or other cipher, as distinct from printing in the i
usual Roman letter. (See Pp.inting-telec.raph.) ,
The dots and dashrs of tlie Morse; or similar system, i
may be ))roduced by pressure on, or penetration of
the pa]>er (Morse), or by a chemical action at the j
point of contact of the styles (Bain), or the passage
of tile electric <-urrent. |
Sym'pa-thet'ic Ink. A colorless ink, the writ-
ing made NMtli whirh is made visible by a subsequent
ojieratiou, — warmth, or other reacting stimulant, i
Scl- Ink, page 11S7. I
Sym-phys'e-o-tome. (Surfjical.) Fr. Couteau i
symphysicn. A knife used in operation of the divis- i
ion of the syinphi/sis pubi-*t to enable the pelvis to !
opeti and ])eirnit delivery ; the SiyauUian section. I
Sym'pi-e-som'e-ter. Invented by Mr. Adie
of Edinburgh. It consists of a column of oil support-
ed by atmospheric pressure, and rising, not likf the
mercury of the barometer into a vacuum, but against
a body of hydrogen gas, which acts like a spring
against the column of oil ; and as the elasticity of,
the hydrogen varies witli every change of tempera-
ture, a movable thermoraetcr-scale is attached for ,
making tiie necessary corrections. I
^i^
Si/ringe, by Hero.
Syr'inge. 1. A .small hand-pump for ejecting
wati-r. Well described by Hero in his " Spiritalia."
He describes it for injecting a litjuid, or, by an in-
verse operation, withdrawing jms from a wound.
Fig. 6143 shows the squirts which formed a part
of the horse-pla}' of the carnivals and sports of the
Middle Ages.
See under the following heads ; —
Catarrhal syringe.
Catheter-syringe.
Condensing-syringe.
Ear-.«yringe.
Elastic-bulb syringe.
Knema-s^ringe.
Exhausting-syringe.
Kye-syringe.
Oarden-syringe.
Hemorrhoidal syringe.
2. {Surgical.)
Hypodermic syringe.
Injection -syringe.
Ointment-syringe.
Pen is -syringe.
Probe-svriuge.
Squirt '
Transfu si o n -sy ri n ge.
Universal syringe.
Vaginal syringe.
SVKINGE-CASE.
2476
SYRUP-STAND.
rig. uua
j;^5f
a. AupI's silver eye-syrioge with silver and gold points.
6. liifliolirs suh|i:ilpL'bnil syringe.
c .MfFarlan's lachr.Miial syringe.
(/. lliil)hrr-l)ag L':ir-syringe.
Clotwortliy's syringe, jVugust 24, 1875, has a removable nozzle
over the rounded end of a vaginal syringe. It may be used for
either sex.
Wheelock's, April 11, 1865, has orifices to discharge the liquid
backwardly.
The pni'uniatic syringe is an instrument for illustrating the
compressibility of gases. It consists of a strong glass tube hav-
Fig. G144.
Fig. 6145.
cave on its edge, and terminated by a long, ilexible,
probe-poiiitcd '.stylet. >'ormerly used for fistula
in (inn, l)y incision.
Syr'inx. (Mtisic.) A wind-instrument, consist-
ini; dI h row of punUlel reeds of varying lengths, and
l)layed l)y blowing into their open, upper ends. Their
varying lengths determine their pitch. Tlie usual
nunilx*r was seven, but some ar» found having from
three to nine.
Probably the u^ab of the Hebrew Bible, which in our version
is reiideri-'d orifo».. The s»w;)/toH(a of the Hebrew {zaittpogna
is the Italian bagpipe) was probably a syrinx with bellows, —
the rudinieutary organ.
The pandean pipes, eight in a row, and of graduated lengths,
are shown on old uiouuuients and gems.
A syrinx with bellows is shown on one of the ancient terra-
cotta exhumed at Tarsus, Asia Minor. It is supposed to be
2,000 years old, as coios of the second century d. c. were im-
bedded in the earth in its vicinity.
The Peruviaus had a syrinx with eight pipes. One speci-
men of the instrument was about four inches wide, the longest
Fig. 0146.
Reecfs Syringe.
pipe having also about that length. They were made of cnne
or stone. The one above referred to was made of a talcose
stone, and was peculiarly ornamented. It was found on the
breast of a skeleton in one of the liiiacas, or Peruvian tombs.
Four of the tubes had laternl finger-holes, by stopping which
the tones were lowered a semitone. It appears to have been
called the kuayra-piiliura^ whatever that may meuu. It had
one more pipe than the classical or the modem instrument.
Syringe.
Pneumatic Syringe.
ing a tiglitly fitting piston, which, on being forced down, com-
presses the gas intoabvdb proportional to the amount
of pressure applied. '
Heed's .syriTige for cattle is used for injecting medi-
cine, or as a stomach pump. It does not differ ma-
terially except in size from the ordinary surgical ap-
paratus for an analogous purpose. When used as an
injector, the induction enii of the syringe is plunged
in a bucket containing the medicament, and the in-
jection-tnlje is introduced through the esophagus
into the paunch, to which the medicine is directed.
"When used to relieve a distended paunch, the long
tube is secured to the induction end of the syringe,
and the fermenting pultaceous mixture and gas are
ejected at the .'^ide of the cylinder.
Syr'iuge-case. A box for the compact stowage
of the surgical syringe. The injecting-tubes I'est
in the notches of a tray, which has an aperture to
;dlow the proji'ction of the upper part of the bulb.
Syr'inge-en'gine. One used as a fire-engine
.sonic crnturics siin*c.
Syr'inge-valve. A peculiarly constructed valve
used in syringes. The valve-guide stem has an end
kmib. by wliich its falling out is prevented.
Syr-ing'o-tome. {Sargical.) A bistoury, con-
Syringe-Engine.
The syrinx is shown in English MS. of the ninth and tenth
centuries. In one of the eleventh century, the tubes are in-
serted in a boat-shaped box.
The syrinx was used by the Romans as a noisy improvement
on hissing, in condemning bad actors ; the English cai-ra/l and
the American ichisile are its legitimate successors. The occu-
pants of our peanut galleries, however, use it indiscriminately
for praise or blame.
It may be said of them.a.-J Quince the carpenter says of Pj'ra-
mus, —
" lie goes but to see a noise."
Syr'up-stand. See Siuup-stand.
TAB.
2477
TABLE.
T.
Tab. 1. {Fulling.) One of the revolving arms
which lift the beaters of a fulling-mill.
2. (Shoe.) .V latehet or tlap of a shoe or half-boot,
formerly tastenej with a biiekle, of late by a string.
3. The metallic binding on tlie euil of a .shoe or
coi'set lace. A taif.
Tab-a-ret'. (Ful/riL:) A stout, satin-striped silk
goods.
Tab'by. (Fuhric.) Silk or otlu'rstulf having an
irregularly waved or watered surl'ace jiroduireil by
pressure, irsualiy i^etween engraved rollei's in the
mode of 'Calendering, known as tabbijintj. There is
but little difference between tabbying, iralcrimj, and
riwiri, the effect in eacli ea.se being produced liy tlie
flattening of .some of the fibers wliile the others
remain undisturbed, eausiug the different parts to
reflect the light unequally.
" My false taby wastecote with gold lace" — Pepys, 1661.
Tab'by-iiig. Passing fabrics between engraved
rollers to ciiiirer a wa\*v or watered ap])eai'ance.
Amdogous to ii'idering, or mnire. See Tabby.
Tab'er-na-cle. (Xaatical. ) An elevated socket
for a boat's mast ; or a projecting |iost to which a
must may lie hinged when it is fitted for lowering to
p.isi Ivneath bridges.
Tab-i-net'. (Fabric.) A goods of silk and wool,
adaiiti-cl tor window-curtains.
Ta'ble. 1. (Furniture.) A piece of furniture on
wliirh \iands or work is placeil, so as to be readily
reached by persons sitting adjacent thereto. ,
Tables are known by size, shape, construction, material, pnr-
pose, etc., as,
Card, Dininjr-room, .*elf-waiting.
Carving, Extension, Sfeani-heated,
Center, Folding, Toilet,
Chefts, Ironing, Work, etc.
The Egyptians used chairs and tables in what we con-
sider the regular civilized way ; neither reclining on
couches, as in the lazy w.ay of the later Romans, nor
squatting on a rug, as tile modern Oriental. Their tables
were supported by central steins or by legs, the latter
terminating in carved feet like those of lions or dogs.
They were of metal, stone, wood, or ivory : were carved,
painted, and gilded ; square, round, or oblong.
The annexed cut
shows oue with a Fig. 6149.
central post, where
Fig. 6148.
2. (Glass-making.) a. The flat disk of crown
glass which is made from a bulb on the end of a
blowing-tube, transferred to a potili/, gradually and
finally //os/icrf into a disk by rotating in front of a
FL.\sHIXC.-FUF..N'.iCE (which see).
b. The flat plate with a raised rim, on which plate
glass is formed. See Fig. 11 SI.
3. A cliess or backgammon hoard.
4. (Diamiind-cutting.) a. A form of diamond-
cutting. The top of the stone is ground flat with a
corresponding flat bottom of less area, with its lour
upper and lower facets cut parallel to each other.
See Diamond-cutting.
b. The up]>er flat surface of a brilliant cut dia-
mond ; the zone facets around it are known as the
bizH. The lower Hat face, the collet, which con-
verts the culas.se into a truncated pyramid, is -^ of
the size of the table, and parallel therewith. See
Brilliant.
5. (Architecture.) a. .4 smooth, simple member
or oniameut of various forms, but most usually in
that of a long scjuare.
b. Table or tablet moldings, horizontal bauds or
moldings, such a.s base-moldings, strings, coruices,
etc.
6. A tablet. Formerly a board, slab, or leaf to
contain writing. The term is nearly olisolete as a
writing surface, but is still useful as indicating lists
and calculations, generally in lines and cohimns.
7. (IVeaving.) The board or bar in a draw-loom
to which the tails of the harness are attached.
Fig 6150.
Es^tfpfinil Tiih'.r^
{from Wttkinsnn]
(from SuU'.'s Collection).
the figure of a captive forms the shaft, an.l a flat bii.se the foot.
Fig. nUa is a table in the collection of Mr. .Salt, and is inlaid
with ornaments of vines and the peculiar serpent figure that is
represented in connection with wine. Possibly to suggest that
it •' stingeth like au adder," as they were fond of moralizing at
their feasts.
The Romans used throe-legged, four-legged, and central-stem
tables ytnnnopodium^ : also .seniicircular.'lunette, and S-shaped
tables (siffOTdla). Tablecloths do not appear to have been used
by the Greeks or Romans.
A revolving table, to present the viands to the guests in ro-
tation, was used in Varro's villa at Casinum.
For ancient tables, see Fosbroke's " Eney. Antiq.," I. 380 <t
'"I-
Shaping Mac/inie {\. Y .Slearn-Engine Co.], wUh Two lahks.
8. (MacMnenj.) The part on which work is placeil
to be operated upon ; the term bed is also used to
designate the large flat table of a planing-macliine.
Shaping-machines have single oi- double licds, the
latter being lighter than one continuous one of equal
reach, besides liaring an additional adjustability, as
shown in the figure, where an object of irregular
shape may he suiiported to present an accurately
horizontal surface while it rests upon two tables of
varying bights.
The shaping-machine shown in Fig 6150 has a cutting-bar
with 16 inches stroke, and the head has a traverse of 6 feet,
with quick return-motion.- The stroke is adjustable to any-
thing less than 16 inches. It has two tables for holding work,
botli of which are movable up and down by screw and hand-
wheel, and longitudinally by means of rack and pinion, with
ratchet-lever.
TABLE-ANVIL.
2478
TABLE STEAM-ENGINE.
Fig. 6I0I. Ta'ble-an'vil. A small anvil
ailiii'tcil tu lie si^TcWfil to a table for
bt'iHtiiij; plati's nt \\u;Ui\ or wires, mak-
iii^^ siii;lI| ri'paiis, t-tv. See Stakk.
Ta'ble-di'a-mond. {DUunond'Cui-
tid'j.) TabU-cutiinij is adopted with
Hat, thill ^eins, which have not suHi-
eieiit jiiiitaheiiiiioe to be cut as rose
(Uuhioik/s or Inilliuiits.
Ta'ble-fork.
Tlie tiibU" â– fork is a moi.iern invention.
Table- Diamond. Many ceuturit-s before its common use the
article wm known. It appears to have been
a matter of taste and cleanliness with some persons in Con-
stantinople as enrly as the eleventh century One of silver,
from a ruin on the Via Appia, is engraved by Oaylus. as a classi-
cal antique. They ar« stated to have been brought from China
to Italy, where, in Coryatt's time, they were of silver, iron, and
steel, and used by gentlemen They are mentioned in a charter
of Ferdinand I , king of Spain, .\. d. 1101, and in the wardrobe
accounts of Edward I. of England, ^^ee also Fokk.
Forks are made from rods of steel, about i inch square The
tang and shank are first roughly formed, and cut off with about
an inch of the square rod, which is drawn out tlat to tlie length
of the prongs. The shank and tang are then heated and shaped
by means o( a die and swage. The tlat part is then brought to
a white heat and swaged between two corresponding dies, one
on an anvil and the other upon the face of a drop-hammer, like
that of a pile-driver, which is let fall from a hight of 7 or 8
feet, the thin film left between the prongs is afterward cut out
with a tiy-press. The forks are then annenled. their prongs
filed, bent to the proper curve, reheated, hardened by plunging
in cold water, and afterward tempered at the heat at wliich
grease intlames.
Fig. 6152.
' of the t-ible, or srace before meat, and on the other, the grace
' after meat. {See CvaviNG-KMFj;, page 492.)
I The set of these knives usually consisted of four. They
j were kept in an upright case of stamped leather, and were
placed before the singer, according to the adaptation of each
: part to the voice, indicated upon them.
I In forming a table-knife, the blade is forged at the end of a
I bar of slicar-stet'l, and then cut off. Tu it is then welded a
j piece of iron, which is shaped to form the bolster, shoulder,
I and tang. The bolster is formed between swages. The blade
I is then reheated and finished ou the anvil, or }«uiithed, as it is
I termed, stamped, tempered, and ground. The handle is theu
I attiiehed.
j The manufacture of table-cutlery has of late years been in-
, troduced into this country, where a machine has bueii invented
for forming knife-blades. This uiachine has been adopted in
Europe.
Ta'ble-lathe. A small lathe attached by a ehimp
to a table ami run by hand, or by a driving-wheel in
j a niovalile Iraine. .See Hanu-LATUE.
j Ta'ble-leaf Joint. A ijeculiar I'orm of furniture
' joint ii.sed in de.â– ^k and table leaves, rnh's, and in
I some kinds of shutters. It has a molded edj;e, forni-
! ing a quarter •round, the respective portions being
hollow and mvelling, so as to move on each other in
manner of a knuckle-joint. The pintle occupies the
po.sition of the axis of the curved surfaces. Also
known as a /'it/t' -joint.
Fig. Glfj3 shows a machine for planing the molding edges ;
the cntter-heads if ^ have the shape the converse of the one re-
quired ou the material. The cutter-heads and mandrel aie upon
Fig. 6153.
Table - Grinder.
Ta'ble-griiid'er. A form of grinding-bench.
Ta'ble-knife.
Sharon Turner C History of the Anglo-Saxons ") observes,
that " in all ancient pictures of eating, etc., knives are seen in
the hands of the guest>^, but no forks.'''' Their use at table
was, no doubt, coeval with that of the table itself. Forks are
of very modern introduction. Coryatt, in bis " Crudities," pub-
lished 1611, says: " 1 obseruedacustomein all those Italian cities
and townes through which 1 pa,ssed that is not vsed in any other
country that I saw in my traules, neither doe I think that any
other nation of Christendome doth vse it, but only Italy. The
Italians and also most strangers that are commorant in Italy,
doe alwaies at their meals vse a little forke when they cut their
meate. For while with their knife, which they bold in one
hand, they cut their meate out of the disli, they fasten their
forke, which they hold in their other hand upon the same dish
so that whosoever he be that sitting in the company of others
at meate, shoul vnadui.*iedly touch the dish of meate with his
fingers from which all others at the table doe cut. he will give
occasion of offence unto the company as hauing transgressed
the laws of good manners, in .vo much that for his error he
shall be at lea>*t broue-beiifen, if not reprehended in words "
Even when Ileylin published his " Cosmngraphy,'' lfir)2,
they appear to have Ijeen a novelty in England, as, after
speaking of the chnp'iticks used by the Chinese, he adds,
" The use of silver forks, which is by some of our spruce gal-
lants taken up of late, came from theuce into Italy, and from
thence into Englantl.'*
In a curious class of knives of the sixteenth centurv. the
blridcs have on one side the musical notes to the benedictiou
Machine for making Table-Leaf Joints.
a sliding carriage, the work being dogged to the rests n h, whose
inclination secures the proper presentation of the staff to the
cutters.
Ta'ble-plane. {Joinery.) A furniturc-makpr's
plane for making those joints on the flaps of table
and side-boards called rule-joints.
The respective parts have rounds and hollows, and
the planes are made in pairs, counterparts of each
other.
Fig. 6154. Fig. 6155.
I t! h
Pair of TabU-Ptaites with Fence.
Ta'ble Steam-en'gine. A form of engine in
wliich the cylinder is lixed upon a iable-lilcc base.
TABLET.
2-479
TACKLE.
The piston-rod has a cross-head norkiiig in straight,
slotted guides on the to]) of the cylinder, and is con-
nected, by rods at each side, with two iiarallel cranks
on the shaft under the tuile.
Tab'let 1. (Architecture.) A coping on a wall
or scar|>.
2. .\ plate, or slab for writing upon.
The pugillarfs of the ancients were made in the form of
books, the leaves of skiu, ivory, pan-huient. wooj. fijteU within
covers anJ held by a wire or
rililion which passed tbrnugb
hole.-^ in h11 of tbein, so that
ihey opened like a fan. The
terms i/uftlices^ inpltus^ quin-
triplicfs, indicated the number
of leaved.
** Deoiaratus took a pair of
tablet;!, and, clearing the wax
away from them, wrote what the king [Xerxei;) was purposing
to do. upon the wood whereof the tableti were made ; having
done this, he spread once more the was over the writing, and
so .sent it "" — IIebopotcs. VII 239.
Ivory is now commonly used-
Ta'bling. 1. {Xmitical.) An additional thick-
ness of canvas on portions of a sail exposed to chaf-
ing, or to strengthen the sail at certain points, as the
edges.
2. {Carpentry.) A coak or tenon on the
scarfed face of a timber, ilesigned to occupy
a counter]>art recess or mortise in the
chamfered face of a timber to which it
is attached. See Sc.\r.F.
TaTjor. (.l/i«i'c.) A small shallow drum
used to accompany the pipe, and beaten by the fingers.
Tab'ou-ret. 1. An aimless seat.
2. .\ii emiiroiderv frame.
Tab ret. (.Vusic.) A musical instrument of the
small drum or tambourine class.
The word rendered tabr^t or timbrel in the King James version
of the Bible is the tf>ph of the Hebrew Scriptures . a wonl which
is probably allied to rfii/r. '/^/f, or adit/t^, a small hand-drum
of the East- The tnph was evidently a tambourine or hand-
drum, like the Ezvptian /tarabooka. and is interesting in con-
nection with the rejoicing of Miriam and the sad episode of the
daughter of Jephthah.
Tache. A pan in a battery of sugar-pans.
.\11 t;ie pans in a battery are termed lachrs The term is.
however, often especially applied to the smnlUst of the five ; that
immediately over the tire from which the concentrated juice is
transferred to the cooler, also called the strtkins:-tar:fu-
Ta-chom'e-ter. An instrument for mea.suring
the vtflo ity of moving bodies. Woltmann's, for
measuring the speed of flowing licjuids, has several
.spiral vanes on a shaft carrying an endless screw,
which turns a series of geareil wheels. On being
placed in a cun-ent, the vanes .i-ssume a position
perpendicular thereto, and their rotation actuates
the clock-work mechanism which is graduated to
indicate the velocity in miles per hour, or other
units of measurement.
See Speed-g.\ge ; SpEEn-RECor.DER ; Veloci-
METEIl, etc.
Tack. 1. (XaiUical.) a. The lower forward
comer of a fore-and-aft sail.
b. The lower, weather corner of a course, or lower
square-sail.
c. The rt)pe by which the fonvard lower comer
of a course or stay-sail is drawn forward and confined.
d. A rope by which the lower comer of a studding-
sail is drawn outward and held to the boom.
2. «. A -small, rtat-lie.adeil, sbaip-jiointed nail.
-At the princi].al seat of the taik manufacture in
England, it is not an uncoiiniiun feat for the work-
men to forge 1,200 ta.ks so small as to l>e contained
in the barrel of an onlinary goose-iiuill ; their weight
being about 24 grains. Tacks are known as cttrpet,
tctithcrcd, giiiip, ir«,s/i, brooui. felting. Their size
is designated by the weight of 1,000, as 3 oiuice, 6
ounce, 8 ounce, etc.
4. A short pin with a large Hat head, used by
draftsmen to hold a sheet of pajier on the drawing-
boaiil ; a Ihnmb-tack ; called also druicing-pin.
Tack-block. (Xautical.) A block for the tack
of a sail. The studding-sail tack-blocks are at the
enils of the booms.
Tack-cla'w. (Saddlery.) A bifurcated tool for
di iwing tacks. It is especially used by saddlers and
otii. r workers in leather.
Tack-driv'er. 1. A tack-hammer.
2. A tool with devices for automatically presenting
the tacks in succession, and iliiving them into place.
The example .«hows one which has an inclined plate serving
as a hopper, by which the tacks fall into an inclined guide open
at the bottom, which causes them to fall with their points
downward. Two dies di-
rect the tacks, and a slide Fig. C15T.
forces a tack under the
ilriver. which l^ held up by
a spiing .\ stroke from
a maliet on the driver sets
the tacks in the plaice in-
tended for them
T
Tack - ham 'mer.
.\ small hamnieru.sed
for driving and ex-
i
, ^i
Tack-Urictr.
tracting tacks. The peen usually has either a thin
eilge, which may be inserted Ijeneath the head of the
tack, or is divided, to form a claw. In Fig. 6158
the claw is at the end of the handle.
Tack'ing. 1. (Mctal-xcorking.) Unit-
ing metallic pieces by drops of solder, to
hold them in place until the solder is
regidarly applied to the joint.
2. Securing by tacks temporarily ; as
the pieces of a saddle or boot to the tree
or last, to hold them in position for sew-
ing.
3. (Xautical.) Directing a vessel on
to another tack when beating against the
wind, so that the wind comes on the other
bow.
Tack'ing-mill. A name of a kind
of fulling-mill, Icmp. Edward IV.
Tack'le. An apparatus, or that part
of an apparatus, by which an object is grasped,
moved, or operated : as gun-laekle : ground-tackle ;
fishino-tackle : plmc-tackle ; hoisting-tackle: reef-
tackle ; luff-tackle ; etc.
1. (NmMticai.) A simple tackU consists of one or more blocks
Fig. 6158.
T
t
Tatk-
Hammer.
TACKLE.
2480
TACKLE-HOOK.
Tackles.
rove witli a single ropp. A\'hfn two blocks are employed, one is
the slaii'iins^ blvrk, iimi the other the running block. The rope
is NtiikhI the fail, ami runs over the sheaces. The fast end of
the fall is the standing emi, the other the running or hauling
enil.
To overhaul a tackle is to separate the blocks by runniDg out
the rope.
Fleeting a tackle is to bring the blocks close together by
hauling on ih^ fall
The block is bound with a gmnnnet in the direction of its
length. This is called the strav, and lies in the .score of the
block. If the strap be continued, so as to form a tail, it con-
stitutes the block a lail-blork or jiggrr-block. When a tackle
has a running block of this character, it becomes njigger'tackle.
As to kinds, the names founded upon structure : —
A single whip (a, Fig. 6159) is the simplest tackle. It con-
sists of one single block and a fall. The standing block is made
fast to a stationary object- The hook is applied to the load,
and the pnwer to the fall.
The whip-on-whip, or whip-antl-nnuier (6), has two single
)doi'ks,oue of which is ustanr/ 1 ngaud the other a ntnning block-
The /all of the standing block is spliced round the block of
the lower u'hip The power is doubk' that of a single lahip.
The double purchase, or gun-laikle purchase (r), has two single
blocks, tlie fall being rove through both, and the standing end
being made fast to an eye on the bottom of the standing block.
'I'he reef-tackle is a doub'e purchase.
The treble purchase, or luff-iarkle purchase (d), has a double
and a single block, the fall being rove through one of the sheave-
holes in the d-iuble block, then through the single block, then