with betel-nut and tobacco.
The dye-princip'.e of madder; obtained &om it by the
action of sulphuric acid.
Contain an astringent principle which can be used in
tanning.
Affords a yellow dye.
Some kinds used in tanning.
In union with oak-bark, is supposed to produce the best
leather. Hemlock aloue produces le;ither inferior to
that prepared with oak-bark, and, l>e>ides, imparts to
it a red color. In America, it is largely used as a
substitute for the bark of the oak.
The powdered leaves used to dye liathcr, etc., a reddish
yellow or orange. In Egypt, it is employed by the
women to give an orange color to the nails.
A very valuable blue dye.
The ash of various kinds of sea-weed. Affords soda,
etc.
The kermes ( Coccus ibci.^) feed* on the leaves of a species
of oak. and affords a red dye. Its use is of very an-
cient date.
Used as a yellow dye for cotton in the East Indies.
The Cocnis lacca, by puncturing trees of the East In-
dies, produces shell and other lacs, that afford beau-
tiful red dyes.
For tanning, inferior to oak.
Many genera and species give dyes ; as cudbear, litmus,
orchil, etc.
A lichen used to give a purple dye to silks. Used in
chemistry as a test for alkalies and arids-
Used in dyeing red and black colors, shades of purple,
etc Called also canipeachy wood.
For tanning. Imparts a fragrant smell to the leather,
similar to that of Russia leather.
Employed to produce the celebrated Turkey rcl and
other dyes. Affords garancine by the action of sul-
phuric acid.
The bark is very astringent. Used for tanning.
The bark of an Au.'tralian species may be used in tan-
ning.
Used for the same purposes as the European madder.
Also affords garancine-
The fruit husk possesses an astringent principle.
Used by tanners.
The barb is employed in tanning and dyeing. It is
stripped in spring; dried, ground, and steeped to
extract the tannin
Is properly litmus in an early state of preparation,
when it possesses a purple color.
S. America Used as a material for red dyes.
S. Europe
E. Indies, Africa.
£. Indi@
Europe, etc
Cool climates. . . . j
Canaries, S. En- 1
rope, etc J
Central America. J
France .
, Tropics
Warm climates..
i X. India.
t
I India
Europe, etc..
Europe .
Russia, America.
Procured by burning many woods and plants, and
lixiviating the mass Used for scouring wool and for
cleansing generally ; also in soap.
TANNOMETER.
2494
TAP.
Common Name.
Persian berries ....
Pomegranitc bark .
Quercitron
Safflower. .
Saffron
Sanders-wood (red).
Sautiil-wood
Siiuuders-wood
Sap-green
Sapj):in-wood
.Spanish berries
Suuiae, or
Sumacli
Tannin .
Terra japonica .
Turkey berries .
Weld
Willow bark.
Woad
Wongshy
Yellow berries.
Botanical Name of the
Genus or Species of the
Plant used or producing
the Article.
(See Buckthorn.)
Punica granatum .
Quercus tinctoria.
Cartbamustinctoriu,'^.. I
Crocus sativus
Pterocarpus santalinus .
(See Buckthorn.)
Cjesalpiuia sappan
(See Buckthorn.)
Khus cortiuus I
Rhus coriaria J
Uncaria gambii . .
(See Buckthorn.)
Curcuma longa . .
Quercus aegilops .
Reseda luteola .
Salix alba
Isatis tinctoria. . .
Gentiana(')
(See Buckthorn.)
Native Place, or
where chietly
grown
Europe, etc
N. America
India, China, S.
Europe, etc... .
S. Europe, etc ..
India
India and Ceylon â–
S. Europe J
Malay Islands.
Greece, Asia Mi-
nor
Britain, etc..
Europe, etc..
Britain
Batavia
Qualities, Uses, etc.
Afford a yellow dye.
Vst-tl in dyeing. Especially to give morocco leather a
yellow dye.
A valuable yellow dye is obtained from the bark of the
tree.
The flowers afford a yellow and red dye. Used in dye-
ing silks various shades of ro^se-piuk, and in making
carmine-rouge.
Used as a yellow coloring material. Obtained from the
stigmas or tops of the Mowers,
The wood affords a reddish-brown color, as a dye for
woolen goods, also red and scarlet with certain mor-
dants.
A wood much used as a red dye-stuff.
The powdered leaves and young branches are used in
tanning and dyeing orange, yellow, and black.
A principle obtained from galls, oak-bark, etc. Used
in tanning. It has the power of solidifying the gela-
tine of animal substances, as skins,and thus convert-
ing them into leather.
Also called gambir. Used largely in tanning and
dyeing.
The powdered root (also called Indian saffron) affords a
yellow dye. Is used in chemistry as a test for free
alkalies-
The acorns and cups of this species of oak are used in
dyeing and tanning. Leather prepared by this sub-
stance is harder and less permeable to water than
that made with oak-bark.
The leaf and stems yield a yellow dye.
Remarkable for its astringent taste. Leathers made
from kid and lamb skins owe their agreeable smell to
this bark, with which they are tauned.
Used to dye blue colors. Now superseded by indigo.
Yellow dye-stuflf obtained from the seed-vessels of the
plaut.
Tan-nom'e-ter. A hydrometer for determining
tlio i>roportion ut' taiiuin in tanning liquor.
Tan-pit. A sunken vat, in which skins are steep-
ing; in tanning li(juor.
Tau'ty. (JFcarhig.) The Hindoo loom, con-
sisting of bamboo beams for the warp and cloth, a
pair of heddles moved by loops, in whicli the big
toes are inserted, a needle which answers as a shuttle,
and a lay.
Tan-vat. A pit or tank in which tanning of
hidi's is accomplishL'd. See T.\nnixg-appaiiatijs.
Tap. 1. {Machincnj.) A tapering, longitudinally
grooved screw of hardened steel, having a square
head, so tliat it may be turned by a wrench. It is
used for cutting an internal screw, as that of a nut.
See ScKEW-TAP, Fig. 4754.
The most primitive kind of tap (Fig. 6210, a) is formed by
filing four planes upon the .'^crew : this gives very obtuse cutting
edges In 6, three plane.'^ only are filed away, giving an angle
more favorable for cutting. These sections are used for very
small taps. The half-round tapr gives the most favorable cut-
ting angle, and has been recommended as cutting aclean thread
with comparatively small labor; tht- form d has also been em-
ployed. Taps with three or five cutting edges »' /"are more com-
mon ; it is usual to form them with elliptical grooves, which
permit the shavings to escape readilv, and are easily wiped out.
In Bodmer's tap ^, the cutting edges of the teeth are made
prominent, their faces inclining backward at an angle of 3° from
a true circular curve, so a.s to reduce the friction of the tool
For cutting pcrew-dies and tools and other thin articles, the tap
h has a larger number of grooves, and a greater proportion of its
face is left standing to give it a sufficient bearing on the metal.
Taps with removable cutters have been used, i j k is Jones's
tap. Tapering holes are made in the body of the tap to receive
the cutters, which are caused to project slightly beyond the
general surface by a slip of paper placed within the mortise.
Sometimes they arc made parallel and protruded by a set-screw.
I shows a wood screw-cutting tap of this kind It has a square
helical groove, which fits two plates on the guide p through
which the tap passes, and which is secured to the wood q to
be bipped ; the cutter r is inserted in a radial mortise.
in is a hollow tap for the same purpose ; a hole is made at
the termiuation of the thread, and chamfered so as to form a
Taps.
cutting edge, the shavings passing into the central hollow of
the tap.
Master taps are used for cutting the dies employed in cutting
screw-threads. In some cases, for deep threads, two pairs of
dies are employed, but generally one pair is cut by a tap one
depth IsLTger thaa the 8cr«w.
TAP-BORER.
2495
TAPESTRY.
The process of screw-cutting was greatly improwMl by Mauds- ' in which a corundum tape is mounted to be used in
lay, who introduced euttill^' Ol' tiling.
Fig. 6211. JS'^'^eutTiut' eJ^I Tape-fuse. A long, flexible, ribbon-shaped fuse,
and usins three taps[ cont.iining a composition which burns with gieat ra-
the entering taper tap, pijity. Bv means of a fuse of this kind, a charge of
the%.u^tap,r;hich I'owder may be exploded at the distance of several
shallow or dead holes Imiidred yards, and apparently almost simultaueous-
cast-iroo can be \y with the commuuica-
\l
B a
safely tapped with fuU
threads.
fl, taper-tap.
6, plug-tap.
e, bottouiing-tap.
Fig. 6212 U an ex-
panJing-tap, the cut-
ter being inserted in
inclined dovetailed
grooves in the sides
of the stock- They
are connected by
screws to a plug sliJ-
iug in a hole bored in
the axis of the stocky
and which serves to draw them up or down on the inclines to
increase or decrease the diameter.
Fig. 6212.
Taps.
Ezpandtng- Tap.
2. A faucet.
3. The heel of a boot, made up of lifts.
Tap-bor'er. A tapering boi ing-instrument for
making spigot or bung hoU'S in ca.'sks.
Fig 621.3 h-as a sharpened, salient, spiral edge, and a gimlet-
point.
Fie G214 is the half of a hollow cone, with a sharpened edge
and gimlet-point
Fig. 6215 has a ring shank for a handle.
Tape-Measure.
Fig. 6213.
Fii. 6214.
Tap- Borer.
Tap-Borer.
Tape. 1. (Fnhn'c.) A narrow linen or cotton
fabric, twilled or plain, white or colored.
2. (Prinliiig.) n. One of the traveling-bands
wliich hold and conduct the sheet of paper in a
Fig. 6215.
Ring Tap-Borer.
power-press. The nipjters take tlie sheet from the
feed-lioard, .ind the %, taking it from the tapes, de-
livers it on to the heap.
h. K similar band in a paper-folding machine.
Tape-car'ri-er. A tool-holder, like a frame-saw,
t'ion of fire to the other Kg. 6216.
end.
Tape-line. A meas-
uring-tape winding into
A case.
Tape-meas'ure. A
ribbon of tape or other i
material winding upon
an axis inside a case.
They are made of linen
or steel, from 10 to 100
feet long, and divided in-
to feet, inches, and sub-
divisions of an inch.
The linen tape-meas-
ures of the best quality
are interwoven with fine
brass wire, to prevent
stretching.
The example is so arranged that pressure on the
plug will hold the tape at any desired point.
Tape— pri'mer. A narrow strip of flexible ma-
terial, usually paper, containing small charges of
fulminating composition at short and equal intervals
apart, and covered with a water-proof composition,
as the XIaynard primer. It was never much favored
in the .service, and has been superseded Viy the plan
of placing the fulminate within the cartridge.
The tape-primer re<|uiied a peculiar lock, having
a recess for containing the tape and mechanism for
advancing each primer successively to the nipple.
Ta'per. A small wax-candle. Usually having a
long wick with such a covering of wax as to allow
the taper to be coiled.
"Wax tapers are made by drawing a string through
a pan of melted wax at a speed regulated according
to the thickness desired.
Ta'per-file. .\ file which is rectangular in sec-
tion, and whose thickness and width gradually de-
crease toward the point.
The faces are not quite flat in the direction of their
length, but are somewhat rounded ; technically
known as bellied.
A flat file, without a bellv, is known as a parallel
file.
Ta'per-vise. One whose cheeks are arranged to
grasp objects whose sides are not parallel. See VisR.
Tap'es-try. (Fabric.) A kind of woven hang-
ings of wool or silk, frequently raised and enriched
with gold and .silver, representing figures of men,
animals, historical subjects, etc. The term is of
somewhat indefinite meaning, and the purpose
equally indeterminate. It was originally intended
for hangings, to hide the wall, or make a screen or
curtain. OWd mentions hnman figures as worked
on the curtains of theaters.
For an account of ancient tapestrr, see Smith's " Dictionary
of Greek and Roman .\ntiquities," article *' Tapes.*'
Tapestry is described in the Book of Exodus
" Plato, thecomic poet, nanies;ikeof the philofJopher, says ; —
' There the well-dressed guests recline
On couches rich with ivory feet ;
And on their purple cushions dine.
Which rich Sardinian carpets meet '
For the art of wearing embroidered cloths was in great perfec-
tion in his time; .\cesas and Helicon, natives of Cyprus, being
exceedingly eminent for their skill in it, being weavers of very
high reputation.'* — AtheNjEOS (a. d. 220).
TAPESTRY CARPET.
2496
TAPPING-GOUGE.
The tapestry of Pollux, TarrTjre?, was woven shaggy : the
amp/iitapetia was shaggy on both sides: the tapetia only on
one sije ; the epiiestris was shuro.
Tapostry-h^ingings are said to have been invented by the Per-
gameuian^. ,\ttalU3 HI. I>equeathed his kingdom to the Ko-
mans, and thenee, it is said, hangings were introduced into
Italy. The Greeks and Latins had embroidered hangings.
These hid the bad carpentry or stone walls. The Anglo-Saxons
had wall-hanging.^ of silk, embroidered with needlework or plain
Tapestry was connnon in Ensland to the time of Elizabeth.
Tapes'try was made in France at a very early date. The old-
est and mo.'t celebrated specimen in existence is the Bayeux
tape.^itry, contaiuing embroideries representing the conquest of
England by \\'illiam the Conqueror, and supposed to have been
worked under the supervision of his queen, Matilda. Tapestry
was first mjide by the loom in Flanders. The manufactory at
Fontaincbleau wa,s established by Francis I. in the sixteenth
century ; that at Gobelin's was enlarged under Louis XIV
The French ascribe the invention to the Saracens,'and for-
merly called the workmen who were employed in its manufac-
ture xarftziiis.
The manufacture w.as introduced into England by Sheldon,
in the reign of Henry VIII. It was encour.iged by hi.'' successors.
Hampton Court Palace yet displays their tapestry on its walls.
These hangings were a very ornamental accession to the bare
walls (if the tiuildiiigs of some centuriessince Arras, Brus.sels,
Antw.-rp, and Valenciennes excelled in the manufacture, but
the best known at tlie present da.v is the factor.v at the Oobe-
liu's, near Paris It is named after Giles Gobelin, a French
dyer, of the reign of Francis I , and was established by Henry
IV- about 160t), and much enlarged by the renowned Colbert in
1666. It is saiil to have been conducted by Flemish artists.
Hanil tapestry is embroidered by the needle, woolen or silken
threads being worked into the meshes of a fabric.
Basse iisse is woven upon a loom. The warp is horizontal, and
is stretched above the pattern to be copied. The weft is in-
serted b.v a liitle, which partakes of the characters of a needle
and a shuttle A treadle arrangement depresses some of the
threads and forms a parted shed The face of the work, being
downward, cannot be inspected until it is removed from the
loom ; this inconvenience, probably, led to the substitution of
the haul lisse, in which a vertical warp is stretched between a
warp beam and a cloth beam. The pattern is placed at the
b.ick of the warp, through the threads of which it may be seen,
and the outlines are copied upon the \varp. The weft and pat-
tern are then worked in with needles corresponding in number
to tile kinils and colors of threads used.
Tap'es-try Car'pet. 1. A two-ply carpet in
wliiL'li llii: warp is livst printed and then woven.
2. Tlie patent tape.stry rugs have a velvet pile
surface with a thick weft shoot of cotton, fla.\, or
other material.
3. Tapestry Brussels carpet, called moqucUe, of a
fine quality. Willoii carpet.
4. Mo.saic tapestry ; the cut wool is fi-xed to the
ground by caoutchouc.
The Persian and Turkish modes of using carpet are the most
ancient, the sizes being comparatively small, and placed about
a room rather for individual convenience than as a general cov-
ering The terms tapestry and carjjel, or the originals thus
translated, are in a little confusion The ideas are now distinct,
but when both were made by hand and in smaller pieces, the
dilTercnces were rather of position than character. The rugs
covered the tiirlinia, or were laid upon tlie floor, as appears in
the representations in Pompeii, and later in the altar-cloths of
the choirs in cathedrals and abbeys.
It is recorded that Sinchius, Bishop of Toledo, in 125.5, cov-
ered his floor with tapestry, — an example followed by Eleanor
of Castile, wife of Edward I.
Bedside carpets occur in 1301 on the Continent of Europe;
and iu the tifteenth century a carpet is shown around a throne,
and a bedside rug with a handsome pattern, the remainder of
the floor having a checkered matting of two colors.
Tap-hole. An opening at the base of a smelting-
furnace for drawing off the molten
Fig. 6217. metal. It is stopped by a plug of re-
fractory clay (hot), which is removed in
the act of tapping.
Tap'lings. Tiie whang-leather straps
which connect the soiiplc and hand-staff.
Tap'net. A rush basket in which
figs are imported.
Tap'pet. (Miichiticri/.) a. A pro-
jecting arm a which is touched by a
cam 4, or other moving ohject, in order
to imjiart an intermittent reciprocation
to the rod c. Specially used as a valve-
motion in steam-engines.
[ 4. A similar device on the stem of a stamp in an
ore-battery. It is struck by a cam, lifting the
stamp, which falls as the cam slides from under the
ta]>]«'t, its shoe striking the ore in the mortar.
Tap'pet-mo'tion. (Steam Enriinccrhuj.) The
apparatus for working the valves of some forms of
condensing-engine.s. The valve-rods have levers at-
taclied, wiiich are moved by projecting tappets on a
rod connected to tlie beam.
Tap'pet-wheel. (ilachincry.) A wlieel hav-
ing spurs on its periphery, adapted to trip a lever,
trip-hanimei', fulling-mallet, etc., or to raise the
stani]is of an ore-mill.
Tap'ping. 1. Screw threading a hole.
2. (t'ouadbtg.) The jarring of a pattern in its
bed in the sand to give it clearance. With small
castings tliis is done by .sticking a skewer into the
pattern and lappinr/ it with the slicker or trowel ;
with lai'ger castings more energetic means are em-
ployed, but in the same way.
3. Boring a hole in a pipe, ca.sk, etc., to insert a
plug, connect a branch-pipe, or introduce a faucet,
as the case may be.
4. Boring maples for sugar-water, as it is called in
the Wi'stern, or sap, in the Eastern States.
Tap'ping-ap'pa-ra'tus. 1. For threading
screws. SeeScuEW-TAP; Tap; Tapping-machine, 1.
2. For opening the How-hole of a furnace. See
Tapping-bak.
3. For cutting the bark and alburnum of the
maple. See Tapping-gougk ; AuGEli.
4. For boring holes in mains or pipes. See Tap-
ping-machine, 2 ; Tai'PINg-drill.
5. For inserting a faucet in a c^k. See Tap-
BoiiER ; Tap-cock.
Tap'ping-bar. (Fouiiding.) A round bar with
a sharp point, u.sed
for letting out the Fig. 6218.
metal from thfc fur-
nace into the ladles.
Two such are gen- ^_Q
erally used ; the tirst K=B llj|
a light bar with a
chisel edge to clean
away the unburned
clay from the tap-
hole.
Tap'ping-cock.
A cock lia^'ing a ta-
per .stem, enabling it
to be fixed fiinily in
an opening by driv-
ing.
a, straight-nose tapping-cock.
6. bent-no<e tapping-cock.
Tap'ping-drill. One for boring holes iu water
mains and pipes. A strap goes below the pipi', and
has screw-bolts
a'-
Tappet.
Tapph\g- Cocks.
which hold the
cross-piece, and
al.so the tube in
which the drill-
stem works.
Tap'ping-
gouge. A gouge
used iu tapping the
sugar-maple, and in
making the .spiles
to conduct the sap
to the buckets.
In the West the
liipiid is called su-
(jar-water ; iu the
East, sap.
Fig. 6219.
Tapping- Drill.
TAPPING-MACHINE.
2497
TAR.
Tapping with the gouge is not now so common ;
boring with the auger and inserting an elder or a
turned spile is the usual plan.
Tap'ping-ma-cliine'. 1. (Metal-ivorking.) A
niachuiti for tapping out internal screw-threads.
In that illustrated, the taps are held m a chuck fixed in the
rotary mandrel of the stationary head, and may project as far
as desired. The work is held in a clamp on the sliding-head,
which is advanced toward the tap. An arrangement is pro-
Fig. 6220.
Fig. 6222.
Gas-Main Tapping' Mackiru.
The apparatus (Fig. 6222) is for tapping gas-mains witliout
causing escape of gas. The curved standard a is lashed to the
pipe, the drill-stock works through a hollow foot 6, which is
cushioned to render it gas-tight, and is provided with a sliding-
valve arrangement, which is closed when the drill is lifted, and
kept so until the end of the service-pipe is to be inserted.
Machines for tapping gas and water pipes and mains. Pat-
ents : —
Nos. 24,949 65,863 129,853
25,216 77,453 129.869
30,051 112,626 130.577
30,901 113,314 133.016
45,964 119,895 136,(521
46,246 122,668 144,374
Tap 'ping-tool. A tool for tapping maple-trees
to obtain the resulting sap (New England), or sugar-
water (the West), which exudes from the alburnum
principally. Tapping is done by a gouge and mallet,
by an axe, or by an auger.
Tap-plate. A steel plate furnished with a num-
Fig. 6223.
Brown and Sharpe Tapping-Machine.
Tided for gaging the penetration of the tap when the hole is
not to pass through the work, and the motion is reversed in ;
the act of drawing back the work.
2. A machine for tapping water-mains.
a is the main, against which the device is held by the mova-
ble arm b. The drill passes through the two-part drill-holder
rf. At the end nearest the pipe is a detachable washer in a
pocket, having a concave face, which is clamped against a pack-
ing-gasket to make a water-tight joint. The handle e operates
a cock within, through which the drill passes, and which closes
the opening when the drill is removed. The connecting-pipe is
then substituted for the drill , the cock opened . and the connec-
tion made. The hose /"conducts away tlxe chips. The drill is
operated by the ratchet lever s; and fed by the screw h. i is an
arrangement for dispensing with the cock usually employed in
Fig. 622L
Tapping- Machine.
making connections, and which is afterward left in the earth.
A glass plate k is interposed between the ends of two sections
of pipe, and crushed by screwing the sections together. The
pieces are washed out by the flow of water.
157
Tap-Plate.
ber of holes which are wormed and notched, to adapt
it for cutting threads on blanks.
Tap-'wrench. A two-handled lever for rotating
a tap used in forming
an interior screw- Fig. 6224.
thread. The shank of
the tap is held between
a fixed and a movable Tap-Wrench»
die, which are ap
proached by a screw, and are adapted to hold shanks
of various sizes. See Die-stock.
Tar. A dark-colored resinous substance obtained
by distillation from the pine or from coal.
There are many oils resulting from the distillation of coal-
tar ; some of the light ones being used to produce local insen-
sibility to pain, such as the freezing of the gum in dental
operations. One of these light oils, benzol, exhibits in a re-
markable degree the number and value of the coal-tar pro-
ductions. Fifty years ago, in 1825, Faraday discovered, while
experimenting on coal-tHr, tlie substance now known as benzol.
Twenty years after, a French chemist found that when benzol
was treated with nitric acid, a substance called nitro benzol re-
sulted, having the odor of bitter almonds, and now used for
giving almond soap its odor.
About the same time a Dutch chemist discovered a beautiful
blue color while experimenting on indigo, and shortly after a
blue solution was obtained in alcohol from nitro-benzol. It was
soon proved that the two blue colors were of exactly the same
constitution, and they were called aniline. They were rt'gardei
as curiosities, but no practical use was made of them, as there
were many kinds of blue dyes, and much cheaper than aniline.
But in 18.56 an English chemist, Perkins, while searching fora
cheap method of preparing quinine, from nitro-benzoi, obtained
a beautiful solution of mauve color. This wa.** found to be such
an effective dye that numerous experiments were made on this
substance, and the result ia considerably over three hundred
J dyes of ali the beautiful colors of the spectrum, red, orange,
TAR-BOARD.
2498
TARTAN.
yellow, grwn, blue, indigo, and violet ; first came the mauvine '
and ro>e aniUne in 186d. Iben the antUne reit in 1859, then
the andiiif blue in 1861^ then the aniline ^een in 1863; after
th»t thy violets of methylic and ethyUc rosaline, and aniUne