ders, and some have two
acting at angles of 120"^,
and an air-pump occu-
pying the position of a
only one way round, the port in the side of each cylinder
passes direct to the top
Fig. 6411. of one of the other cylin-
ders ; but where it is de-
sired to I'everse the en-
gine, as in the one illus-
trated, the ports to the
top and those to the sides
of each cylinder meet in
a three-way cock, which,
connecting the port
on the side of any
one cylinder with
that to the top of
either one or the
JSMchi
ne for Winding Button-Hole Tivist,
third steam- cylinder. A favorite arrangement with Maudslay '
and Penn.
Fig. 6409. The Baxter canal |
steam-engine has a |
pair of high-pre.>sure I
cylinders and a lower- I
pressure cylinder be- '
tween the other two. I
In \Vil]ans*s three-
cvHuder engine (Fig. I
6414), each <'y[iiidi'r is j
single-acting, receiving :
its stciini uitiin the up- |
per side only of tlie j
piston. Tlie connect- [
ing-rod? atlached di- i
rectly to the pistons i
actuate a three-throw
crank-shaft.
Each piston serves
as a steam-valve con-
trolling the supply of
steam to one or the
other of the two re-
ma i n i n g cylinders
There is a steiim-
chamber in each pis-
ton and a port in its
side. Steam is sup-
plied by menus of a
hollow rod passing
through the top of the
cyhnckT intnastenm-
chest. \\''hen the piston
attains three fourths of
its downward stroke,
its steam-port overlaps
a port in the side of
its cylinder, and steam
then passes to the top
of another of the cyl-
inders. When the
piston has reached
about one half its
Machiiie for Producing Variegated Thread, return stroke, un-
covering the port in
the sideof its cylinder, it allows the steam to escape from the cyl-
inder into which it
Fig. 6410. was previously ad
mitted, into a casing
round the crank-
shaft, from which
the exhaust-steam is
taken either to a con-
denser or to the air,
as the c;u*e may be.
Tn an i-ii>fiue -.vhich
Thread- Winding Gwh-. is reiiuiiei to run
161
Tliree-Box Loom.
other of the other cylinders, reverses the engine.
The equilibrium of the power is maintained by its threefold
action.
The lubrication is done through a steam-lubricator on the
steam-chest, and the waste oil passing down to the bottom of
the casing lubricates the lower ends of the connecting-rods aa
they pass round.
Three-cyl'iu-der Pump. Haskell's three-cyl-
iader jmni}), liaving one inlet and outlet common to
all tlie cylinders,
equalizes the ap- ^'S- 6412.
plication of its
raising and dis-
cliarging jiowev
(causing a contin-
uous stream) by
the diverse posi-
tion of the three-throw crank to which the pistons
are attached.
Three-deck'er. {Nautical.) A ship with three
gun-decks.
Three-head'ed Rail. One having three treads
united by webs, set at an angle of ISO"" with each
other.
Three-high Roll. (Mef.al-iaorl'ing.) A rolling-
apparatus in whirli three rollers are arranged in a ver-
tical series, so that the metal may be passed through
between the middle and lower roll, and then back
between the middle and upper one; rolling it at each
passaire witliout elianging the direction of motion of
the !olls. See Fig. 4416, page 1969.
/
THREE-PART FLASK.
2562
THROAT.
Three-part Flask.
Fi? 0413.
Brotherhood's Three-Cylinder Engine
{Founding.) One contain-
ing a mold
whii-h comes
oil' thcjjattern
J in llircc pieces.
See c d c, Fig.
2010, page
877.
Three-pile.
{Falrrk.) A
costly thick
pile velvet.
Three - ply
Car'pet. A
carpet made of
wool, worsted,
or a combina-
tion of the two,
and having
three webs
whose warps are
hitercliangeable,
so as to allow
such ones to be
brought to the
surface as may
suit tlie de-
velopment of
the pattern.
Also known
as tri])lc-ifi'
Fig. 0415.
grain carjid. See Two-ply Carpet.
Three-square File. The ordinary, tapering,
hand-saw Hie of triangular cross section, r, Fig.
19fi.i, page 840.
Three-stone Mill. A mill with one middle
runner having two faces, which act against two
lateral stones. See Fig. 2.316, page 1021.
Three-'way Cock. One having three positions,
directing the fluid in either of three dill'erent chan-
nels.
In' the illustration (Fig. 6417), the plug has a single trans-
Terse channel ; when the direction of this is vertical, the flow
is direct through the delivery-pipe, but when oblique or hori-
zontal, the flow is into an auxiliary tube, which curves upward
and then enters the delivery-pipe.
The four-way cock is an invention of James Watt. See Fig.
2091, page 912.
Fig. &414.
HaskeWs Three- Cylinder Pump.
Three-vray Valve. One which governs three
openings, as a Thi;ee-way Cock (which see).
Fig. 6418 is a view of Locke's three-way balanced valve foe
hydraulic elevators. 1 shows it supplying water ;
2, closed : 3, slowly discharging ; corresponding Fig. 6416.
to, 1. lifting the cage: 2, holding the cage sta-
tionary ; 3, allowing the cage to descend gradu-
ally. The indented position? at the lower end of
the valve and of the tubular downward prolonga-
tion into the square chamber are for the purpose
of making the openings and closings gradually, so
as to make the first flow of water gradual, a is
the pipe from the main ; c, pipe to the hoist ; /,
discharge-pipe ;_/", supply-valve ; 5, discharge-
valve.
Fig. 6417.
Thresh'er. See Thrashing-machine,
Thresh'old. (Build-
ing.) The sill of a door-
way.
Throat. An en-
trance-way or pas-
.sage ; the more con-
tracted part of a
passage-way, as :
1. (Architec-
ture.) a. The nar-
rowest part of a
chimney,between
the gathering and
the flue.
b. A small
groove on the
under side of a
Three-Cylinder Engine.
Three-Way Coctc.
THROAT-BRAILS.
2563
THROSTLE.
Fig. 6418
Three-Way Balanced Valve /or Hydraulic Hoists.
coping or projecting molding. A gorge. See Gut-
ter.
2. (Shipwrighting.) The interior aiit;le at the
bend of the amis of a knee or compass timlier.
3. {2\''iu/)cal.) a. Tlie crotcli of a gaff wliere it
rests against the mast.
b. The upper front corner of a fore-and-aft saiL
The nock.
c. Tlie interior angle at the junction of the arm
and .shank of an anchor.
4. (Agricultural.) The entrance- way where grain
in the stiaw passes from the feed-board to the cylin-
der of a thrashing-machine.
5. {Whcehcrighting.) That portion of a spoke
just Ijeyond the swell at the junction of the hub,
where the spoke is thinner toward its outer side.
6. (Puddling.) The narrowed entrance to the
neck of the furnace, where the area of Hue jiassage is
regulated.
7. The opening in a plane stock through which
the .shavings pa.ss upward.
8. (Fortification.) The narrowed space between
the flanks of a bastion at their junction witli the
curtain, or between the rear ends of tlie faces of a
rednn. A gorge. See Redax ; B.\.stio.\.
Throat-brails. (^Nautical.) Brails which lead
through blocks beneath the jaws of a gaff.
^Throat-dov^rn'hauls. (XaiUical.) Ropes for
rousing down the throat of a gaff.
Throat-hal'yards. (Xnuticnl.) A tackle for
lifting tlie gaff at the throat. The peak halyards
lifts the other end.
Throat-latch. (Saddlery.) The strap which
passes under a horse's throat and assists in holding
the bridle in place. Throat-band.
Throat-strap. (Saddlcnj.) The upper strap of
a halter that encircles the horse's tliroat ; also called
jaw strap.
Throe. A tool for splitting balks of timber into
shingles or clapboards. A/rotv.
Thros'tle. 1. (Cotton.) The drawing-frami of
the cotton manufacture. The great invention which
succeeded the spinning-Jenni/ of Hargreaves. The
drawing-frame is for attenuating slivers of fiber by
passing tliem through consecutive pairs of rollers,
each pair in the succession revolving at a higher
speed than its predecessor. Leon Paul, by patent of
1738, claimed a mode of s)iinning by rollers, but the
device did not come into use. (See Spixxixg.)
Richard Arkwright perfected the invention and
patented it in 17611.
Arkwriglit's original spinning-frame was fed with
rovings which passed between three pairs of rollers
of successively increasing speed. The yarns were
wound upon bobbins by means of flyers. It was the
culmination of several attempts, and possesses the
main features of the t/irostlc and the bobbin and /?;/-
frame in function, as well as in tlie relative positions
of parts. See Spixxixg, Fig. 5404, page 2271.
The bofjbin and fly-frame is similar in principle to the throstle,
and is adapted forgiving a partial t«ist to the sliver as delivered
from tlie carding-machiiie or the douMiuit-frame. The slivers
in cans are fed to the course bobbin and ti,v -frame, where they
are reduced and partially twisted so as to give tbeoi greater
coherence, being elong:ited say 4i times. The rovings thus
produced are wound on bobbins which are placed on the creel
of the A"^ bobbin iindjfy-/ramey by which they are still farther
reduced and twisted.
These rovings on their bobbins are then transferred to the
throstle, a transverse vertical section of which is shown in Fig.
6419.
a a are two of the bobbins. The thread, a.s it is drawn off
from these, passes through tile dniwiog-rollers 6 c d, and then
to the spindles. Here it is twisted and wound upon the bob-
bins. The bobbins li have no rotatory motion imparted to them.
Fig. 6419.
Tlirostle.
but simply rest upon the trays /, and are dragged round by the
thread as it twists itself round them, as the fork or tly i- re-
volves much more rapidly than the thread is given out from the
drawiug-rollers. The up-and-down motion of the bobbins is
elTected in the following manner : —
Tlie lever o turns at its center on a spindle fixed to the frame-
work. At its ends it is connected by the rods » n to the trays
1 1, upon which the bobbins r^st, and receives au oscillating
motion from the heart-shajied cam w through the lever .â– ( ; and
rod V- The cam depresses the one .side of the lever, which is
pulled down on the other side by the weight r as the cam re-
cedes. By this means the travs, and therefore also the bobbins,
are moved up and down. The spindles receive their motion
from the drum y and the belts x x passing round the small
pulleys ic tc. The speed of the rollers and spindles is propor-
tioned to the required fineness of the yarn- For example, the
drum 1/ making t300 revolutions per minute, the spindles, whcse
pulleys are > r. nf the diameter of the drum, make 3,600 revolu-
tions. There are usually from ~h to 1.50 spindles on each side
of the throstle, and they are set about 3 inches apart, all being
driven from the drum y, which extends the whole length of the
machine. '
The specific dilTerence between the action of the tlirosth and
the t/ttde is that the former has a continuous action, drajving,
ttcisling, and iviiidiii^ . while the tfiiile has an alternate action,
drawing and twtstins, and then ipindirtg.
It is thus stated by Tomlinson : —
" The iniite having made a definite length of yam, the opera-
tion of spinning is suspended while the yarn is being wound up
/
THROTTLE.
2564
THURL.
on bobbin? or spinJIes. In the throptle the yam is both spun
and wound :it tiie s;inie time. Tlie throstie-yarn is sinnnth and
wiry, while tlie niule-yaru is ^ofc aud downy. ThrusUe-ijtirn is
employed for warps of heavy poods, and ibr mailing sewinfi-
thread : m«/f-yarn is used for tiie weft of heavy goods, and for
the warp and weft of soft and tine goods.'* See ItoBUiN and
FLY-FR.4.ME J Dr.\wi.\g-fr.\me ; ROVI.NG ; MuLE ; D0UBLI^G j
.Je.\nv.
The throstle derived its name from the singing or humming
which it occasioned. It was also called the water-frmue from
the fact that the machinery in Arkwright's mill, where it was
first used, was driven by a water-wheel.
"2. .-V s|iimUu lor wool.
Throt'tle. (Steam.) A uaiiie for the TiinoiTLE-
V.\LVK (wliich sei').
Throt'tle-le'ver. TIio haiuUe of the throttle-
â– \'alvt'.
Throt'tle -valve. (Sleam-cnginc.) A valve
whirh regiilate.s the supply of steam to the cyliniler.
Ill the Watt engine it i.s a disk turning on an a.xi.s
and occupying in its transverse position the bore of
the main steam-pipe.
It is frei|ueutly an ordinary conical valve with a
stem operated by a screw.
In land engines it is generally connected with the
governor.
Through-bolt. {Machinery.) A bolt passing
entirely through and fastened on opposite sides of
the object or objects .secured by it, as in 1, 3, 4, 5,
Fig. 768.
Through-bridge. One in which the track rests
on tlie lowi-r striii;;er (Fig. 2702, page 1201) in con-
tradistinction to a (/i'fA - bridge («, Fig. 377.5, page
172), ill which the track occupies the upper .stringer,
the top of the truss.
Through-stoue. A bond-stone, extending across
the tliiikness of the wall. A perbaid.
Throw. (Machinery.) The radial reacli of a
crank, eccentric, or cam.
Throvir-crook. 1. (Hu.'ib(tnilrif.) A tool like a
brace for twisting liay or straw bands. See Fig. 2448.
2. (Pottery.) A potter's wheel. A throivcr. See
THi;o\vi.\T.-T.\r.i.E.
Throw'ing. 1. A third process in the spinning
andcombiningof silk thread. SeeTiiiiowx Si.N'(;LES.
2. (Pottery.) The operation of forming a mass of
clay into a vessel on tile potter's wheel.
Throwr'ing-en'gine. (Pottery.) A potter's
wheel. A revolving disk on which clay is formed
by the hands of tlie potter, into the shape of a vessel.
Throvff'ing-mill. See Tlli-.owi,\o-T.\Br.E.
Throw'iug-ta'ble. A revolving, horizontal
table on which earllien vessels are shaped by the
potter.
Clay ware is Ihroinn, prased, or cast. In some
cases, after being partially dried, it is turned to give
it smoothness.
The throwing-table consists of a horizontally rotating disk,
turned by the foot, an assistant, or by m.achinery.
A lump of clay prepared
Fig. 6420.
by an assistant, called
baiter^ is handed to the
thrower^ who da-shes it upon
the center of the wheel, and
then, with wet hands, com-
mences to work the mass
Pressing it upward, he raises
it into a cone,
^.^1^ and then flattens
1
Tft'oiring- Tii'"
it so as to express bubbles. Then, with skillful motions of the
hand inside and out, aidetl by a piece of hi>rn, bune, or porce-
lain, and called a rib, he gives it the shape shown in the figure.
The outer surface is worked by a lentpUt, and gages projecting
horizontally from a post upon the table a.ssist the eye of the
workman in giving the requiiX'd bight to the shoulder and
the lip.
Throw'ing-wheel. A potter's wheel. See
TiiK'iwiN(;-i .vr.i.i;.
Throw-lathe. A small lathe whicli is driven by
one hand, while the tool is managed by the other.
Thrown. (.Uininri.) When a lode is intersected
by a slide, if the niuliscovered portion of the lode
has apparently been lengthened, it is said to be throini
lip : it the ri-veise, it is thrown doini.
ThroTVU Silk. A silk thread made of two or
more siniiles, twi.sted together in a direction con-
trarv to the twist of the singles of wliicli it is com-
pos,:d.
Thrown Siu'gles. Silk thread, the result of
three .â– -eparate s|iiiiiiing operations.
Silk filaments are twisted to form .^)h^/«. Several of these
are combiiu-d and twisted together (iloubtingV forming itiim'}
singlf.^ A number of the latter are associated and twisted to-
gether (llooifiits), forming throivii .^iii;;!f!i.
This, if single-twisted, is tram ,â– if double-twisted, is or^nn-
zine.
If the gum be left in it, it is /larti silk ; if the gum be re-
moved, 50/? .^itk.
The openttion is as follows : the filaments of silk from the
bobbin are twisted in one direction, and the simple thus ob-
tained is wound on a second bobbin. A number of bobbins
containing singles are placed in a finme, and their ends, being
united, the combined bunch of singles is wound on a bobbin,
antl from thence on to a reel. From this the bunch of singles
is conducted to a rotating flyer, which twists it and delivers it
as t/irmrn silk on to a bobbin. See Doubung.
Thrum. 1. (Xautieal.) a. Coarse untwisted
rope, used for mops and for mat-making.
b. A wad of such yarns or a .sail )iassed overboard
and liauli-d into the vicinity of a leak, so as to be
drawn tin-rein to.
e. To insert tufts of hemp or coir in the meshes
in making a rope-mat.
2. (ire(tving.) The ends of the warp or weft
threails.
Thrust. 1. (Mining Enyinccring.) The break-
ing downward of the roof of a gallery, owing to the
weight of the superincumbent strata. 0]iposed to
creep, which is an upheaval of the gallery floor.
2. (Hustiandry.) The white whey which last
leaves the curd in pressing.
Thrust'ing-Bcrew. The screw of a screw-press ;
of a cheese-]»ii*ss, for instance.
Thumb-cleat. (Nautical.) A small
cleat I'oiiniiig a leader to carry the bight
of a rope.
Thumb-nut. One having wings by
whiili it is turned by the thumb and
finger to tighten upon its bolt.
Thumb-screw^. 1. A screw with a flat-sided
head, adapted to be turned by the finger and thumb.
2. An old instrument of torture to break the
thumb-joint. A thumb-kin.
Thumb-stall. 1. (Ordnance.) A stall of buck-
skin stufied with hair, which a cannoneer wears on
his thumb to cover the vent while the jiiece is being
sponged and loaded.
2. A .sailor's thimble nsed in .sail-making.
Thun'der-rod. An old-time name for the light-
ning-rod, designed to make their houses
" Secure of thunder's crack." — Trrrs A.xdromcds.
Thurl. (Mining.) a. A short communication
between adits.
b. A long adit in a coal-pit. •
c. To make a breach into former workings or gate-
road.s.
Fig. 6421.
Tliumh-Nut.
THURST.
25C<5
TICKLER.
Thurst. (Miitiiiy.) The ruins of the incumbent
strata alter the pillnrs and slalli are wrought out.
Thwack'ing-frame. (TiU-nuikinti.) A table
with a curviil to]!. u]iou which a half-ilried pantile
is bent to lonn. The tool by wliich the upper side
is beaten has the shape of the segment of a cylinder,
and is called the Ihwucker.
Thwart. (ymUiail.) One of the transverse
planks which keep the sides of a boat asunder, like
the beams of a ship, and serve as seats for the row-
ers. They are spaced about 2 feet' 10 inches apart,
from center to center, in single-banked boats, and 3
feet in double-banked boats.
Tib'i-a. (Music.) Formerly, a (lute ; as made
of the leg bone of an auiiual.
Tick. (Fabric.) A woven fabric for holding the
filling of mattresses and beds. Ticking ; ticken.
Tick'et. A piece of card, bone, ivory, metal, or
what not, printed, in>pres.sed, or plain, the equiva-
lent of a sum of money paid for a ride, admission to
a concert or other entertainment, etc. One meaning
of the Latin tessera;.
Pericle* founded the practice of paving for places at theaters ;
and at Pompeii have been found tione tickets of admission, one
side representing the theater, and the reverse having words and
figures, some with the place in the theater to which they gave
admission engraved upon them. See farther in Fosbroke's
" Bncy. Antiq," I. 336, 3ST.
Pig. 6422.
// • - /, r./<(ry Tickfl- Printing :â–
Tick'et-hold'er. 1. A device to hold a railway
ticket in the hat or to the lapjiel of the coat ; or a
tag to a bale or package. See Tao.
2. A contrivance to attach a c;iixl or check to a
trunk or parceL See Baggage-chf.ck, Fig. 524,
paje 210.
Tick'et Print'ing and Num'ber-ing Ma-
chine'. A machine (<<r printing and cnnMciiiively
numbering tickets. The first machine of tliis kind
was invented by Edmmidson, in England, about
1810, and was designed to remedy tlie troulib'.some
practice then in use on railways of stamping and
tearing each ticket from a book previous to its de-
livery to the purchaser. This machine imprinted the
date and consecutively numbered the tickets, but
was imiierfect in its inking arrangements, freijueutly
rendering the tickets illegible.
Church and Goddard's machine, introduced subsequently,
printed, numbered, cut, counted, and p;icked the tickets. Paste-
board, cut into strips, is placed in a feed-trough and brought
under the prongs ot a fork working with an intermittent move-
ment, and p.asses successively between four p.airs of horizontal
carrying-rollers, by which it Ls intemiittingly moved forward
over a Ijed carryiiig the type and the numbering-roller^ At
each stop, during the forward progress of the strip, the bed U
caused to rise by means of a cam-movement, and print first
the denomination of the ticket, and secondly the number ; ;if»
it falls after each upward movement a self acting apparatus inks
the type. The completed ticket is then severvd Wrween a fixe<l
knife and a reciprocating knife attached to tlie bed. and is de-
livered into a box provided with a piston by which the ticketi
are packed.
A counting-apparatus connected with the working parts of
the machine is caused to ring a bell when a certain number uf
ticket* (say 100) is completed. The numbering disks are oper-
ated in a manner analogous to tho.se employed for p.aging books.
In another machine the types and numbering-disks are fixed
in a metallic frame, which also carries the numbering-disks. The
frame is mounted on a rwk-shafl, and is rocked by means of a
handle to bring the types down on the card and produce an im-
pression : as it is raised again, the unit disk is advanced one
figure, and the types are inked by a roller receiving its supply
from an inkins-tjible which forms the top of the frame.
Baranow.«ki"s machine (French) has a horizontal shaft, hav-
ing near each end a disk, carrying a metallic frame of similar cur-
vature to the disk, and on wViich the type and numbering-disks
are arranged radially to the shaft. The type-frame has a slot
or opening through which the peripheries of three numbering-
disks project. The tickets are automatically fed one by one be-
tween the type-frame and a pres^-roller of india-rubber and de-
posited in a box. The arrangenients are such that different
colored inks may W used upon the Siime ticket Registering-
disks on the same shaft with the numbering-disks indicate the
number of tickets printed.
In Hoe's machine for printing and numbering railway and
other tickets, the forms are placed on a cylinder which has a
continuous rotarv movement The tickets are worked from a
roll, and are printed at the rate of 10,000 to 12,000 an hour,
numbei>ed, cut, and deposited in a receptacle in regular
order, at a single operation. The number may l>e printed
in a different color from the body of the ticket, and
it can be changed with great facility. The machine
occupies a space of about two feet square.
The Band and .\very machine is very rapid. It is
operated with closed doors, and though shown to the
writer, it may not be their wish to have a description
published.
Tick'et-punch. A punch used
by railway and street car couductoi-s
for perforating tickets.
In the example, the fixed jaw Fig. 6123.
has one longitudinal slot, into
which the ticket is inserted, and
a second slot at right angles to
this, in which the movable jaw
carrving the punch works. The
two jaAvs art; kept apart by a
spring when not in use.
The alarm and registering
ticket-punch, now used on
street-cars and elsewhere,
cuts off and saves a piece of a
ticket or a trip slip, and gives
an audible notice of the
punching The pieces and
the register (if there be one)
â– are the records of the num-
ber of passengers, and the
bell-alarm calls theattcntion Tieket-Punek.
I of the payer to the fact of the punching,
enlisting his attention in the service of the company.
See also patents
No. 65,090
68,687
69,019
79,232
No. 79,470
79,498
84,739
86,438
So. 89,S2S
100,036
101,598
111,.345
No. Ill ,391
115,119
}35,o49
Tick'ing. (Fchric.) A closely woven, stripcil
linen or cotton cloth to hold fe^athers, husks, or oilier
filling for beds or mattre,s.ses. It is nsually twilled.
Tick'len-burgh. (Fabric.) A coarse, mixed
linen rulnii-.
Tick'ler. 1. A book or case containing memo-
randa.
/
TIDAL ALARM.
2566
TIDE-GAGE.
The memoraadimi-book of the Middle Ages was tiie volume
which was most re:id by the owner. Petrarch had a MS. Virgil,
with the com-
Fig. &424.
Alarm ami Regislering Ticket-
Punch.
mentary of Ser-
Tius. It con-
tains marginal
notes in liisowu
hand, and an
account of the
death of Laura,
on a distinct leaf
of pai'er pasted
on the wood of
the binding.
2. A pron^'
used by coopers to ex-
tract bungs tVoin cusks.
Ti'dal A-larm'. An
c'liulible ahum o[ierated
by the ebb and lk)w of
the tide.
It is placed on a npit or