the same as Ouke (which see).

2. (Lucksiiiithimj.) The shoulder on the bolt
af;ainst which the key presses in shouling the bolt.

" Ta'lus. A slope : —

1. or an embankment or earth-ivork in civil or
military engineering.

2. Of a wall having a battering face.

3. A sloping heap of fragments at the base of an
escarpment. ,, . ,. ,

Ta'lus-'wan. {Mnsonnj.) A wall inclined on
its face, either by decreasing its thickness toward
the summit or by leaning it against a bank, as a re-
in hi i mi or liiriLst u-all. ,

Tam'bour. 1. (Fabric.) A species of embroid-
ery in which threads of gold and silver are worked
by needles in Hgures of leaves and Howers upon a
si'lk stutt' stretched over a circular frame, called a
lumboar-fmmc. This resembles a drum-head, and
thus aciuired its name. French tambour, "a drum.
2. A IlKi'.M (wliich see).

Tam'bour-ine'. {Music.) An instrument of
percussion, resembling a shallow drum with one
head, and surrounded by small bells.

It is also known as the lamhour Basque, and is a favorite in-
strument of the Italian peasants, the gypsies, and Basques. It
is played in three ways ■. by striking ; by rubbing its parchment
with the ends of the finger, which gives a tremulous sound, and
a iinglin" of the bells in the edge ; by continuous rubbing with
the thumb, which gives a wild, trembling sound.

The peculiar song of some insects, as the katydid, is produced
in an analo.'OUS manner by the rubbing together ol then- wiugs.
On a sculpture at Dendera, in Egypt, is shown a uiusiciaa
playing on the tanibou-

r.ii_ . I.' •:..» ..^n.in J!lff> D-l ( O-



rine. The Eiiypti-in mode
of playing was similar
to the inoilern : and from
the position in wliich it is
held after striking, it is
thought to have had the
same tiukliug disks in the
rim. Among the ancient
Egyptians its shapes were
Terv various.

The tiwbrtl of Miriam,
the priestess, and sister of
Moses and Aaron, weis, no
doubt, an Kgyjitian in-
strument. Slieand herat-
tendants played on tim-
brels and sung the anti-
phone to thet^oiigot Moses
and the congregation.

She " took a timbrel in
her hand, and all the




Tambourine.



uer nano, iiiiu mm Lue

women went out after her with timbrels and with dances.

The ladies are now c.Kclnded from participation m Hebrew
religious rites. The tabnt, or timbrel, probably resembled the
dasabooka of the Arabs, —a sort of tam-tam, or hand-drum ;
the (i/?"/'a«o/i of the Greeks.

Euripides celebrates " the skin-stretched circle of the tam-
bourine ol Phrygia, of the great mother Khea."



Fig. 6179,




Arabian De^ and Castanets.



TAMINE.



2485



TAN-EXTRACTOR.



The modern Arabian f/'^does not differ materially from the
European. It has a number of tinkling disks of metal set in
slots in the rim, and is piayed by thrummiug and shaking.

The name is derived from the Arabic altambor, and iuimedi-
'ately is the diminutive of the French /a/«6o«/-, being considered
a shallow drum with one head.

Tam'ine. Woolen cloih ; tammy. Soinetiuics
synoiiynioiis "with tawncij.

Tam'is. {Fabric. ) a. A thin woolen stutt',
highly glazed. Tamimj.

b. A strainer or bolter.

Tam'my. {Fabric.) A glazed worsted cloth
used for ladii^s' gaiters ; also for a straining cloth.

Tamp'ing. 1. {Snie.Ulnij.) Stopping with clay
the issues ot a blast-furnace.

2. {Military Mining.) Packing with earth, sand-
bags, etc., that part of the mine nearest to the
charge to increase its eil'ectiveness iu a given direc-
tion.

3. {Blasting.) a. Filling up a blast-hole, above
tlie charge, so as to direct the force of the explo-
sion laterally and rend the rock.

b. The material used for the above purpose ; it
maybe fragments of stone, earth, sand, or even water.

Lieutenant-General Sir John Bargoyne, of the English Engi-
neers and Inspector of Fortifications, states that thedosideratum
in tamping is to obtain the greatest possible resistance over the
charge of powder ; if it could be made as strong as the rock
itself, it would be perfection.

a. The diETereut materials employed for tamping are : —
The chips and dust of the quarry itself This is what is most

commonly used, unless there be stone in it that strikes fire.

b. Dry sand poured in loose, or stirred up as it is poured in,
to make it more compact.

General liurgoyne cites the favorable notice of .<?and in this
connection, in the memoir of the works at Cherbourg, and also
b3- a writer in the Journal of the Franklin Institute.

He also cites the experience of General I'asley, of the English
Engineers, who condemns sand as utterly unfit.

An extended series of experiments were made in the granite
of Dalkey, Kingstown llarbor, Ireland, in wliich sands of vari-
ous qualities and fineness were tried, as against the baked clay.
The results of the experiments were all unfavorable to the saxuX.

c. Clay, Well dried, either by exposure to the sun or by a fire.
(I. Broken brick. It is used in small pieces and dust, and is

improved by being slightly moistened with water during the
ramming. It is pronounced inferior to the dried clay.

Several mechanical devi'-es to assist in tamping have been
suggested. The evident one would be a mere plug of a tjipering
shape, and driven into the hole. The most satisfactory of these
devices has been an iron cone, with arrows around it, driven in
as wedges. Another plan is a barrel-shaped plug, with a groove
for the passage of the fuse. In a third instance, the iron cone
was secured by tamping above it.



Fig. 6180.



.0|0"



-.^^




4 ..-



Tamping Cones and Plug.

a, tamping-cone. ft, tamping-plug. c, tauiping-cone.

Tamp'ing-bar. (Blast.iiui.) A bar of coppor,
brass, 111- wood, used in driving the tamping upon
the charge in a blast-hole. Iron is to be avoided, as
it sometimes strikes tire against a flinty or gritty
piece of the tamping. See Bl..\sTINf:-T(ioi.s.

Tamp'ing-ir'on. A tool, pnidently made of
copper, liy whicli the lamjiinff is wadded down upon
the cartridge or charge in a hole, for blasting. It is
sometimes called a driver. A lamphiy-bar.



Tamp'ing-ma-chine'. (Pipc-vuil-ivg.) A ma-
chine for ].acking clay or the material lor aitificial
stone into a mold. See Stonk-I'II'E Macih.ne.

Tamp'ing-plug. A stopiier for a hoh- in which
a blasting-charge has been placed. It usually con-
sists of a cone with Ijarbs, or of a set of weib'e-
shaped blocks, wliich jam by the pressure from be-
neath.
Fig 61S2 is a tamping and blast plug, for splitting logs and
stumps. The barrel is iu.sfrtt^il into an auger-
Fig. 6181 hole in the wood, and the tout.-iinu'd charge
exploded by drawing oft the spring-hammer
with a cord.




T(tmping'Plug



Tamping and Blast Plug.



Tam'pon. (Surgkal.) A plug or stopper, of
rag, sponge, etc., used in stopjnng hemorrhages.

Tam'-tam. a. The Oriental drum, consisting of
a gourd covered with a lizard's skin.

b. A Chinese gong.

The composition , according to lilaproth, is, —

Copper 78

Tin 22—100

It is cast, and then tempered by being plunged, while hot,
into cold water. The effect is the reverse of that with iron, as
the metal is less brittle, and will bear the hanmier.

The action of the hammer is to put the metal ou a strain, the
head having a tension like that of a drum.



Fig. 6183.




Aj'pnraljtx for D'siccnting leached Tan.



Tan-bark Des'ic-ca'tor. A maehim> for dry-
ing leached tan-bnik. It has an endless apron
passing through a liopjier ]ilaced over the leaching-
trongb, which carries the leached bark to another
ho]iper, the latter feeding it between two hollow
healed rollers which express the liquid.

Tan-ex- tract'cr. A leaching device for extract-



TANG.



2486



TANITE-SHAPER.



iug the astringent matters from bark,
softened in water, and tlien passed thrc
rollers into the saturating-tank,



The bark is
li




Fig. 6188.




Tansent-Scate.



Apparatus for Ej:tracling Tan-Bark,

in said tank to the action of beaters, elevated and
passed tlirough a series of leaches, where it is washed
repeatedly until all the astringent properties con-
tained therein are taken up by the wash.

Fig. 6185 showi an apparatus for making extracts
from bark or other substances. 1 1 has an additional




Tang. The shank

Fig. 6188.




Tang-Ckisel.



Apparatus /or Making Extracts.

or secondary tank and two sets of sqneezing-rollers
combined with the crushing-rollers, saturating-tank,
and elevator, so that the astiingent qualities will be
disengaged and the pulp left finally in a condition
to be used as fuel.

of a knife, chisel, file, etc.
which is inserted in the
haft.

Tang-chis'el. A chisel
with a tang for insertion in
a handle ; in contradistinc-
tion to a socket-chisel,
which has a hollow tang to
receive the handle.

Tan'gent-gal'va-nom'e-ter. One in which the
length of the astatic needle employed is so short, in

comparison with
Fig. 6187. the diameter of

the surrounding
copper ring
through which
the current to be
measured is
passed, that the
intensities of
currents may be
regarded as pro-
portional to the
tangents of the
angles of deflec-
tion of the nee-
dle. The tan-
gents in this case
serve as a direct
measure of the
comparative in-
tensities.

"""" " ' ' Fig. G1S7 repre-

Jimgent-Gtthnnotnrtrr. sent.s Guutran's in-

stniruent, in wliich
two conducting rings are employej, the needle, in a ca.«e pro-
vided with a graduated circle, being supported centrally be-
tween them.

Tsin'geut-scale. (Ordnance.) A species of
breech-sight for cannon. Its base has a curvature




corresponding to the circumference of the breech of
the gill], and its face is cut into steps corresponding
to angles of elevation. The proper hight for each
step is found by multiplying the
natural tangent of the elevation in
degi-ees by the distance between
the base-ring and muzzle-sight. In
using the scale, the required ver-
tical line is brought to coincide
with a longitudinal line at tlie.
upper part of the breech, and the
top of the front-sight is viewed
over the center of the step, the breech being raised
or lowered until the face of the step and top of the
front-sight are in the same horizontal plane.

Tan'gent-screw. An endless screw tangentially
attached to the index-arm of an instrument of pre-
cision, enabling a delicate motion to be given to the
arm after it has been clamped to the limb, and per-
mitting angular measurements
to be made with greater exact-
ness than could be done wei'e
the movement entirely etfected
by hand.

Tan'gles. {jS'autual.) A
device used in dredging, for
sweeping the sea-bed for ob-
taining delicate forms of marine
life, too small or frangible to be
obtained by ordinary dredging.
The tangles, in a coarse form, has long been used in
the sponge and coral fisheries.

It consists of a bar 3^ feet long, supported on runners, and
serving to drag after it a series of masses of hemp, each of which
is a sort of mop. The fibers of the hemp entangle the smaller
crustaceans and many of the more miuute and delicate forms of
marine life without breaking or injuring them as the dredge is
apt to. Chains which are wrapped in the hempen swabs by
their weight serve to keep the latter down to the work. Star-
fishes and sea-urchins, being prickly, are most readily caught
by the tangles ; in frequent instances immense masses of them
are thus swept up and brought to the surface. See TRAWt.

Ta'nite. The trade name of a cement of emerj'
and some binding material, used as a com]iound for
grinding wheels, disks, laps, and in other forms.

Ta'nite-shap'er. A device for shajiing and
sharpening molding-bits, cutters, saws, and other
wood-working tools.

It has a set of six emery-wheels, running between journals,
and one overhung-wheel, all turning on a common spindle.
The rest a may be fixed so as to work on either side of the table.

Fig. 0189.




Tanite Shaper and Sharpener.



or transversely thereto, and the rest b is adjustable to grind any
desired bevel upon the overhung-wheel. The latter is specially
intended for sharpening and gumming s&ws.



TANK.



248";



TANK.



Tank. A vessel of large size to contain lii|iutis.

1. {Riiilroading.) a. That part of a tender which
contains the water. The tauk varies in size, accord-
ing to the power of the engine, and is from 500 to
1,600 gallons in capacity. See LorOMOTlVE.

h. A reservoir from which tlie tank of the tender
is filled.

Tanks for pupplying locomotive- tenders with water are, when
practicable, erei-ted along^iJe of the track. They are generally
made of wooden staves, like a large cask or tun, and supported



Fig. 6190.




Fig. 6193



Elevated Railway- Tank.

nn a framework of wood, or upon a foundation of masonry. In
Fi^. 6190 the water Hows into the tank from a stream or pood
at a higher level, or is forced up by a pump, and is conducted
by a -*pout a directly into the man-hole of the tender. The
spout is usually attached to the tank by a hin^^ed joint, so that
it may be lowered to supply the water to the tender and then
lifted out of the way of the
Fig. 6191. engine and train Iti^Uiiually

counterb:ilanced by a weight
attached to a rope leading
over a pulley at the upper
part c' the tank A valve 6,
operated by a rope easy of
access to the engineer, per-
mits the water to flow when
it is raised, and closes by its
gravity.

When there is no room for
the tank near the track, it is
placed in aay convenient po-
sition at some distance from
it, and the water conveyed by
a pipe to a water-crane (Fig.
6191) located at the station.
This consists of a vertical pipe
a, with a horizontal branch b arranged to be swung around over
the man-hole of the tender. It is preferable to have both pipes
turn upon a joint at c. below the surface of the ground, as there
is then less ri.^k of freezing. The water is cut off at pleasure by
a valve d operated by a haad-wheel e.

2. (yaiUicil.) Tanks for .ships' use should be of
galvanized sheet-iron ; are usually rectanj^ular in
])Ian, four feet square, and from four to six feet deep.
They hohl from 400 to 600 gallons. A gallon is
.160-1 of a cubic foot. They are stowed at the bot-
tom of the liold ou a .skeleton floor. Each has a
man-hole in the top, and its shape is adapted to the
part of the hold which it is intended to occupy.

3. {Petroleum.) The large development of the

Fig. 6192.




petroleum industry has given rise to various tanks,
particularly designed for that class of oils which, in
consequence of their combustible character, require
])articular care for their safe keeping. See Oil-
TAXK, page 1558.

Some of the larger tanks for the storage of petroleum partake
of the character of cisterns beneath the ground or floating in
water. The main effort of ingenuity has been to prevent access
of fire to the contents,

Moody's tauk ( tig. 6192) has a dome upon its top from which
extends a tube which terminates under water. By this means
direct communication between the in-
terior of the tank and the open air is
avoided. See also Ou,-tank, Figs.
3386 -339i.
I Fig. 6193 shows the arrangement
of Snyder's oil-tank for transporta-
tion ; the valve-rod comes up through
the dome to the level of the locked
cover of the dome. See Ta>"K-cak ;
Oil-car.



4. The term tank is also ap-
plied to a chamber or vessel in
which a litpiid is stored for dis-
pensing or occasional use, as i
with oil, molasses, vinegar,
wine, .spirits, and other articles 1
kept in stock, for sale in meas-
ured quantities.

Some of these are so lai^e that the
liquid may be dipped out. but usually
it is drawn by a pump, as in Fig. 3370,.
p;tge 1547, or by a faucet, as in Fig.
33§5. page looY. See Oil-Can ; Oil-
tank, in which three cuts occur.

Fig 6194 illustrates the " cabinet " oil-tank, for stores, work-
shops, etc. It may be placed on an upper floor of a building
and filled from the casks in the
cellar beneath by a pump and
ho?e.

Fig. 6195 is another form of cab-
inet-tank. It is provided with a
sink for retaining the drippings, a




Snyder's Oil-Tank.



Crane.





Moody Floating-Tank



Oil- Tank.

pump, and a gage-rod, by which any shortage may be readily

detected when the contents

of a barrel or other vessel Fiir 619''

are emptied into it.

5. (Soda-2vatcr.) A
vessel used in measur-
ing and dispensing sir-
ups in soda-water appa-
ratus.

To the glass vessel A is
cemented a glass measur-
ing-chamber D. The open-
ing through which the
vessel is charged is not
seen in the drawing.
When the rod is
lifted by the han-
dle J, the rubber
incloses the upper
opening in the
! measuring chamber D and
allows the liquid to be dis-
charged at the opening E,
the hollow rod B and its Oil-Cabinet.




TANKARD.



2488



TANK-LOCOMOTIVE.




openinR Caerving as a vent for air to enter. "WTien the rod is I
dropped, the washer i/closcs the opening E, and the chamber I
D again fills, the air in the nieasur- i
ing-chauiber passing into A and col- I
letting above the sirup. The I'od B -^
i3 of hard rubber or wood, as the
sirup is not allowed to come iu con-
tact with metal. [
ti. (Ga^.) The cistern of a'
gas-lioUter, in which tlie lower
edge of the inverted chamber ;
is beneatli the water- surface,
forming a seal for tlie gas.
See Vii^. 2178, page 951.

Tank'ard. A hirge drink-
infj-cup ; or a covered pitclier
from wliicii wine is poured into
cups.

Properly, a large drinking-vessel,
from which persons drank in suc-
cession, passing it around the table.



the Frenchmen first saw they reported at their retume into
their Countrey that the Englishmen used to drihke out of their
bootes ; we have besides cups made of homes of beasts, of
cocker nut.'^, of goords, of the eggs of ostriches ; others made
of the shells of divers tishes brought from the Indies and other
places, and shining like mother of pearle. Come to plate, every
taverne can afford you flat bowles, beakers ; and private house-
liolders in the citie, when they make a feast to entertaine their
friends, can furnish their cupboards with flaggons, tankards,
beere-cuyis, winc-bowles, some white, some perccll guilt, some
guilt all over, others without of sundrj shapes and qualities."
— Hevwood'S Philo-cathanista, or the Drunkard opened, dis-
sected and anatomized ,"'' quarto, London, ll>i5, p. 45.

Drinking-pots of wood, with, wooden hoops, are yet used in
some parts of Britain.

A large drinking-glass was found in a Roman-British barrow^
in Kent, England ; a stained-glass one was excavated from a
similar situation. Cede, Luitpraud, and Kordem record them.

The grace-cup was handed round at the end of a meal.

Tank-car. {llailway Engineering.) A hirge tank
Fig. 6197.





Mnttkews' Sirup-Tank.



In classical times, and during the
MidJle Ages, it was a mark of inti-
macy to drink in this way, and a
marie of condescension or politeness,
as the case might be, on the part of
the head of a feast to offer it- Not
like the equally festive hut less familiar loassail-bowl^ from
which the negus, or puuch, was ladled

" At wakes and wassails."
Ourselves do well remember the /oi'/no'.ctf/> with which the
worsliipful master pledged his guests and his lodge, and then,
wiping the brim, laid the napkin in the handles, and pas.«ed it
to the next, and so on around the table.

The pe^-tankarit seems to have been ordered by E igar, a man
of little merit, and not strong in the head any way : pins in the
wooden tankard divided the drinks. " Betsy, wotever you do,
drink fair."
The canons allude to it : —

" Ut presbyteri non eant ad potationes, nee ad pinnas
bibant-"'

As the tankard held two quarts, and there were eight pins,
the allowance was near half a pint to each, which might do if
the brew were stiff. The moral was not very evident, for if any
one went beyond the pin he was obliged to drink again. A fine
tankard at Wardour Castle has on the lid the Virgin and St.
John, one on each side of the cross, and the twelve apostles
rouud the cup. Worshipful company,

'■ Of drinking-cups, divers and sundry sorts we have, some of
ehne, some of box, some of maple, some of holly, S:c. Mazers,
broad-mouthed dishes, noggins, whiskins, piggins, crinzes, ale-
bowles, wassel-bowles, court-dishes, tankardjs, kannes, from a
pottle to a pint, from a pint to a
gill. Other bottles we have of
leather, but they are most used
amongst the sliepheards and
harvest people of the Country ;
small jacks we have in many
alehouses of the citie and sub-
urbs, tipped with silver, besides
the great black-jacks and bom-
bards of the court, which when



mounted on a pUUform-
truck, for carrying ]ie-
troh^uni or other liquid.

They are made in
many forms, either of
staves or of boiler-iron,
usually the latter.

In the example, thf cy- '
Hndrical tube is bellied mid- Oil-Tank Car.

way between its ends and on

its lowest .side. The tank has heads, a filling-gage, a safety-
dome, and discharge-passage, which latter is at the convergent
point of the bellying or lowest portion of the tank. See also
Oil-tank ; Ta.nk,"3.

Tank-en'gine. (Railroading.) A locomotive
which carries tlie fuel and water it requires, thus
disjiensing with a tender. See Tank-locomotive.

Tauk-lo-co-mo'tive. {Railway Engineering.)
One having a tank or tanks enabling it to carry a
supply of water sufficient for its own consumption
without a tender. Such are used for yard-engines,
for side-lines of limited length, and for ascending
grades with moderate loads. The boiler and ma-
chin<n'v are carried on the driving-wheels, and the
varinlile weight of water and fuel on the tank-truck.

That illustrated is mounted on two bogie frames, the front



Fig. 6198.




Tank- Locomotive.



TANK-PUMP.



2489



TANNING.



one supporting the locomotive and the rear one the part in
which the tank auJ coal-buuk«rs are located.

Eogines of this kind have been employed on the Rowland
and Aspinwall road, overcoming gradients of 29tji feet to the
mile, and on various other road;; of from 3 to 5 feet gage.

Fig. 6199 illustrates an engine construeted from the designs
of M. Vaessea by the Societe rfe St. Leonard at Liege. This en-




brig constructed on this plan discharged lier cargo
of 88,000 gallons of niolabset. hy nu-ans of pumps

and hose leading
into the reservoirof
a ruHnery, was re-
iilK-a withCochitu-
ate\viitcr,and sailed
again from Boston
within 27 honrs af-
ter her arrivah See
Fig. 3370.

Tan'ning. Tan-
ning is an oiit'ia-
tiou which com-
bines with the
substance of the
skin any
other com-
pound wliicli
li a s the
property of
r rendering it



French Tank- Locomotive.



gine is intended for the ascent of steep inclioes and traversing
sharp curves with a train on what M. Vaessen calls the univer-
sal system, patented by him. It was buiU for the Cheuiiu de
Fer Isabelle II , in Spain The cylinders
are 18 11 inches diameter and 24 IG
inches stroke. The four driving-wheels
are ij feet 2 inches, and the truclc-wheels
2 feet llj inches, diameter.




Direct-Acting Tank Sleam-Pttmp.

Tank-pump. A form of steam-pump for the
.specilie use.

Tank-valve. {Railway Enginecrbuj.) A form
of valve used in locomotive water-supply tanks, for
admitting water to the
discharge-pipe. Fig. 6201.

In the example, the dis-
charge-pipe a is telescopic,
and is connected by a uni-
versal joint at h to the short
pipe c, so that it may be
swung laterally and rai.«ed or
lowered by the chain fl which
passes over pulleys at the top
of the tank, and is provided /
with weights, nearly coun-
terbalancing the weight of
the pipe. The interior
clack-valve e is inde-
pendently raised by
the cord / attached




to the lever ,
Talve.



which has a connecting-roj leading to the



Tank-ves'sel. A vessel whose hold forms a cis-
tern for carrying molasses, oil, or other lii^uid. A



imjmtresci-
bleand elas-
tic. The agent most generally employed is a soluble
vegetable extract termed (anniti, which forms insol-
uble compounds with the albnmen, gluten, gelatine,
and other components of the skin.

Tannin is yielded by the bark of oak, willow, and many other
trees (see list, page 2493). The bark of oak is by far the most
usual source of tauuin. Catechu, valonia, and many other in-
spissated vegetable extracts are also used

Another class of agents which fortify the fibrous portions of

skins against the joint attack of warmth, air, and moisture are

minerals which seem to act as prc.-ervative salts ou the gelatino-

fibrous structure of the skin. Such are alum and salt, and

I copperas See T-Vwixc.

! It is difficult to determine the origin of this art, and it is