1- Very pale straw vellow 43li° I

2 A shade darker of yellow 450° (

3 Darker straw yellow 470=" j Tools for wood,

4 Still darker straw yellow 490° | screw-taps, etc.

5. Brown yellow 500° i Uatchets,chipping-

6. Yellow, tinged slightly with pur- ' chisels, and other

pie o2CP C pereussive tools,

7 Light purple 530* ' saws, etc.

8. Dark purple 550° I ^ ■

9 Dark blue.... - ^yo J tpnngs.

10. Paler blue 590") - «.<•*..

11. Still paler blue 610=r^***L^" *^'" ""^

12. Still paler blue, tinged with green.630= ) ^^''^ purposes.
It has been proposed to employ in tempering, alloys com-
posed of lead and tin in such projH>rtions that the fusing-point
of each alloy should correspond to the letting down tempera-
ture proper to each class of articles to be tempered.

Garman and ^igfried's process of working and tempering
steel consists in heating it to a cherry red in the forge, then
covering it with salt : salt is aL«o thrown into the fire, and the
steel ;s worked until it is nearh brought to the finished form.
The steel is then covered with a mixture of one part each by
weight of salt, sulphate of copper, sal ammoniac, and sal soda,
with i part of nitrate of potash, heited and hammered ; being
thus alternately treated with the composition, and heated and
hammered until it assumes its finished form. It is then slowly
healed to a cherry red and plunged into a bath composed of
ram water, 1 gallon : alum, H ounces: sulphate of copper, IJ
ounces: sal soda. li ounces ; nitrateof potash, li ounces ; salt,
6 ounces. These proportions may be slightly varied.

Large articles are very liable to crack if removed from the
hardening bath before becoming cool, owing to the unequal
contraction of the interior and exterior portions.

To avoid this they should I>e, if not already, protected by a
coating of scale covered with soft soap, graphite, plumbers'
size, or other suitable substance When heated in a common
fire, pmssiate of potash is to be preferred- This is powdered
and sprinkled or sifted uniformly over the surface of the article,
which is then heated to the proper degree and dipped in the
water: when extra large, a second coating and heating may be
advisable.

Steel heated to re>ilness and suddenly cooled becomes too
hard — glass Aore/, as it l« termed — for most purposes. Files
are left in this state Most other articles are reheated to a
greater or less degn-e, and again cooled in a bath of some suit-
able substance- This constitutes the umpiring, or letting
down the temper-
In some cases the hardening and tempering are done at a
single operation, the piece being heated only to 700=, 800°, or
9'Xi^ Fah., and then plunged into water : in others the temper-
ing heat is derived from that portion of the piece which has
not been cooled, which, when the article is removed from the
bath again, heat-s up the cooled part to the proper temperature
for tempering by re-immersion.

Instead of hardening by immersion and reheating to lower
the temper, it has also been recommended to use water just
sufficiently hot to produce

the desired temperatonce. Fig. 6285.

The proper heat varies ac-
cording to the kind of
steel and the size of the
articles For springs for
the needle-gun a tempera-
ture of about 130= Fah.
has been employed. For
some kinds of steel, boil-
ing water is used. Cooling
in hot water i'% said to in-
crea.«e the tenacity and
elasricity of steel contain-
ing 2 to 0-4 per cent
carbon, without much af-
fecting its hardness-

Tem'per-ing-fur -

nace. {Mctai-icork- "—

ing.) One specially Felloics's Temperins-Fumace.




TKMPERING-MACHINE.



2528



TEMPERING-WHEEL.



contrived for imparting an e(|ual heat to tlie articles
to be teinpert'il.

Fellows'a has a series of tubes t over the grate g, in which the
articles are placed to heat for hai-ileuing. To lower the temper,
they are placed on a plate
Fig. 6286. Pj which is covered with

saud. b is the Xilu.st'pipe,
and h a coal-receptacU'.
h h c In Layton's tt-nipering-

"' furnace (Fig. 6286), pro-
jecting portions a a of the
top liave a downward cur-
vature and longitudinal
opeuiugs, adapting tliem
to receive tlie edge of a
scythe or similar curved
inipleiuent, enabling the
heat to be uniformly ap-
plied to the blade ; another
portion 6 b has openings



through the pipes i /into the tanks, playing in jets against both
sides of tlie plate ; a puuip ./ returns the water from the lower
reservoir to the upper one, in order that it may be used again.



G2S3.




5^



xrg



Laytoii's Tewperins;-Furtiace.




to which the heat is admitted through side apertures, and applied
at particular spots in tlie blade, to rectify irregularities in the
temper ; at a third opening c the heat may be applied to the flat
of the blade

Tem'per-ing-ma-chine'. One for liandliiig
lu'avy stL'i'l plate.s iliirin^ tliu operations in tenqier-

Urban'sniacIune(Fig. 6287) l"ig- 6287.

isdesignt'il fur niiit'onnly tem-
pering steel plati'S, without
risk of bending or buckling.

For this purpose, the boated plate
a is lowered until it rests vertically
between guides midway between
two tanks b b' having numerpus
perforations in tlieir sides next to
the plate. Dy pulling a cord c, the
Talves d '!' are opened, and salte I
water from the reservoir e descends





Merctr and HintoiCs Machine for Tcinpering Sair-Plalet:

In Mercer and Hinton's machine (Fig. 6288) for tempering
aaw-plates, the plate is clamped between two perforated plates,
strengthened by ribs b- 6', forming a carriage which runs on
rails down into the bath A. The carriage is raised or lowered
by means of a rope or chain passing around pulleys and oper-
ated by a winch.

In CroPMnan'." machine for tempering scythe-blades, the
blade, after being properly heated, is placed between two jaws,
which are forced together by depressing a treadle, clamping the
blade, and at the same time immersing it in a tank beneath.

Fig 62S9.



^^ ^=^ m \ -Lc f" r ^"n





Ifrbmn^s Temperins:- Machine.



Tempfring- Wheel.

Tem'per-ing-wheel. A ilovice for inking and
tenijieiiiit; rinv for making liiiuk, etc. The wheel is
of cast-iron, and revolves tyi an axis, one end ot
which is pivoteil to an mn-ight in the center of a
circular pit, and the other has means of attachment
for a horse or horses. A rack ami gear-wheels con-
nected with the axle cause the wheel to alternately
approach and recede from the center of the pit dur-



TEJIPER-SCREW.



2529



TEXACL'LUM.



ing its onward movement, exposing every part of the
clay to its action.

Tem'per-scre'w. 1. (IFdl-boring.) A piece by
which tlie tools are suspended from the walking-
beam, and are lowered as the drilling progresses.

2. A sc^-screw for adjustment. One which brings
its point against a bearing or an object.

Tem'piate. See Templet.

Temple. 1. {Wcaviwj.) An instniment for
keeping cloth its proper breadth while the reed
beats lip against it in the process of weaving. In a
loom weaving lOU picks per inch, tlie vibration of
the reed being 4 inches, the reed passes over each
portion of the warp-threads 800 times. If, there-
fore, the cloth be not extended so as to bring the
warps nearly paralbd to the motion of the reed, the
selvedge-threads beconiL' chafed.

To obviate this ditficuUy tlie temple is designed.

The old form is shown at a. It consists of two pieces of hard
wood with points at the ends to catch the selvedge at either
side. They are adjusted as to length for the width of the
goods.

b shows Stillman's jaw temple, patented in 1S26 The cloth
was released and allowed to slide forward when the lay was full
up against it, and shut together, holding it out to a proper
width when tiie lay retired, b shows the part which held the
cloth

Fig- 629(y



=;:b



i3




P - - — — -^1 6



[ conformation, and is laid against the olyect heing
I moldfd, built, or turned, so iis to test the conformity
; of tlie object thereto.

In the examples, a is a tnnptet for a balust*r, which is turned
: in a lathe.
I 6 is a templet for a 5team-enpne cylin-

der, the moid of which is made of loam
I work. See Casti>G-
' Teinpltix or pattern plates of hardened

steel are used for te-^tin^ the progress and

perfection of cuiTctl wnrks that are shaped

by the file. Sheet-u-.etal works, not re-
quired iu sufficient quantity to make

punches and dies for their production,

are f;ishioned between tnnplfts in a Tice-

The tenip-et lor forming the striking wheel of a clock has 12
\ steps arranged spirally on its edge A number of brass disks
; are rlamped between two of such templets, and then di-essed by

a file in correspondence with the pattern at each end of the
< pack

{ In making lenses, templet'' of sheet-brass are first made cor-
' responding to the curves of the lenses. These templets are

used iu making the sJtfUs and runners, between which the

lenses are grouiid to shape.

Pertbrated templets are used by boiler-makers and others to

lay out the boles for punching In order to allow one section

Fig. 6292.



Tetnplels.



Loom-Teniples.



The fir-=t rotary temple was patented by Tra Draper in 1S16.
In this, tlie cloth was held by a horizontal wheel havinn a row
of teeth set obliquely to \is axis. It was improved in 1829 in
festeninu it to the breast-beam by a spring to give it elasticity.
George Draper's patent of 1S40 added another row of teeth "to
prevent its leaving a track in the cloth.

c is the Kayser temple which holds the cloth extended by
needle-pointed rings turning at an oblique angle to the plane
of the breast-beam, thereby automatically stretching the cloth
as it passes through

d is the " Dutcher â– ' temple, now in general use. It has
small cylindrical toothed rolls holding the cloth by two or more
inches of its breadth. It works nearer to the reed than the
others, and has a reciprocating action whereby the lav beating
against it pro'luces a motion corresponding with ami equal ro
the motion of the cloth. The lower figure shows several parts,
— the spiked roller d', its case and bar d", and the spring d"'
detacheil ; also the device d complete.

2. One of the bars on the outer ends of the spec-
tacle bo\vs by which the spectacles are made to clasp
the he;nl of the wearer.

Tem'plet. 1. A mold or pattern used by niold-

ers, bricklayers, manhinists, etc., in laying off their

work. It frefjiiently consists of a flat, thin board,

whose edge is dressed and shaped to the required

159




of pipe to slip into another, the holes around the plate are not
punched in rectangular patterns.

^^i^iamsâ– s adjustable templet has movable perforated side
bars, combined with T-shaped heads upon the central bar;
also adjustable and perforated slides combined with each other
and with the central bar.

2. {Shipbuildiufj.) a. A mold of a certain figure to
test or direct the conformation of a timber or other
object.

b. A perfoi-ated piece or strip by wliich a line of
rivet-holes is marked on a plate to be punched.

c. One of the wedges in a building-block.

3. (Building.) a. A short piece of timber or
large stone placed in a wall to receive the impost of
a f^irder, brestsummer, or beam, and distribute its
weight ; a wall-plate ; a torso/.

b. A plate .spanning a window or door space to
sustain joists and throw their weight on the piers.

4. ( IVcavinQ.) The tenijilet of the horsehair- loom
is a pair of jaws for each selvedge. See Tkmple.

Temse. {Milling.) A bolting cloth or sieve.
Tcmise.

Ten. {Mining.) A measure (local) containing
420, and in other cases 440 bolls, Winchester meas-
ure.

Te-nac'u-lum.
(Surgical.) o. A
fine hook, attached
to a handle, which

is thrust through '' ~~^^^^_I^

the parietes of a
blood-vessel to draw
it out and enable it
to be tied.

a, poeket-tenacu-
lum.

6, aneurism -tenacu-
lum

e, aneurism -needle

rf, ordinary tenacu-
lum.

*', tenacnlum-forceps.

The double tenacula
(Fig6294iconsistoftwo
hooks, pivoted after the



Fig. 6293.




TENACUI.UM-FORCEPS.



2530



TENONING-MACHINE.



Fig. 6291.




Double Tnmcula.

manner of scissors, for more effectually holding the ends of a
severed artery.

6. Bonc-nlpprrx.

Te-nac'u-lum-for'ceps. (Stiryica!.) An in-
struniciit, kmnvn :is Assaluii's tenaculum, foi' grasp-
ing tlie paiii-tus of ail artery, to facilitate tying.
The instrument has a [lair of bifurcated claws wliich
close into each other uiiou the artery by the force of
a spring.

The tenacnlnni-forceps with a sliding ring was used in old
Rome. One wa.s disinterred at Pompeii in 1819 by Dr Cavenko
of St. Petersburg, in the Via Consularis. It is pictured in
Smith's " Diclionary of Antiquities," page 274, and is in the
Museum of Portici.

e (Fig. 6293) is an instrument invented by Prince, which acts
the part of a tenaculum and forceps combined. Tile upper
bow is that of the tenaculum, and beneath it are the bow jaws
of the forceps. The blades of the jaws are made wide enough
to stop the bleeding, and when the noose of the ligature is over
the largest swell of the blades, it slides into its position without
catching upon the point of the teuaculum.

Te-naille'. 1. (Fort i/iait ion.) A low work located
in the ditch and in front of a curtain to jirotect the
curtain and Hanks of the bastions. A passage is left
between each end and the adjacent Hank. See
Bastion.

2. (Surgical.) Nippers : teitrt2'We mcmw, cutting
nippers ; bone nippers.

TciictlcJi. Craniotomy forceps.

Te-uail'lon. (Fortification.) A low outwork
having a .salient angle ; it was formerly usual to
place one on each side of a ravelin to increase its
strength and cover the shouldei's of the bastion.

Ten'ant-saw. See Tenon-.saw.

Tend'er. \. (Railroading.) The carriage which
is attached to a locomotive and contains a supply of
fuel and water. See Locomotive.

In 1854, Angus W, McDonald, of New Creek Depot, Va , pat-
ented a plan for filling the tanks of locomotive tenders with
water without stopping the train, by using an inclined scoop,
which was caused to dip into reservoirs placed at suitable in-

Fig. 6295.




Tender.




Self-Supplijins Tender.

tervals alongside of or beneath the track. This method, which
met with little favor in this country, has been adopted on sev-
eral English railways. As there practiced, a long water-trough
a, made up of cast-iron sections, is laid upon the sleepers be-
tween the rails, and at such an elevation that the scoop t> miiy
be immersed into the water a depth of two inches, just equal to
the depth of its mouth, which has a width of 10 inches. The
scoop is hinged at c, and, when not in use, is tilted upward by
a counterbalance weight. When one of the supply-troughs is
approached, the scoop is depressed by means of the rod d, and
the onward movement of the train causes the water to rush
into the mouth and be forced up the delivery-pipe c. having n
downwardly opening mouth through which it is discharged
into the tank. On releasing the handle of the rod f/, the scoop
ceases to operate.

2. (Nautical.) A small vessel employed to tend



upon a larger one, with supplies of provisions, to carry
dispatches, to assist

in the ]ierlormance of „ „ Fig. 6296.

shore duty, in recon-
noitering, etc.

3. (HoKsclio/d.) A
small reservoir at-
tarhed to a mop,
scrubbi-r, or similar
utensil.

In the example, the
socket G receives the
mop-handle, the tender C
is supplied through the
trough D, aud the water
is caused to tlow by com-
pressing the arm K, open-
ing the valve E, which is afterward closed by a spring.

Ten'der Por'ce-lain. A ware composed of a
vitreous frit renJcred opaque and less fusible by ad-
dition of calcareous clay. Its glaze is a glass of sil-
ica, alkali, and lead.

Ten'do-tome. (Surgical.) A subcutaneous
knife, having a small oblanceolate blade on the end
of a long stem, and used for severing deep-seated
tendons without inakiiig a large inci.sion or dissect-
ing down to the spot. See Tenotome.

Ten'oil. (Carpenlrtj.) The projecting end of a
piece of timber fit-
ted for insertion «^ Fig. 6297.
into a inorti.se,
formed by cutting
away a portion on
one or more sides;
sometimes made
cylindrical. The
usual joint input-
ting up wooden
friimes, whether of
buildings or ma-
chines.

o, tenon.

6, mortise.

c, relish.

d, dovetail tenon
and key.

Tenons are se-
cured in their
mortises by iiins,
or by giving them
a dovetail, which Tenons.

is driven into the

undercut mortise by means of a wedge or backing-
block d.

Fig. 6298 shows tenons of various forms.

A tenon on the top of a post to receive two beams meeting
each other .at right angles is a teasf-tQUon.

Teii'on-au'ger. The ends of movable blind-slats
are usually turned down to a round tenon by a hol-
low auger a (Fig. 6299). The end of the tenon is
afterward dressed by a bur b ; c is a shoulder-bur.

Ellis's blind-slat tenoning-machine operates by a pair of
equalizing saws upon each end of the tenon, cutting the shoul-
ders, rounding the tenon, aud cutting the slab to a length at one
operation.

In Fig. 6300, the cutter is obliquely placed in the snait-slMiped
holder, so as to make a draw-cut on the stuff It embraces the
hollow mandrel, which in turn incloses the graduated shank.
The tube is adjusted on the shank so as to determine the length
of the spoke tenon, and is secured by a temper-screw.

Ten'on-iiig-chis'el. A double-blade chisel which
makes two cuts, leaving a middle piece which forms
a tenon. Tlie two chisels are connected by steady
pins and a key to the stock, and are adjusted into
e.-vact [larallelism by two right aud left handed set-
screws.

Ten'on-iiig-ma-chine'. (Wood-working.) A
I machine for cutting timber to leave a tenon. It may





TEXOXIXG-MACHIXE.



2531



TENOTOME.



Fig. 6298.




Fig. 6305 is a mnchine for cnttiog mortises and tenons
ends of heavy franiin'r-tim-

btTs : especially the sill-pit-oes Fig. 6299.

of railway-car frimes. The
cutter-heads are fitted to a
horizontal spindle ruuDiD<r in
.*eIf-oilin^ bearings, fised to a
traveliDg head, which is moved
vertically by means of a rack,
pinion, and hand-wbeel. Ten-
ons may be worke-l on each
endof timbers without turning **
them around, by passing them
along lengthwise across the
gap, previously raising the cut-
ters out of the wuy by turning
the hand-wheel.

Ten'on-saw. A thin
saw with a thicker metal-
lic backing ; used for fine
work, such as sawing tenons, dovetails, mitere for
joints, etc.

Fig. 6300.





Tenon Aw^er and Bur.




have either a hollow auger, which cuts the stuff away
down to the shoulder (see Tenon-auger) ; or it may
be of the nature of a planiug-machine, which, by
revolving cuttei-s, removes the stuff from the side,
giving the slioidders at the sides, and the relish^ if
any (see Tenon) ; or it may be of the nature of a
mortising-machine, where chisels cut away the stuff
and leave a projecting piece, which constitutes the
tenon (see Mortising-machine).

Fig. 6302 is a machine particularly designed for sash and
door work. It is provided wjth >ingle cutter-heads and doable
copes. Both cutter-head? are niised and
lowered by a screw and band wheel to each,
and are readily adjustable, to vary the thick-
ness of the tenon or the depth of the shoul-
der, the carriage remaining stationary. The
coping heatls are so arranged as to be adjusted
independently of the cutter-heads if desired-
Fig. 63"3 is a blind-slat tenoning-ma-
chine. The rotary cutter-head and
saw-carriers are arranged to slide longi-
tudinally on the bed of the machine,
so as to simultaneously tenon and cut
otf slats of any required length. To
provide for this, the main
driving-pulleys are made of
an elongated form, permit-
ting a considerable range to
the belts.

The machine. Fig. 63(4, is
designed for forming oval
tenon? on the ends of spokes,
obviating the necessity of
wedging when the rim is put
on. The wheel is held by
two chucks which receive the
ends of the hubs, and the
spoke being operated on is
seized by two geare-i clamps
which open and close simul-
taneously, presenting its end
to the acrion of the cu t ters and
a saw. which are carried on a
spindle placed eccentrically to

agear-wheel, by which their common rotation is imparted. The J
upper part of the machine is vibrated by a hand-lever, by de-
pressing which the cutter-head is brought forward, cutting the
oval, which may be varied in size, while the saw cuts off the end
oi the spoke.



Stearns's Hollow Au^t for SpoKKS.

Some varieties are known as .vi«A, carcase, and iforetail saws.

The tenon-saw has 8 teeth tu the
inch; the carcase-saw, 11 teeth to Fig. 6301.

the inch . the sash-saw, 13 teeth to
the inch ; the dovetail-saw, 15 teeth
to the inch

Ten'on-tru'ing Ma-
chine'. ( Wovd-icorkimj.) A
machine for truing or sizing
the tenons of spokes and cut-
ting the tenons to the desired
length at the same operation.
It has an upriglit spindle with -
two cutter-heads, the upper one
being adjustable to vary the (
thickness of the tenons.

The spoke is laid on a small slid-
ing table, pushed forward to a circu-
lar saw. which cuts off the end of
the tenon, and then passed between
two cutter-heads, which bring the
tenoD to the proper size. A rest on
the outer end of the sliiling table

is adjustable up

and down for

different sizes of

spokes.

Ten'o-tome. (Sunjicah) A
knife fur dividing the tendons, as
in operations for the removal of



Tenoning- OtiseL





Sash and Door Tenoning-Hdaehine,



TENSILE STRENGTH.



2532



TENSILE STRENGTH.



loxurlhrus, or deviation of the joints, as in club-
foot.

a, pocket-ti'notome.

b c 'I e, tenotoiiics of various shapes, to suit spei-ial needs.

Ten'sile Strength. The cohesive power by
wliich a material resists an attemiit to iiull it apart in
the direction of its libers. Tliis bears no relation to
its capacity for resisting conii)ressiou ; cast-iron, for



Fig. 6303.



Fig. 6305.





Blind- Slat Tenonhts-Mackine.



example, which possesses a comparatively low tensile
strengtli, say 30,000 pounds, requires a force of
100,000 pounds or more to the square inch to crush
it ; while good har-iron, having nearly double the
tensile strength, is crushed by a force of 40,000
pounds to the square inch. The diH'erence is still
more marked in the case of stone and similar ma-
terials. The table appended gives tlie usually ac-
cepted data. The experiments of General Rod-
man, Ordnance Manual, 1861, give generally much
higher tenacities to the diH'erent specimens of wood
tested by him. See Testing-machine.



Fig. 6304.



Fay's Gap-Bul Tenottiiig-Macliine.




Lbs.
Iron, Greenwood, Amer-
ican 45,970

Iron, gun-metal, mean. 37,232

Iron, wrought wire 103.000

Iron, best Swedish bar. 72,000

Iron, Russian bar 59,500

Iron, EugHsh bar 56,000

Iron, rivets, American. 53,300

Iron, bolts 52,260

Iron, hammered 53,913

Iron, mean of English. 53,900
Iron, rivets, English. .. 65,000

Iron, crank shaft 44,750

Iron, turnings 55,800

Iron, plates, boiler, I 48,000

American ( 62,000

Iron, plates, mean, Eng-
lish 51,000

Iron, plates, lengthwise 53,800
Iron, plates, crosswise,. 48,800

Iron, inferior, bar 30,000

Iron, wire, American. . 73,600
Iron, wire, American,

16 diameter 80,000

Iron, scrap. , 53,400

Lead.cast 1.800

Lead, milled 3,.320

I Lead, wire 2,580

Platinum, wire 63,000

Silver, cast 40,000

Steel, cast, maximum. .142.000
Steel, cast, mean 88,657

Steel, blistered, soft.. | jq^'^qq

Steel, .shear 124',000

Steel, blister 133.000

Steel, puddled, extreme 173,817
Steel, puddled or semi-
iron 121,408

Steel, plates, lengthwise 96,.300
Steel, plates, crosswise. 93,700



Lbs.

Steel , razor 150,000

Tin, cast, block 5,0(X)



Spoke-Tenoning Machine.

Weight or Power required to tear asunder one
Sqjiare Inch.



METALS.

Lbs.

Copper, wrought 34,000

Copper, rolled 36,000

Copper, cast, American 24,2.60

Copper, wire 61,200

Copper, bolt 36,800

Iron, cast, Low Moor,
No. 2 14,076



Lbs.



Iron, Clyde, No. 1 16,126

Iron , Clyde, No. 3 ... . 23,468
Iron,Calder, No. 1.... 13.735
Iron, Stirling, mean... 26,764
Iron, mean of Ameri-
can .31,829

Iron, mean of English. 19,484



Tin, Banca

Zinc


2,122
3 500


Zinc, sheet

Brick, well burned ... .
Brick, tire


16,000

750

65


Brick, inferior

Cement , blue stone . . . .

Cement, hydraulic

Cement, Harwich

Cement, Portland, 6

months

Cement, Sheppy

Cement, Portland 1

sand o

Chalk


?90
100

284
30

414
24

380
118




2,346

3,600

140

140