Fig. 5792.
stereoty|)e and elec-
otyjie Jilates. A very
ra|ndly rotating cut-
ter, diiveu by belting,
is employed. It is in-
serted in a holder
u)ion a jointed level',
atlording means of ap-
ying it at any part
III the |ilate A spring
ret ]>revents the tool
ni^ (tnil Salving Mac/tine.
from touching the ]d;ite until pressed down by the
oprriitor.
Ste're-o-type-saw. A circular saw used for
trimming the edges of steicotype plates. It is
mounted on a stand having a tabic, on which the
plate is laid aud advanced by hand to the Hoe saw,
STEREOTYPE SAW-TABLE.
2379
STEREOTYPING.
which is driv-
en by belt and
pulley connec-
tion with the
other machin-
ery, or with a
treadle. .
Ste're-o-type Sawr-
ta'ble. A table provided
with a circular saw oper-
atetl by a treadle, used
for trimming the edges of
stereotype-plates. An ad-
justable gage on the upper
part of the table serves as
a guide in presenting the
plate to the saw. A
pane a of glass,
held by a crooked
arm over the table,
enables the oper-
ator to view the
work without being
struck by the Hying particles of metal. At one end
of the saw-mandi'el is a cutter-head, with a sliding
table for squaring up metallic blucks, etc.
Ste're-o-type Shav'ing-ina-chine'. A ma-
chine for planing the backs ol stereotype-plates. The
plate is laid face downward on a tniveling-bed, and
is held by a ledge nhile it is drawn forward under a
stationary knife, which takes olf a shaving of the
requisite thickness. Jlotion is imparted to the bed
Fig. 5791.
for Bibles and prayer-books. These were injured by
the jealous workmen of that day,
and were thrown aside.
Stereotype-Saw.
Stereotype Shooting- Board.
Stereotype Saw-Table.
by turning the spokc-levers, which turn a pinion
gearing with a rack.
Ste're-o-type Shoot'ing-board. The shoot-
ing-board used in stereotyping is a cast-iron plate d
with a planed Mpper surface, having ledges for hold-
ing a stereot\-pe-plate firm while its edges are dressed
otf with a side-plane c. The lower figures a a show
the positions of the stereotype-plates when squarimj
or brir!in(i the edges.
Ste're-o-typ'ing. The art of making solid
plates fiMniing an exact fac-simile of the p:ige of type
as set up by the compositor, and from which impres-
sions are taken in the usual manner.
The phislcr process was invented by AVilliam Ged,
a goldsmith of Edinburgh, who was.employcd by the
University of O.xford in 1731 to manufacture plates
Stereotype Shnving-Machiite.
In lf)98, J. Tan der Mey. in Iloll.ind. had printed a quarto
Bible and ?onie other books from pages of type soldered together
at the back, but this
was not true stereotyp- . Fig
ing-
About 1779. Van der
5Iev"s process was re-
vived by Dr. > lex 1 il-
, loch of Glasgow, but it
still does not seem to
have come into penfTal
use, as we iie.-ir little of
it until it was t.aken up
by the French printers.
1 Carey's method of
stereotyping, France,
1793. was as follows;
The form was attached a
to a block suspended
face downward from a
be.am, and was sud-
denly allowed to fall
upon a surface of hot
lead, just in the act of solidifying. The matrix thus obtained
wa-s used in a similar manner to obtiiin a relief cast or cameo
impression, by dropping upon another surface of hot lead.
Didot (France) modified the plan by c.a-sting his types with a
harder alloy, con.sisting of lead 30, aiitiniony 30, tin' 3f>. rop)M>r
10. and a form of such type was pressed by a tly-press into a
surface of pure lead.
The matrix thus obtained was attached to the hammer of a
stamping-press, on the bed of which was a paper-frame inclos-
ing type-metal in a state of fusion. When on the point of set-
ting, the metal was rolled up into a mass, and the matrix of the
page brought down upon it, flattening it out and giving a
stereotype-plate suitable for printing. This plan was adopted
in Didot's edition of 200 vols
llerhan's plan (French) was to set up the form in copper
matrixes, intaglio, and take a casting in type-metal therefrom,
procuring a cameo impression at one operation
" The invention of solid types by the Parisian printers, Dldot
and tierhan. is thought a great improvement These types, in-
stead of being detached characters, like the common, form a
solid ma.ss for each page, which, being incapable of derange-
ment, fixes forever the purity of the text .\ great saving of
paper results, as it is not necess.ary to takeoff a greater number
of impres-sions than are wanted at one time." — Monthly Maga-
zine^ January, 1799.
, Ged's process was stikstantially the "plaster"
process as used at the present day.
j In this the type is set up in the usual way, except
that shoulder-high sjmccs and qundritts are employed.
The face of the form is thinly and evenly oiled with
a brush, and it is surrounded by a rectangular frame
termed a flask. Plaster of Paris mixeil with water
I is then poured upon it, fonning a niolil correspond-
ing to the face of the form. When this has suffi-
ciently hardened, it is withdrawn by turning screws
] at the four corners of the flask, and it is afterward
STEREOTYPING.
2380
STEREOTYPING.
diii'il in an oven until all tlie nioistun^ is ilriven nlf.
The nioM is then
Fig. 5797. placed iaueLlown-
wari-lupon a caht-
iron plate, termed
a float ing-pUdc^
and this is placed
within a cast-
iron tray, termed
a dipping -pan,
having a lid
whieli is sei'un-d hy means of a screw, and the whole
is heiiteil to about 400 Fahr., lilted by means of a :
crane susiieiidi'd ovi-r a pot of molten metal, and ,
gently lowered into the bath, where it is immersed i
to near the bottom, the metal liowing in and iilliug j
l)i/>/iin^i^uii.
Fi-;, him.
Fi". 579S
Stereo/i/ping Apparatus.
Up all the ciivitii'fi in the f;ice of the mold, though
forming but a tlun iilni on the back. After vemain-
itig 8 or 10 minutes in the metal, the arrangement is
lifted therefrom by the crane, swung over the cool-
ing-trough, and lowered upon a stone, so that the
bottom part just conu's in contact with the water ;
the face part is first cooled, and as shrinkage takes
place it is tilled up from behind. The pan is then
opiMied, tile mold sejKirated from the cast by heating
with a mallet, and the face examined, to see if there
are any iri-eniediable defects ; if not, the plate is
planed on the hack and dressed on the sides, to adapt
it to iit the lihck on which it is jdaced for jn-intiug.
(See Stkiikotype Planinc-maciiink; Steukotype
SnAvrN(;-^[AriiiNE.) The planing is effected by a
peculiar niacliinc, worked in a manner analogous to
the engravers' ]date ]irinting-press, and the sides are
squared by a saw (see Strkkotype-saw; Steueotype
Sa\v-taiu,e), and beveled hy a ]dane while held on
tlie shooting-board (see Steukotype Shootinc;-
BOAKD). Any flat shallow places into Avhich the
paper might be pressed and gather ink are worked
deeper by the Stkreotype Routing -machine
(which see).
Stereotypina was introtluced into tho United States by David
Bruce, of New York, in iSlS ; the first work cast in America
was the New Testament, in bonrticoi*, in 1S14.
TliG ejirvin^ of stereoty]ie-i)hites to adapt them to a rvlindcr
printin;;-pre^s w:is patented in EhkI-I"'* ''.v Cowpor in 1815 : hut
was not practiced with any great success until of late yenrs,
when it was introduced upon dailv newspapers iu couucctiou
with the revolvinji type-cylinder of Hoe,
Clay, or Oaij-aud- PI a^ti: r Proccsa.
The form is locked up with Iii'ih furuifarc and
shiga, and pliiced on the bed a of the press shown in
Fig. 5701 (Stkp.kotvpk-prfss). Tlie face of tlie
type is bruslii'd over with ben:iine or naphtha, and
covered with a cloth or paper.
Stereoii/pins:- Furnace and
' Mtiul-Pot.
A detaclinble plate is hinjicd like a tympan to the press-bed.
On the face of this plate a mixture of e(|ual parts ground pot-
ter's clfiy and gypsum. moi.->teiied to thi- consistency of mortar,
is spread with a trowel to tin- lU-pth of about i nf;in inch
The tympan is now turijed down on the form, the hi-d runa
under the platen. iinil a partial impression is taken, sufficient to
give the general outline of the furm In tlie clay coating. The
press is tlien opened, the cloth removed, and also any surplus
material which has been thrown up by the first pressure, and
would be likely to bind. The press is again closed, and a com-
plete impression taken, imbedding the type iu the plastic ma-
terial to the desired extent.
The metallic plate carrying this mold is then removed from
the press, and hardened by drying.
When dry, it is set atioat ftiee up-
ward in a vat of melted type-
metal, as the most convenient
means of bringing mold and metal
to a unif()rm temperature.
A wire bent like a horseshoi' i-
then put on tlie plate, aronu'l
three sides of tin? mold. The »iri>
is somewhat thicker than a com-
pleted stereotype-plate A secoml
sheet of metal is damped over the
wire, as in a molder's Hask. The
plate is then put in a rack or
trough with its oj'en etlge upward,
and the metal )>oured in. The
cooling may be liastcm-d by turn-
ing water on the outside of tho
flask. When the ciusting is re-
moved the clay adheres to the
face of the plate, and is removed
by washing. The plate is then planed, trimmed, and dressed
ui> for use. Curved plates for e^ liuders are made from a flat
form by using a sheet of spring sttel of the desired curvature,
for a base plate, which is spread tiat on the tympan and the
pla.stic niatenal is applied to what is to be the concave side.
After the impression is taken the sheet is released, and resumes
its normal curvature, bending the plastic mold with it. Tlie
face of the plate is of cour.«e somewhat distorted, the stereotype
appearing as if taken from typo a little more condensed one way
than that actually employed in the form.
The papier-mache process was invented hy Wilson,
in Scotland, in 1823. It is a very expeditious pro-
cess, and is generally used on the (Uiily imiicrs of
large circulation. A paper matrix is formed by
spreading paste over a sheet of moderately thick un-
sized paper and covering it with successive sheets of
tissue-pajier, each carefully patted down smooth, and
the pack then saturated.
The face of the type is oiled, the face of the paper treated
with i)owdereil French chalk and laid upon
the type. A linen rag is wetted, wrung
out, l:iid over the paper, and then the
matrix dabbed by a beating-brush from the
back, so as to drive the soft paper into all
the interstices between the letters of the
f(n'm. Uemnve the cloth, lay a reinforce
sheet of damp matrix paper upon the brick
of the matrix, and beat it
again wiMiout Hie cloth,
to perfect the impression
and esiablish a junction.
For large establishments
a matrix-rolling machine
is used. I'ut a double
thickness of blanket upon
the matrix, place form
and matrix iu a pre-^s,
andsi'rewdown tight The
lighted g!is heats the press
and the form, and dries
the paper matrix. The
press is unscrewed, tho
matrix removed, its edges
prired, and it warmed
on the moliling- press.
Tlie matrix is then placed
in the previously heated iron casting-mold; a casting-g.-ige to
determine the thickness of the stereotype is placed round three
sides of the matrix, the other side being left open for a gate, at
which the molten metal is poured in. The cover is screwed
tight, the mold tippi-d to bring tlie mouth up, and the metal
ponred in. When the metJil is set, the mold is opened and the
matrix removed. The plate \^ then trimmed and otherwise pre-
pared in the usual inaiiner
Mr. Mnir, of Glasgow, employed gutta-percha slabs for form-
ing stereotype-molds ; the process consisted simply in ai>pl\ing
the slali while hot to the form of type, and subjecting it for
some 15 minutes to "the action of a screw-press. The tace of
the mold being aflurward black-leaded, an electrotype cast was
. 5S00.
Bfnthi'^-Tal''<
Pn
( Pnpi
ass).
STEREOTYPING.
Zool
STEREOTYPING.
taken. Ue also niaJe stereotype-plates from the same sub-
stance, the mold Leijg obtJiiucd
in the above manner, and tbe
plate formed under pressure while
heated.
Iron electrotypes were made by
Stert-otifp^-jnoiti Urifittg-Press {Paper Process),
Elein, a Russian, and the process patented in the United States,
September 29, 1868. ?ee also " Scientific American," Novem-
ber IS and November 27, 1S6S.
In Joyce's process for obtiuning plates in relief from intaglio
molds, patented July 14, 1874, a smooth plate ot iron, such as
is used in the clay process of stereotyping, is covered with a
thin layer of suitable composition, ordinary thin clay and pul-
verized" plaster. When dry, the design or writing is cut into the
composition bv means of pointed or sharp-edged graving-toois,
so as to expose the face of the plate at tho.*e p;irts which are
to show black in the print The nature ot the ma.'erial enables
a skilled dnftsman to cut his design in the matrix without the
necessity of previously making a drawing on the surface, or of
transferring from a drawing on paper. In ca.-;e a design is to
be copied, the paper is laid directly on the face of the mold, and
the lines traced through with a blunt-pointed instrument, the
composition being sufficiently yielding to receive and retain the
impression : its texture also admits of erasures and corrections
being made When thedesign is finished, the plateand matrix
are heated, and a cast is made with stereotype-metal in the
manner usual in the clay process, a somewhat higlier tempera-
ture, however, being required to ensure the perfection of the
face which is formed by the mold-plate. Tbe stereotype-plate
thus formed is trimmed, planed, and finished in the usual way,
the depres.-iion3 being deepened by routing, if necessary.
This process enables cuts, map?, autographic or fjic-simile
â– writings, etc., to be produced in a form suitable for workmg on
an ordinary letter-press in a very simple and expeditious man- |
ner. I
ELECTROTYPIXG.
Ehctrotupinfj is an application of the art of electro-
plating which originated with Volta, rruick-shauk,
and WolUxston, about lSOO-1801. In 1838. Spencer,
of London, made casts nf coin.s and cast in intaglio
from the matrixes thus formed ; in the same year
Jacobi, of Dorpat, in Kussia, made casts by eh-ctro
deposit, which caused him to be put iu charge of the
work of gilding the dome of St. Isaac, at St. Peters-
burg.
Electrotvping originated with Mr. Joseph A- Adams, a wood-
cngniver, of New York, who made casts (1*39-41) from wood-
cuts, some engravings being printed from electrotype-plates in
the latter year. Many improvements in detail have been added
eince in the processes as well as the appliances. Robert Murray
introduced graphite as a coating for the forms and molds He
first communicated his discovery to the Royal Industrial Insti-
tution of London, and afterward received a silver medal from
the Society of Arts
The process of electrotvping is as follows : The form is locked
up very tightly, and is then coated with a surface of graphite,
commonly known as black-lead , but it is a misnomer. This is
put on with a brush , and may be done ver>- evenly and speeiliiv
by a machine in which the brush is reciprocated over the t\ i^
by hand-wheel, crank, and pitman. A soft brush and ver-
finely powdered graphite are used; the suf>erfluous powder
being removed and the face of the type cleaned by the palm of
the hand.
A shallow pan, known as a molding-pan, is then filled with
melted yellow wax, making a smooth, even surface, which is
black-leaiJed. The pan is then secured to the head of the pre*s,
and the form placed on tbe beil, which is then raised, delivering
an impression of the typf upon the wax.
The pan is removed from the head of press, placed on a
table, and then built-up, as it is termed- This consists in run-
Btuck-Ltading Machine.
ning wax upon the portions where large spaces occur between
type, iu order tliat corresponiling portions in the electrotjpe
may not be ti.uched by (he inking roller, or touched by the
saggina dO'*u of the p.iper lu printing.
. Fig. 5S03.
E'.ectTotype-Press.
The wax molj being bttilt is ready for black-leadinp, to give it
a conducting surface upon which the metal may be deposited in
tlie bath, sui'erfiuous black-lead being removed w tli a bellows.
IJlack-lead. being nearly pure carbon, is a poor conductor, and
a part of the metal of tiic pan i.s scraped clean, to form a place
for the commencement of the deposit The back of the mold-
ing pan is wa.\ed, to prevent deposit of copper thereon, and the
face of the matrix is wetted, to drive away all tilius or liubbles
of air which may otherwise be attached to the black-leaded sur-
face of the type
In the muchimproved wet process of bfark-lfn'/ins, mvented
by Silas P. Knight, of Harper Brothers' estiblishnieut in New
York, the wax mold is laid fac e upward on the Hoor of an in-
closed box, and a torrent of finely pulveria>d graphite suspended
in water is poured upon it by means of a rotary pump, a hose,
and a distributing-nozzle, which dashes the liquid equally over
the whole surface of the mold. Superfluous gniphite is then
removed by copious washing, an extremely fine film of graphite
adhering to the wax. This answers a triple purpose ; it coats
tlie mold with graphite, wets It ready for the bath, and expels
air-bubbles from the'lettcrs This process prevents entirely the
circulation of black-lead in the air, which has lieretolore been
so objectionable in the proce.ss of electrotyping.
Fig. 5S04.
*EUclrotypins Bath and hattenj.
STEREOTYPIXG-MACHIXE.
2r^S2
STERRO-METAL.
The nioIJ is then jilacej in the bath, contiininic a solution of
sulphjiti; oC iiippiT, iiml is inudf a part of an eiuctric tircuit,
in wliicli is also imluilfi the zinc elfiiiL-nt in thu sulphuric-jicij
solution in the other bath. A lihn of copper is deposited on
tlie hlaek-luad surface of the mold ; and when this sheli is suffi-
ciently thick it is taken from the bath, the wax removed, the
sliell ti-ininied, the back tinned, slraiijlitencd, backed with iin
ahoy ot type-met d, then shaved to u thickness, and mounted
on a block to miike it ti/f/r-hi^h.
Adiims'?; process consists in adding finely pulverized tin to
the grapliile forfaciu}; the wax mold ; the effect in the sulphate-
of-copper hath is to cause a rapid deposition of copper by the
substitution of copper for the tin, tlie latter being seized by the
oxygen wliile the copper is depusited upon the graphite. Tlie
film U yf.er increased by the usual means.
Knighfs expeditious process consists in dusting fine iron
filini^s upon the wet grapniti* surface of the wax mold, and then
pouring upon it a solution of sulphate of copper. Stirring with
a brush expedites the contact, and a decomposition takes plac-e ;
the acid leaves the copper, and forms with the iron a sulphate
solution, which floats otf, while the copper is freed and de-
posited in a pure mctillic form upon the graphite The black
surface takes on a ruddy tinge with marvelous rapidity.
The electric-connection grip(XT is designed to hold and sus-
tain tlie moliling pan and make an electric connection with the
prepiired condncting-pan of the tnolil only, while the metallic
p.m ^t^elf is out of the current of electricity and receives no de-
posit.
The gilvanoplastic process of M. Coblence for obtaining elec-
trot> pes of wood-engi-aviiigs is a.s follows : A frame is laid upon
a marble block, and then covered with a solution of wax, colo-
phane, and turpentine. This mixture on the frame, after cool-
ing, lieromes hanl, and presents a smooth, even surface. An
engraved wooden block is then placed upon the surface of the
frame and suhjeetcd to a strong pressure. The imprint, or
matri.t in cameo, having been coated with graphite, is tlieu
placed Vertically in a galvannpliisEic bath, and a cast, an exact
reproduction of the wood-i-ngraving. is obtiined. The shell is
then backed with type-metal and finished in the usual way.
Ste're-o-typ'ing-ma-chine'. One in which
typH are brou^lil turwaiil st-rlatim to inipres-s the
iiMti'iiul for a inatn.v troin whidi a ;stt^r(_*otype-i>UUt;
is to be Ciist. The operation is similar to that of a
type-eomposing machine, the h?tter.s .spaecs, punctu-
ation-inark.s, etc., bein^ oiieiated by key.s, on a
niaiuial hke a piaiio-fuite. See also TYPOGUArillc
ilACIlIXH.
Nelson's sterco'ype-macbiiie was exhibited in New York in
ISiT. An apparatus on the same princip.e was also exhibited
at the I'.iris Exposition in IS J7 In this but one type of each
sort was used, whieh w.is arranged at the end of a key-lever,
and iii)|)rinted itself in the proper place on abed of clay moving
annul itically. This, wlien completed, was served ius the ordi-
narv pla-*:ereasts for s ercrotvpin^, the liquid metal being poured
ill, and in a fe.v nionn'ots prodm-ing complete stereotype-plates.
Ster-hy-drau'lic Press. A press in which a
powerliil liyilrostalic pressure is obtaineil i)v intro-
iluiing into the eylimler uf a hyilranlic press already
iilleil with lii[iii"l, not an additional amount of liipiid
by .succi'.ssive impulses, as in the ca.se of the hy-
draulic [tress, but a solid substance, usually a solid
conl, by a steady, uninterrui)ted movement.
The cord n is wound from an exterior pulley 6 on to a pulley
c, which is inclosed within the apparatus, wliile it is operated
Fig 5S05.
Slerfrijr/rniiiic Pres:>.
bv a crank or a band-wheel on the outside. The pressure acts
upon a pi-ton '/, moving wa'er-tight in a cylinder as usual
Another f »rni, having a vertically acting piston, is shown in
Fig 5S% This is provided with a manometer e, to show the
amount of pre-^siitc exerted.
The liquid employed for filling the chamber is oil ; the rope,
about Vio i"*"'^ '"^ diameter, is of catgut : the parking, combed
henip; this in time beeomcs conipaci-
Fig 0806. eil 10 a horny consi>teney, and it is
stated that no leakage whati-ver has
occurred from a press in daily uee for
five months.
The invention of this nppnratus is
due to MM. Desgoffe and Oilivier.
Sterling. {Emjiaefriiuj.)
See 8TAULING.
Stern. (.S7/?;;-
u-i'iijhtiiuj.) The
after part of a
vessel. The rail
k around the up-
per edge is the
iatfrnil. The
— sUrn terminates
Stcrhydraulic Pr€$s, |„,,^,^^. .^^ ^^^^
junction of the stern-post with the keel. Sterns are
round or square.
A ship is said to he down by Ihe stern when drawing more
water aft than forward.
Of the parts in a vesfel's stern, —
Fig, 5807. 5 is the stcru-post.
A, keel.
DT, dovetail-plates.
/. inner stern-post.
D, dead wood.
DK, deadwooj knee.
â– S'.S, sternson.
T, deck-transom.
F, false keel.
KS, keelson.
Stern-chas'er. (Xaufi-
cal.) A ;,'un pointinp; through
a slcru-piirt.
Stern-fast.
{Nauticnl.) A
warp mooring
theafter part of
a vessel to a
wharf or quay.
Stern-franie.
{Sliipliiiilding,')
That composed
of the stent'
pasty transom^
Parts in a Vtssers Sltrn.
One uniting the stern-post and
(XaufiraJ.) An opening in the
A cargo, light, air, ov gun jiort, as
and fashion-pieces.
Stern-knee.
ke.'l.
Stern-port.
stern of a ship,
tlie ease may be.
Stern-post. (Shiphiiildinff.) A slightly raking
.stiaigbt iiii'cc, rising f!0:u the after end of the keel,
tu whieh it is seeuied by tenons and dovetail-plates.
See SiKUN.
Stern-sheets. (Nautical.) That part of a boat
whieh is included between the stern and the after-
most thwart.
It is the place of honor in the boats of a govern-
ment or otlier vessel, and for passengers in ferry-
boats and wherries.
Stern'son. {Shipbuilding.) A Inuding- piece
above the deadwood in the stern, and practically
forming an extension of the keelson, on which the
stern-post is stt'pped.
Ster'ro-met'al. An alloy inventeil by Baron
Rosthniu o\' thr Imperial Arsenal, Vienna, and used
as a gnu-metal.
It has,—
Copper 55.04-1 57.03
Tin (1,83 f , 15
Zinc 42 3tJ i ^^"^ 40.22
Iron 177 J 186
It dilfers from ICeirs mclal, EuixWsU patent, Decem-
ber 10, 1779, mainly in having a small <[uantity of tin.
STET.
2383
STIFF-BIT.
Keir's metal is, —
Copper 100
Ziuc 75
Iron 10
See Alloy.
Stet. (Fn'nfhir/.) Let it stand. A marginal
mark i-Urecting attention to a iioitioii of the matter,
and countermanding an order to expunge it.
A series of dots made below the matter has tlie
same effect.
Ste-thom'e-ter. {Surgical.) An instrument
for measuring the exteriuil movement in the walls of