by the finger and thumb. To wind the watch, the
button and chain are drawn out, giving the barrel-pulley one
rotation ; a rceoil-sprinij draws in tlie ciiain, allowing a second
pull to the winding work. This is repeated tiU the watch la
fully wouTid.

Howard's ptem-winding watch has a double-contrate wheel
â– which is splined upon the steui, and is engaged with a train of
gears to cither wind the watch or set the hands. Tlie barrel is
fitted into an opening in the dial-phue, and is supporied therein
by a toothed tlangc resting on and attached to the dial-plate,
80 as to allow the winding of the barrel. A spring pawl pre-
vents the barrel from turning iu a contrary direction when the
watch is running down.

Fig. 5765.



troduced into Europe about 13i0-13D0 Covelluzzo stales that
three piicks of cards weie made for Charles VI. of France ia
lijyS. Laws in relation to their nianufaeture and use were
pas>ed in Italy, France, Germany, and Kuglaud, from the four-
teenth to the sixteenth centuries

Theodorie, king of the Ostrogoths (Eastern Goths), who
founded a kingdom iu Itiily \. n 493, was so ilhterate that he
could not wiite four letters at the foot of his edicts, but had
thein cut out of a plate of gold, and traced out tlic letters with
a ijniU. It is inferred by souie that he u^cd tlie quill as a pen,
whith would be the first recorded uj^c of it as a writing inptrn-