tice it. but the remarks
are always given
with a reserve,
and often with
The annexed
representation
from paintings
at Thebes illus-
trate the opera-
tions of leveling,
squaring, and chiseling
stone Tlie straight-edge
seems to be a taut cord ;
the chi'aels and mallets
much like our own. In
a tomb at Thebes work-
men are represented
mounted on scafl'olding
and working at a sitting
Colossus of granite The
men are polishing the
figure.
In the large platform
of the temple of Baalbec,
the first tier of stone-* ia
32V feet thick, and the
same in width, the
length being much great-
er. In the next tier are
three stones, respective-
ly 64 fept, 63 feet 8 inch&s
Egyptian Sculptors.
at the quarr>% about a mile distint ; it is 14 by 17 feet, and 69
feet long. These stones are fitted so that a knife-blade cannot
be thrust between. Dts. Kobinson and Thompson carefully
measured these monsters. See page 1404.
Stone-dress 'ing Ma-chine'. A machine for
redui'ing to sliajte or uoikiii<^ the surfnce of the stone
ready for the tinal operations of giiiidijig and polish-
lug.
In Fig. 5854, the cutters are attached to a rotating-wheel,
and act upon the face of the stone, which rests upon a travers-
ing-table, and is fed along to the cutters by gearing from the
main driving shaft.
In another machine, a frame travels over the stone, being
carried on wheels with rubbtT tires, and maybe moved by a
hand-crank, which is connect«^d to either the moving or dre';s-
ing devices The cutters areclampid at the lower end of a rod,
which has adjustable springs to limit its action, and is raised by
radial revolving arms, which engage a lever that comes in con-
tact with its tappet.
A machine for working moldings, figures, or ornamental de-
vices upon stone is shnwn in Fig 5855. A circular tool carry-
ing a number of diamond points is employed This is journaled
vertically in a pivoted frame, admitting a movement of transla-
tion in any desired direction, and ha.-* rapid rotation by pulleys
and belting. The work, with the model or pattern, is clamped
upon a table beneath, which may be raised or lowered, and
held at any hight, and the tool is, by means of handles, elevated
or depressed, as required, to suit the inequalities of the work,
while a jet of water is conveyed to the point where it is acting.
Fig. 5856 is a machine for facing grindstones. The carriage
slides on horizontal w.ays, carrying a bar of iron at right angles
to its path of movement, the alternating movements and feed-
ing being effected by bevel gears and a screw. The turning of
the crank causes the tool to traverse from right to left across
Fig. 5854.
Stone- Catting Machine.
Egt/ptian Ma.^ons.
I the periphery of the stone, and vice versa. The carriage is ad-
and 63 feet long; the hight vanceii by a "sliding tubular shaft,
about 13 feet, and the width no less. One of the same class lies j In Fig. 5857, the cutter-wheel is placed ia a case which only
STONE-DRILLING MACHINE.
2396
STONE-GATHEKER.
allows a sej^ment to protrude, and excludes grit. The traverse
sliding suriiw'es mill tlie loiij^ jouriial-beiirinj^s are also eiicu.sed.
The rests of the jouruul are adjiistiible toward and Iruiii the
stone, while the travt-rs)- is ftllTird by raek and pinion.
In Fif;. 5858, the beil (' is Mipported upon friction rollers,
and has a rot.iry reiipr(ic;itiii;,' motion beneath the stones
above, which ai-e secured in a frame which has a lou;;itudiual
reciprocation.
Fig. 5S58.
A maoliiiie for
Stone-drilFing Ma-chiiie.
drilliii^:; hnlcs in stuiK-.
Fij?. 5859 .«howa a hand-machine with one drill. The frame
has adjustment on tlie erank-shaft a-s a center, and i*; held in
position by the side plates, which have trunnion bi*ariugs for
the shaft and curved slots as guide-»ay8 fur the feet of the
frame. The drill-rod is raised by anti-friction rollers upon
Btuds projectini; from the Hy-wheels; and is adjustable by a
screw-sleeve, which is turned upou it by a hand-wheel. The
anti-frictioQ rollers act upon the conuuetiug-bars, each of
Fig. 5855.
^lone-Fdciitg JMachine.
columns of the State Capitol at Columbus, Ohio, the immense
pillars in their polid state being considered too heiivy for the
fiiiiiid;itions. By the use of this annular drill strnta can bo
priHtntted 800 'to 1,000 feet throufih .«olid rock, verticiilly or
iKiri/.i.ntally, and perfect samples of ore or niiuerul takeu out
the entire depth.
Fig. 5859,
Gear Stone- Dressing Machine.
which is pivoted at one end to the sleeve, and at the other end
has a cross-pin sliding in the horizontal slot of a fixed frame.
The application of steam to stone-drilling has worked a revo-
lution in these machines, as in other departments of work
The drill is now usually placed on the end of the piston-rod,
â– which is recii>ropafed by steam or compressed air, as in Fig.
58ti0 See Rock-drill, pages 1956-1958. See also Diamond-
LBILL, page 09".
Fig 58til is a gang drill. The drills are raised suc-
cessively by the cauis which are set spirally on the rotary-
Fig. 6857
Grin/Isrone- Dresser.
Stone-Drilling Machine.
Stone Fou-gasse'. (Mih'timj Engineering.) A
mini' coverall with stniu's.
Stone-gath'er-er. A machiiu' for picking up
loo.se -surlhcfi stones in fiflils.
Fig 5862 has a rectangular frame mounted on rollers near
the front end of the fr.nnie At about the center of the frame is
a cross-bar, hnving journals which have their bearings in the
shaft. On a lower bar are a series of water-cans, whose eontents side pieces of the frame. Curved teeth are secured to this cro-cp-
triclcle through a spout to the drill-bars, When not in use or bar, and run upon the ground for the purpose of gathering the
moving, a supporting plate is slipped W-neath each drill-bar. stones. When the teeth are loaded, they nre thrown back by
The American Diamond Rock-Boring Company, of Provi- means of a lever, and the stones deposited upou a platform m
dence, lately finished the job of taking a 24-iDch core out of the the rear.
stone-OtRixding machine.
2397
STONE-GRINDIlSrG MACHINE.
fig. 5863 has a reTolviDg toothed cylinder and an endless
aprou.eomiected withastone-
receiviuj; box suspended from
a mounted frame and pro-
vided Mith a hiuyed tail-
board aud hinged bottom,
with fd?t«iiing op-
erated Irom the
driver's seat.
Fig. 5860.
Stoue-grind'ing
Ma-chine'. Uiiu m
â– whicli the action is due
to an abiiulant or mutual
attrition, usually with
sand or other grit be-
,*-=//« - M [M^tTiraw tween the two suri'aees.
/'^^ j/.Li:=llnm T^Nv. Only distinguishable
from the stone-polishing
' machine by the greater
fineness of the abradant
used in the latter, and
the smoother (juality of the resulting surface.
Fig. 5S*>1 is a hand-machine which ba? a horizontal disk,
whicn, with it'* holder and standard, is pushed about over the
surface of the stone. The hollow standard has a chamber iu which
fig. 5863.
Sleam Stone-Drill.
S(on€ Gan^-Dritl.
is a beveled pinion. In the standard is a shafl having a universal
joiut at its lower end for connecting with a rubbing disk or a
circular saw. The machine is pushed over the face of the stone
as the work progresses, the operator turning the crank with
one hand.
In Fi^ 58fi5 an eccentric motion is obtained by placing the
grinder .11 and carriage A on different centei-s, gearing moving
Stone- Gatherer.
the-carriage along longitudinally, so as to expose dilTerent por-
tions of the length of the stone to the action of the rubber M.
In Fig. 5866, the upper and lower stones are made to dress
each other by a system of gearing by which the upper stones re-
ceive a rotary and the lower one a longitudinal movement.
The details of the invention have reference to the arr:inge-
Stone- Gatherer.
plane "surface ; the method of supplying sand and water ; "%
peculiarly shaped scroll-grinder; u self-adjusting frame, and
manner of raising and lowering the same at will ; and an ar-
rangement for relieving the grinders of all weight iu excess of
that required for grind-
ing purposes
In TuUoch's machine
(Fig. 5867), the slab of
stone is placed horizon-
tally upon a moving
bed, and ground with
sand and water by the
action of a large flat
plate of iron resting on
the surface of the slab.
The bed is recipro-
cated longitudinally by
a rack and pinion be-
neath. The grinding
plate is suspended from
four chains at the end
of a lever, by which it
may be lifted from the
work, and receives a
movement of rotation
from two crank arms at
Fig. 586i.
Stone- Scouring Machine.
the lower extremities of two shafts rotated in opposite directions
by spur gears at their upper ends engaging with an intermediate
wheel. This, combined with the reciprocating motion of the
bed, causes different parts of the two surfaces to be brought in
Fig. 5865.
Stont' Grinding Machine.
ment for adjusting the stones to be dressed so as to hold them contact at every instant, and ensures the equal grinding of the
steadily in the proper relative position to ensure a perfectly i stone. See also Fig. 3056.
STONE-HAMMER.
2398
STONE-PLANTNG MACHINE.
Fig. 5866.
Machine/or Grinding Stone.
Stone-ham'mer. A cliipping hammer used by
sloiie-masons in rough -ilressiiig stone. See Stone-
ax i:.
Tlie aciscuNs or stone-liammer of the Romans had
a rounding' licad, like an adze {ascia) ; a sfjuare face
and pointed prm.
Stone Har-mon'i-con. A musical instrument
consisting; uf a miiiilx'r ot" bars or slabs of stone, sup-
ported on strips, bundles ot" straw, or what not, and
played like the dulcimer. See page 760 ; see also
LaI'IDEdx, pages 12.'>3, 1254.
Among the ancient musical instruments of the Chinese is the
pifn km:;, wliirh is an assortment of sixteen stones arranged un
Btring^ in two series of eight each, one above the other, anil
each giving out, when struck successively, a system of sounds
employed hy the ancient Chinese in their music. The size and
sh-.ipi! of these stones have beeu very carefully determined by
Fig 588".
or another stone, gave out sounds of very different pitch, and
with eiglit of which it would be possible to attain a very dis-
tinct octave. See also Xylophone ; Sticcato.
Stone'head. {Minimj.) TIil- roek immediately
Iil^Kpw tin- iilliivial deposit.
Stoue-mill. A machine for breaking or rrusli-
iiig stone. Set! SrnNE-t'ursHEr. ; Oue-chusheu.
A maidane lor lacing stone. See Stune-cutteh;
Sthnk-cimndki; ; t*ti-.
Stoue-mold'iug Ma-chine'. A machine em-
ployed fur working moldings in stone. Us general
constrnction is that of one form of stone-saw, except
that the frame carrying the revidving grinders may
lie adjusted by a screw beneath, to adjust it to tlie
thickness of the slab being worked.
The grinders n h r (Fig 5868) are turned from solid cylinders
of cjist-iron to the desin-d shapes. Each lias a central hole fit-
ted to the axis of the driviug-puUey, and is secured thereto by-
Fig. 5868.
Stone- Molding Marhine.
a key or a side-screw. The grimier is made to revolve, so as to
cut upward toward the surfaic, and is kept constantly siipphed
with moist Biuid. Moldings oa the edgt-s of narrow slijis are
sometimes wrought in pairs, the two pieces being cement<Hl to-
gether at their sides, as shown at r bee Stone-cutter ; Stone-
PLAM.vG MAOiiiNE, See also Fig. 3U55.
Stone Pipe. Stone pipes have been made by
annular drills, being made in concentric nests. The
water-pi]ics of the Flavian amphitheater were hewn
from stone blocks.
What are now usually known as stone )iipes are
made of concrete or some other form of aitihcial
stone.
Stone-pipe Ma-chine'.
Fig. 5861) illustrates a stone-pipe machine. It has a rotary-
mixer A and tampiug-machiue £! employed in making artifitial
Tulloch's Stone- Grinding Machine.
them after a minute analysis of the sovinds peculiar to each
one. In order to render the sound graver, the thickness of the
stone is diminished to the right amount, and to render it nmre
acuti', something is cut o(T from the length. The stones thus
arranged reniiiid one ii". elTect of a series of steel bars, as exhib-
ited in acoustic apparatus to illustrate the fact that vibrations
above a certain pitch are inaudible to the human car. Frequent
endeavors liave been made to decide what kind of stones are em-
ployed in the labrication of the pien king, since they were eus-
tomarilv piid a-* tribute-monov more than two thousand years
before Christ by cert;iin provinces of China. Certain authors
have thought "that they recognized in them a kind of black
marble, jind the editor of the works of Father Aniioti* asserts
that the king or musical stone constructed in France with the
black m!iri>le of Fbitiders was quite as sonorous as those of
China, Latvly a di>!Covery was made at Kendal, in Kngland, of
some musical stones, which, when struck with a piece of iron
Mixing and Tamping Machines.
stone pipe. The cement and sand are incorporated together iu
the former and transferred tea two-part circuhir mold, having
a core , at the lower part of the latter. As each layer of the mix-
ture is placed in the latter, it is compacted by blows from a
rammer carried by an arm on a vertical rod, which has a rotary
motion and is gradually lifted as the formation of the pipe pro-
gresses.
Stone-plan'ing Ma-chine'. A machine in
which the suiiacc of a stone slab or block is cut or
dressed by tools which act upon it while the stone
passes beneath it on a reciprocating bed.
Fig. 5870 has a series of cutters arranged upon a hollow re-
volving cylinder, which latter i's provided with small perfora-
tions, opening near each cutter, and also with a stuffing box
and pipe, through which hot or cold water, or steam, may be
conducted to (he stone, which traverses on a table beneatli, in
the manner of u pUining-uiiiehine
Iu Fig. 5871, the cutting or dressing wheel has slits across its
STONE-POLISHTNG MACHINE.
2399
STONE, PRESERVATION OF.
Stone-Planing Machine.
ppriphery to hold sand, which nets as a cutter upon the stones
dogi^d to the bed which traverses beneath.
Stone-pol'ish-iug Ma-chiue'. A machine for
giving tlie tinal Uix'ssing and glcss to thu siuface of
stone. It diliers
flowers composed of lampis, lazuli, jasper, heliotrope, chalced-
ony, cnrnelian, etc., so that to make one of the hundivds of
these bouiiuets a hundrel stones art required. The Florence
mc^aic work does not surpass it.
The father of the builder of the Taj, Jehanghir. was the first
ruler in ladia who received an ambassador from England, Sir
Thomas Roe, in the reign of James I. Jehanghir married a
famous beauty, Niher-ul-Ni'^sa, the widow of Sher Afgan, who
four years previously, had been assassinated by this same Jehan-
ghir' Her name was clianged first into Noor Mahal, "the light
of the harem,'" — celebrated by Moore in his " l.a,lia Rookh,"
— and afterward to Noor Jehan, ''the light of the world ""
Jehanghir, it may be mentioned, had im jmU fl e\ght hundred of
the race of Timour, who were in his way to the throne.
Shah Jehan succeeded hint, having murdered his own brother
in order to do so. He married Arzumund Banco, the niece of
the " light of the harem." the daughter of her brother. She
was a good wife, and brought to her huj^band si-veral children,
among whom was Aurungzebe, who was the la^t ruler of the
united empire of the great Akbar, his grandfiither. After 20
years of married life, and burying his wife in the Taj, Shah.
from the grinder
in that the abra-
dant is of a finer
grain, and the re-
sult consei[uent-
ly smoother.
This machine con-
sists of a tJible, upon
which the slab is
laid ; a swing-frame
a, consisting of two
rods rocking on ccn-
Fig. 5871.
Stone- Cutting Mac'nne. \
ters above, and operated by a rod connecte-l to a crank on the
fly-wheel b. At the lower end of the swing frame is a horizontal
bar extending the width of the table, and having attached a
number of rod's c.
Fig. 5S72, carrying flat rub-
bers of wood cov-
ered with fc^lt.
The attJichments
of the connecting-
rols to the crank
and recking- frame
are adjustable, to
vary the length of
stroke. See also
pase 1393
Perhaps the
most perfectly
polished piece
ofarchitecture
in the world is
the Taj, on the
we^t bank of
the Jumna, nbout 3 miles from .\ffra. The building'* of the Taj
are erecteil on a platform about 20 feet high, and occupy a space
of about 3i0 feet squ:ire They con.Mst of the tomb it.'^elf. which
ji .in octagon, surmounted hv an egg-shaped dome of about "0
feet in circumference, and of four minarets, about loO feet high,
which shoot up like columns of light into the blue sky. One
peculiar fe:xture is its perfect purity, for all portions of the Taj
— the platform, the minarets, the building proper — are of pure
white marble. The only exception is the beautiful ornamented
work, of an exquisit*' flower pattern, which wreathes the doors
and wanders toward the dome, — one huge mosaic of inlaid
stones of different colors.
The screen of the tombs is divided into several compartments
and pinels : it sweeps around marble cenotaphs thnt lie within
it, and repre.«ent the real tombs seen in the vault beneath. It
\< of purest marble, so pierced and carved as to look like a high
fence of exquisite lace-work, but is reiUy far more refined anil
beautiful ; for everywhere along those panels are wreaths of
Stone- Quarrying Maclune.
Jehan became a miserable debauchee, lie was buried beside
Arzumund IJanoo, beneath the marble dome.
The cost of the Taj was upward of three millions of pounds
sterling Thousands of workmen were engaged upon it for
years.
Stone, Pres-er-va'tion of. A process or corn-
position for facing stone or inipreirnating it, to pre-
vent its destruction hy atmospheric influences.
Szerelmcy's plan is to saturate with a silicate and apply as-
phaltum varnish It has been adopted on the new Parliament
Uouses of London.
Fig. 5874.
S'one-Poli shins Machine.
Ransome's is to saturate with silicate of soda and then with
chloride of calcium. The chemical reaction produces insoluble
silicate of lime, and chloride of sodium which washes out.
STONE-QUAKRYING MACHINE.
2400
STONE-SAW.
nibble's pliia is to pnint with a compound of ground lime,
turpuutiiic, Hax-ifed oil, silicate of lead, aud burnt i-oppcras.
D.ivii.'S propi>:iua sulphur and Haxseed oil*
UirlTaiid SuUivan: treatment witU alumina, carboaate of
zim\ and .silicate ofpotasli.
il irdwicke : potash, alum, fish-oil, aud flaxseed oil,
Quirm : oil.
lJcrti;i,v.s • Huo-silicic acid, washed with alkaline solution.
Rutit and Modsop : solution of caustic barytes, washed with
fluii->ilicic acid.
Gro-s : a paint of was 10, oil 31.), litharge 1, heated to 212= fah.
Spiller; superphosphate of lime, followed by ammonia (for
maj;iie.-*i.m limestone)
Urookes: fuller's earth in a dilute solution of hydrofluoric
acid.
Fi - . 5875.
of Caria, described by Vitrnvius This was erected 350 b c.
Accordinj; to one authority, Cnu-wus was the tii>t Itciman who
embflli.-ihed his house with marble, about ifU u c, but it .'^oou
afterward became common, and several of the p.ilaccs uf the
Caesars wore made of it. Cornelius Ncpos states that Maniurra
(ar, a little later date) was tile first to use marble in this way.
Artemisia of Caria antedates both of them several hundred
i»ears.
In the time of Henry I. the choir of Canterbury Cathedral
was paved with marble In the sixteenth century marble be-
came common in English architecture
Pliny gives an account of cutting marble with the saw, and
stales the different kinds of sand used; "for it is the sand,"
SCone-Saw.
Stone-quar'ry-ing Ma-chine'. A machine for
chaiiiii'iiiig fitiiiie in tin- i|U;iiiy, iiiakiui^ vertiriil mits
ami ^nouVL'S, which will ouiihlc it to be split oif iu
layiM-.s.
Fig. 5873 has a reciprocating saw, armed with diamond points,
so formed as to cut from the terminal holes formed by the
drills, both saw and drills operating simultaneously. See
Stone-cha.nnelinq Machine.
Stone-sa"w. Si*sorthiis was called Asclepias by |
tlu' Ki;yi'ti;uiJ^, on account of his medicinal skill. ]
The Oreeks derived the name and attrilmtes of their i
^.sculapiuy from him. According to JIanetho, Se- |
sortliu-s introduced the art of building with hewn !
stone. Heavy masonry, previous to his tini'*, is ])re- i
suined to have been (.'yclopean ; that is, the heavy
blocks were fitted together by adapting to each other '
iu the wall such faces as they already possessed.
After Sesorthus, if indeed we make this e.vception
the Phoenicians are entitled to the credit of the use
of the stone-saw, for these skillful navigators and'
mechanics erected the temple of Solomon of stone
.sawed within and without. This was iu advance of
the instances which we find described by classic
autliors.
Pliny informs us that he knew of no building faced with
marble of greater antiquity than the palace of Mausolus. king
Fig. 5876.
Stone-Saws {Plan).
says ho, " that does the work, ami not the saw." The blocks
were cut from the marble iiuarric'* of P;iros by means of saws.
Such is indicated by the sharpness of the edges.
The fir.'5t account of staining marble to imitate the varie-
gated varieties is by Kircher. The ancients admired the white,
and regarded the veins as a detriment.
Oliver Kvans of Philadelphia, in 1803, hnd a double-acting
high-pn-ssure .«team-engine at work grinding plaster and sawing
stone lie drove with it " twelve saws in heavy frames, sawing
at the rate ot one hundred feet of marble in twelve houi-s."
The common stone-saw (Fig- 5875) has a blade a of soft iron,
1 „ to 1 ,; of an inch thick, having a hole at each end for the re-
ception of pins, which fit into notches at the ends of the heads
Fig. 5S78.
'^eW
Stone-Satvs {Elei-atton
b b : these are kept asunder by the pole c. which rests at each
end against a loose block of wood termed the bolstt-r. The blade
is strained by a chain d, which is in two parts con-
nected by a rod having a right and a left hand screw-
Fig 5879.
Tullock's Stone-Saw.
Stone Circular- Saio.
thread cut upon it. which enter the hollow screws tn the nuts
f e. The screw has holes, into which a lever may be inserted
in order to tighten the clniin.
Tulloch's stone-saw (English) has a framework of iron : the
STONE-SAW.
2401
STONE -SAW.
uprights a a have grooves in which the frumcs 6 b slide ; these
carry rollers at their lower cuds, upon wiiicii tlie tr.ime c cou-
taiiiiug the saws rest-* The saws ure held between clamps,
hiivitig hooks, by which
they are attached to the
frauie b ; they are
stnined by wedge^, and
kept equijistantly apirt
by iroa blocks of the
exact thickness of tlie
slabs to be sawn. The
saw-frame is traver-eJ
byajoUited connecting-
rod, attached by an ad-
justable loop to a long
vibrating pendulum
kept in motion by
a pair of connecting-
rods, one above the
other, leading from
two cranks driven
by the engine
The frames b b are
suspended by chains, and are counterpoised, they and the saw-
frames having sufficient preponderance to descend as the cut-
passing under and over
pulleys. The saw-spin-
dle is rotated by baud
^^c;
ting proceeds. The trough ^/contains water, which flows through
a number of apertures into the sand-box e, where it is con-
!iiid pulley in sucli a
direction that the sa«s
may have an upwai'd
cut, acting against the
end of the stone a-* it is
pressed against them
by the forward move-
ment of the carriage.
For circular work,
such as the tops of cir-
cular tables, disks for
bosses or ornaments,
lamp-bases, etc., a cyl-
indrical saw is cm-
ployed, similar in prin-
ciple to the crown-saw.
For small work, hollow
cylinders of .^^heet-iron
a are employed. For
large circles, segmented
cutters, adjustably fixed
upon the arms of a
cross piece, are used.
In either case, the ver- Gilmore^s Millstone Saw-Drill.
tical spindle c is ro-
tated by a belt and pulley, the weight of tbc spindle and pul-
Marb!t - Saic.
ducted through curved channel.'? conveying the sand to
openings, whence it may drop into the kerfs made by the
saws.
In Figs 5S77, 5878, the saws are arranged in
gangs, being adjustable as to distance according
to the thickness of slabs required. Each saw is
strained between stirrups at the respective ends,
attuched to the frame, which is suspended by