Fig. 4390. Fig 4391.
Fig. 4392.
Fig. 4393.
ri
Pump- Rod Boring-Tool *^_.— — ~i
Coupting. Rod-Coupling. Coupling. Drill-Rod Coupling.
In Fig 439T, the ends of the pipes have enlargements, and
are secured by clamping, wedge-pieces, and an outer sleeve.
Fig. 4394.
Pin, and Dowel
Machine.
In Fig. 4392, the ends of the rods have annular channels, are
clamped by half-cyliuders similarly grooved, and secured by &
tapering tbinible.
In Fig. 43^3, a recess in one section receives the end of a
spring secured to the other section ; the spring is depressed
while the screw joint is being tiglitened, and when released by
engagement with the recess prevents revolution.
Rod-il'on. Rolled round iron for nails, fencing,
etc.
Rod, Pin, and Dow'el Ma-chine'. ( If'ood-
working.) A device for
turning cylindrical dowels,
rods,etc.,fromangularstuft'.
The flame a is secured to a
st^ind, and c;irries the hol-
low rotating arbor b, to
which the cutter-head c i-
clamped by a screw. Tli'
stuff is prevented from
turning by a collar d hav-
ing an angular aperture, through which, and the
central opening of the arbor, it is pushed while be-
ing operated on bj- the revolving-cutter.
The coUai's and cutters are of different caliber,
adapted to the various sizes of material used and to
the recjuired diameter of the finished rod or pin.
Rod-plan'er. A special machine-tool for plan-
iug locomotive connecting-rods, guide-bars, and
similar work. It lias two sets of uprights and cross-
heads, with double saddle on each cross-head. The
table is driven by spiral driving-gear, so arranged as
to move the table at the same speed each way, and
taking cut in both directions. The movable cross-
head is adjustable to or from the stationary cross-
head, so as to adapt the machine to vaiying lengths
of work ; say from 3i to 10 feet. Self-operating feed
to the saddle will plane both ends of two connecting,
rods at the same time. Also applicable to all kinds
of stub-ends for stationary-engine work.
Rogue's yam. A worsted thread laid up in the
middle of each strand of British dockyard rope, to
prevent theft. Differently colored worsteds are used
in each dockyard, in order to trace the maker of rope
which proves defective.
Fig 4395.
Roll. 1. (if etal -working.) One of the pair of cyl-
inders between which metal is passed to draw it into
bar, or to flatten it out into a sheet See Rolling-
mi i.i~
The largest known to the writer is a pair of iron
rolls for Sir John Brown's works at Sheffield, Eng-
land. These rolls are 15 feet 6 inches in extreme
length, and 3 feet in diameter, and each weighs 18
tons. They are used for rolling armor-plates.
2. (Engraving.) The cylindrical die in a trans-
' ferring-press. See Bank-note Engraving. See
Roller.
3. (iVool-ieorkinq.) A carding of wool, delivered
broadside from the cards, and somewhat compacted
in the process. Rolls are prepared for hand-spin-
ning.
The dotUnri-cijlindcr of a wool-carding machine has
longitudinal bands of cards with intervening s)>nies.
The doffing-knifc removes the fibers from these bands
in slivers which are of the length of the doflSng-cyl-
ROLL AND FILLET.
1962
ROLLER.
RoUs.
inder. They fall into the roller-bowl, which rolls
and compacts them, bringing them into the condi-
tion of rolls or cardinys, wliich are taken to the
slubbituj-machine.
i. (Boukbiudiag.) A tool (a) for hand emboss-
ing or gilding
Fig. 4396. ^^f:^^^iij^ where a contin-
uous line 01- jiat-
teru is to be im-
pressed upon a book-
cover. It is a brass
wheel, whcse edge is
of the pattern desired,
either in single, double,
or triple line, or hav-
ing fillets, interlacing,
or scroll pattern en-
graved thereon. It is
mounted in a holder
and heated over gas or
charcoal. The handle rests against the shoulder of
the operator, and the wheel is passed along the place
to be e m -
Fig. 4397. _^^^*^ bossed. For
gilding, the
surface is pre-
viously spread
with glaire,
and gold-leaf
is laid thereon.
5. (Metal-
lurgy.) One
of a pair or
series of roll-
ers arranged in pairs, between which ores are crushed.
That shown at b (Fig. 4396) has an interior longitu-
dinal slot to receive the key by which it is held on
the shaft.
6. (Building.) A .strip with a rounded top laid
over a roof at the ridge or at lateral joints, to raise
the sheet-lead at those points.
7. (Paper-makiiui.) A cylinder mounted with
blades for working jiaper-pulp in the tub.
Roll and Fil'let. A rounded molding with a
S(|uare fillet on its face.
Roll-blot'ter. One having a roller around which
sheets of blotting-paper are fastened, and a handle in
whose forks the ends of the roller axis are journaled.
Roll-boil'ing. (fVoolcn-mnniifacturc.) A pro-
cess for giving a luster to cloth by scalding the cloth,
while tightly wound upon a roller, in a vessel of hot
water or steam. (Hirst's English patent, 1830.)
Roll-box. (Spinning.) In the jack-frame, the
rotary can or cyliniler in which the bobbin and car-
rier cylinder for the rovings revolve.
Roll'er. 1. (Husbandry.) A clod-crusher or
ground-levelei-. An implement of a cylindrical form
to roll over arable ground to break clods, cover seed,
and press in plants which are thrown out of the
ground by frost.
The roller is mentioned as an implement for break-
ing the clods of arable ground by Googe, in his
" Heresbachius," publi-shed in 1578.
The ordinary land-roller has a single cylinder
Fig. 4398
Bookbindefs Roll.
Land'RoUer.
made of a trunk of a tree or of logs of wood upon a
skeleton frame, or is a shell of iron with spokes and
having sockets for an a.xle or gudgeons.
Fig. 4398 shows a double roller, in which the de-
tachable tongue is confined with bands to the frame
to which it is bolted. The rear rollers are adjusted
and loosely attached to the elongated rear bar of the
forward frame.
Fig. 4399 has three rollers on separate axles, the
Fig. 4399.
LanrJ-RoUer.
rear one trailing behind, traveling upon the ground
lelt unrolled between the two preceding ones.
Land-rollers are also made of pecidiar construction
or size for specific purposes in husbandry, as the
corn-roller, caue-roUer.
The roller-drill is one having a roller following
the seed-depositing share, to compact the ground
upon the seed. Such a roller is a covering-rolU'r.
The a(«j?i(7-roller (a) has a central axis and a se-
ries of circular cutting-plate.s, divided by interven-
ing collars, which maintain them at the required
distance. It is used in preparing ground for tillage,
cutting through sods and tangled grass and herbage
to prevent choking of the plow. This is also known
Fig. 4400.
as a (^isyt- roller or a flanged roller for restoring mead-
ows.
2. A machine for leveling roads (see Road-roller)
or for garden-walks.
Corntgaled or toothed rollers have been introduced
into land culture, and are known as clod-crushers.
This is the normal idea of a roller, but these ridged
or spiky cylinders are more effective in breaking
than their smooth relatives.
The clod-crusher (b) consists of a number of seg-
ments attached to an iron axle 6J feet long. The
ROLLER.
1963
ROLLER-DIE.
segments have protuberances which give the knobby
charuoter to the roller.
Fig. 4401 is a combined harrow and roller. The
harrow is adjustable vertically by a lever and rotated
Fig 440L
Harrow and RolUr.
by gearing from the axle ; it is followed by a roller
on the same frame.
3. {Xiiiitical.) A cylindrical anti-friction bar
which revolves as a hawser or rope traverses against
it, aud thus saves the rope from wear.
4. (Ordnnnci.) a. A cylinder of wood, used as a
winch in mounting and dismounting guns.
b. For meclianical maneuvers in the ordnance
department, roll-rs are used for mounting and dis-
mounting cannon, or for transporting them to short
disUinces.
Lonq and short rollers are circular in .section, be-
ing slightly hollowed out at their midleugth, the
better to prevent the gun from slipping otf. The
half-roller is semicircular in section, but is similarly
hollowed out on top.
5. (Mclal-workimj). A ciicalar object in a ma-
chine acting as a carrier, as a culler, as a die, as an
iinpresxion-cylindcr, or as a flutloier, e. g:, —
a. The carrier has an e.'caniple in the rotating
be.irers on which the bed of a printiug-michine trav-
erses. It is common in other machines also, as the
(i;'rtW()i^ rollers of siiinning-machines, the /(^>^c,)/ roll-
ers and flu rollers of scrAbliiig-nuichincs, the tinsel
roller of a lace-rriMhiyie.
b. The cutter is shown in some forms of rotary
shears and siiltiiirf-itviehiiics, in which the edge of
a roller laps past another roller or a plate and makes
a shear cut.
c. The rfi'<; is found in the hub or roller die of
the bank-note engraver's transferring-niachine (Fiw.
4403). E.xamples are also to be seen in many kinds
of embossing-machines.
d. The impression-cylinder is found in copperplate
printing-presses, some forms of printing- machines,
aud in calicu-printing machines.
e. The flattener is found in rolling-mills, etc.
6. (Hardwrire.) A broad-faced wheel having
gudgeons, and used as an anti-friction de\'ioe to fa-
cilitate transportation of the object resting upon it.
A caster. May be cited, —
Barn-door roller.
Chest-roller.
Sash<ord roller.
Trunk-roller.
7. (.Vusic.) The studded barrel of the mu.sical
box or chime-ringing machine.
8. (Statioiiery.) A rolling blotter.
9. The printer's inking-cylinder. A cylinder of
wooil covered with a composition of glue and molas-
ses, which is poured around it in a moM. The cyl-
inder revolves on an iron axis as the roller runs over
the face of the form.
10. Paper-making machines require cylinders of
great accuracy, and their preparation involves .several
processes.
Abradant3 are dispensed with, and (he required accuracy of
1 contact 19 attained by the friction of the surfaces of the rollers
on each other, water being plentifully supplied to prevent their
beating and tearing each other.
They are first turned as truly cylindrical as possible in the
lathe, and tested for parallelism by a thin copper wire applied
around the circumference at various parts. The journals are
turned at the same time to insure their concentricity with the
cylinder. They are then mounted on their own bearings in a
frame similar to that in which they ar« to be eniployi-d, and
their surfaces carefully adjusted to each other, the bearings of
one being fixed, and those of the other provided with a screw
adjustment, bo that they may be closed upon
each other until their highest points just touch.
They are then exaniined to see how they corre-
spond to each other. Having been turned in the
same lathe, their errors are usually alike, that
is, they are either both convex or both concave;
long rollers generally have the latter defect, in
consequence of the middle part of the slide be-
ing more worn from turning short pieces of work.
When there is a considerable want of correspond-
ence between the two it is reduced by grinding
each separately with a lead grinder mounted on
the end of a long lever and supplied with emery.
When reduced nearly to correspondence with each other, they
are adjusted so as to revolve in contact, and the face of one \i
' marked with chalk lines at intervals of a few inches ; the man-
ner of transfeirence of these from one to the other indicates
which parts do and which do not come in contact. The pro-
jecting parts are then farther ground away. When all the lines
are transferred with considerable regularity, showing that the
two surfaces nearly fit each other, thev are adjusted by bringing
their highest point,s into contact, and are then, by belt and pul-
ley conuections, caused to revolve in opposite directions and at
ditferent speeds, a constant stream of water being meanwhile
directed upon them. By this means fresh points on each are
continually brought in contact with each other, causing an
equal and uniform abrasion, and gradually reducing both to a
truly cylindrical surface. As the most projecting parts arfl
gradually brought into correspondence, the two are pres.=ed to-
gether by the adjusting screws, bringing a greater proportion
of their surfaces into coht;ict, and the openition is thus con-
tinued until both are gradually reduced to their true form, car*
being taken to avoid too great friction between them, which
might heat and tear the surfaces. The process is tetlious, and
requires several days for its completion. See also Fig. 4405.
Sometimes the rollers are ground under a pressure equal to
that which they will have to sustain when at work, in order to
ensure their not bending when actually required to perform
their duty in the machine. In this ease the two are driven in
the same direction, but with slightly diifering velocities.
11. (Saddlery.) The broad, padded surcingle used
as a girth to hold a heavy blanket in its proper posi-
tion, generally made of twilled web with leather bil-
lets and chapes.
RoU'er-bar'ro^y. A barrow mounted on a wide
roller so a.s to cause
no injury to the
grass, as the wheel-
barrow does, by cut-
ting into the turf
with its narrow
wheel.
RoU'er-bowl. ^ " j^
{JVoolcn - Ttianufac- —'n^ " .
lure.) A device at Bo
tie delivery end of
a wool-carding machine, for rolling the stivers de-
tached by the dojfing-kuife from the longitudinal
band-cards of the doffing-cylinder. The rolling com-
pacts the stivers into cardings or rolls, \\\w\\ are de-
livered upon an apron, and are removed to the slub-
bing-machine, where they are joined endwise and
receive a slight twist.
Fig. 4402.
RoU'er-die. A die
of cylindrical form, used
in transferring steel-plate
engravings for b.Tnk-note
printing, and also the
patterns to the rolls used ^
in calico-printing. The
design is first engraved
on a plate of soft steel,
which is then hardened
aud subjected, in con-
Fig. 4403.
ROLLER-GIN.
1964
ROLLING-BRIDGE.
junction with the die of soft steel, to the action of a
jiowei-i'ul press, by wliich the intii^lio lines of the
jilate are transferred in cameo to the die ; this is
afterward hardened, and serves to transfer the design
to a plate, a roller, or to another die.
RoU'er-gin. 1. One in which the cotton is
drawn away from the seed by pinching-roUers, in
contradistinction to the saw-gin. See OuTTuN-GIN.
2. (Hoisting.) One provided with a roller on
which the rope winds, and with a ratchet and pawl
to sustain the weight.
RoU'er-lift. (Printing.) A small cam to raise
the rollers from the ink surface in a power- [iress.
Roll'er-lock. (Printing.) A frame carrying
adjustalile roller-journals.
RoU'er-mill. A machine for bruising Haxseed,
before grinding under edge-
Fig. 4404. stones and pressing. The
seeds are placed in the hopper
a, and are fed downward to
the crushing-rollers b h' by a
small roller c within the hop-
~] per. The rollers b V ai-e
I geared together so as to ro-
i tate in opposite directions,
' and are turned by a hand
crank on the sliaft d, whicdi
carries a fly-wheel at its other
extremity, and also a pulley,
which rotates the feed-roll c.
The crushed seeds fall through
a slit into a box beneath the
machine.
RoU'er-mold. (Print-
ing.) A mold in which com-
position inking-roUers are
cast.
Roller-MM. Roli'er-stock. (Print-
ing.) The frame upon which
composition rollers are cast. It has usually a jour-
nal at eacli end.
Rol'ley. (Mining.) A large truck in a coal-
mine, holding two corves as they arrive on the trains
from the workings. A number of rolleys are couplerl
together and hauled by a horse to the bottom of the
engine-shaft. A trolly is a small two-wheeled truck
used in a rolling-mill to wheel the balls of j)uddled
iron to the sc|ueezer.
Rol 'ley-way. (Mining.) A tramway in a
mine.
RoU-grind'iag Ma-chine'. A machine for ac-
curately grinding rolls for the finer kinds of sheet-
metal rolling, and more especially for calender rolls.
Poole's machine, p.atented July 8, 1868, has one or
FiR. 4405.
PooU^S RoU-Grin'tin^ Mackitu.
more pairs of cutting or grinding tools upon a frame
which is free to move laterally or transversely to the
object which is being turned or ground, the tools
constituting a |iair being capable of adjustment
thereon, in relation to one another, and dependent
for their movements to and from the surl'ace of the
object placed between them to be turned or ground
by their contact with the surface or surfaces of the
object at opposite points thereof.
The view is a transverse section through the roll
D, bed J, and w'ays ti, showing the grinders F,
rests G, and slide-bed H in end elevation.
See also his patents, January 18, 1870 ; June 21,
1870 ; August 20, 1872. In the June 21, 1870, jiat-
ent, the surface is reduced by devices moving parallel
to a vertical plane passing through the axis of the
roll, but inclined to a plane passing horizontally
through the said axis. This obliquity is obtained
by the depression of one of the bearings. The effect
is to give a diminished waist to the roller, the grind-
ing line being a curve and the roll spindle-shaped.
See also description under Rollek, 10 (pievious
page).^
Elliott, December 15, 1874, has an arrangement
of three grinding wheels presented at an angular re-
lation of 120° to the roll to be ground, the grinders
being journaled in a frame, which is free to move in
all directions in a plane transverse to the cylinder
placed between them, their movement depeniling on
the surface to be ground. To prevent undue pressure
of the upper wheel upon the surface, the weight of the
frame is counterbalanced by a lever and counterpoise.
RoU'ing. 1. (Metal-working.) The process of
drawing out or flattening metal by passing between
rollers. See Rolling-mill.
2. (Bookbinding.) The process of flattening the
pack of gathered signatures by hammering or pass-
ing through the rolling-press.
Roll'ing-bar'rel. (Gunpov-der.) A barrel in
which the ingredients for making giiniiowder are
jiulverized. It has an axis at each emi, on whirli
it rotates, and a door for the introduction and re-
moval of materials. That used for charcoal is of
cast-iron, having a series of interior ledges, and that
for niter and sulphur of Ic.ither .stretched on a wood-
en frame. The material, together with twice its
weight of bronze balls, is placed in the barrel, wliich
is rotated from one to eight hours, accoiding to cir-
cumstances.
Roll'ing-bridge. a. A railway draicbridgc made
to move laterally upon a car-
riage until it has passed the Fig. 4406.
junction of the line of rails, f^ ,^t„
and thence to pass inward, / \\ j ; ^
so as to leave the water-way ^ =*= .in ^
clear.
h. Another form of tlie
rolling-bridge, intended for
ordinary roadways, is merely Rolling-Bridge.
withdrawn on the main track,
and when restored is sup]iorted by struts which rest
in set-offs in the wall of the abutnjent.
c. Or the rolling-bridge may have a strong frame
supported by wheels upon a line of rails and an
overhanging portion sufticient to span the water-
way ; or one half of the water-way, if it be met
by a similar half-bridge from the other .side.
When closed by being rolled forward, the rolling
frame leaves a gap between its platform and that of
the approach. This gap is filled by another rolling
frame that moves sideways. The latter rolling frame
is rolled out of the way before opening the bridge.
Another rolling-bridge traverses in an arc on can-
non-balls. See Swing-bridge.
d. Figs. 4407 and 4408 illustrate the bridge con-
necting the towns of St. Malo and St. Servan, in
KOLLING-CAM PRESS.
1965
ROLLING-FRAME.
Fi-ance, on an estuary into which the river Ronce dis- 1 roller revolving between cam-wheels. Tliis move-
charges. The rise of the tide is here very great, so tliat | ment was invented by Dick, about 1848.
_, .,„ Inthefigure,ao'arethe
Fig. 4107. sectors, the lower one of
which has a beariug id a
Fig. 4409.
RoUin^-Bridgr. of St. Malo, France ( Tide out).
while at low tide the bed of the estuary might be
crossed, at high tide passengers were compelled to
make a wide circuit. To obviate this, the arrange-
ment shown, consisting of a platform having accom-
modation for liorses antl vehicles, supported on
pillars, and having wheels running upon rails laid on
the bed of the estuary, was designed by M. Leroyer.
e. The rolling-bridge for the assault of fortihcations
is a platform on wheels or rollers, driven up the
Fig. 4408.
groove in the lower fixed bed, and
the upper in iv groove in the mov-
able bed above ; their faces are in
contact with the eccentric journnls
of the can)-%vheels 6 b' , which rise
and fall between guides on the
standards p, and between which the
roller c is interposed ; on depressing
the lever tl to which this roller is at-
tached, the sectors are caused to
rotate iuto the po.«ition shown, ^^-*Qi
bringing the longer axes of the
Dick's Anti-Friction
Press.
cams into perpendicu-
lar position, thci-eby
raising the upper bed.
Roll'ing-
chocks. (Nau-
tical.) Jaws on a
Fig. 4410.
Rolling- Eriilge o/ St. Malo ( Tide in).
gl-tci? and intended to span the ditch, to admit the
assaulting column into the works.
Roll'ing-cam Press. A press operated by a
Rolling-Chock.
_ yard to steady it
again.st tlie mast
when a sliiji rolls.
Roll'ing-col'-
ter. A sharp -
edged wheel which
is attached to the
beam of a plow,
and cuts down-
wardly through the
ffi'ass and soil to divide the furrow-slice from the
land.
Roll'ing-frame. {Dyeing.) The frame with
EOLLING-HITCH.
1966
ROLLING-MILL.
Rolling- Cotter.
Fig 4411. rollers by which cloth is
drawn through the dye-
beck. Gallopers.
Roll'ing-hitch.
(yaiUical.) Piissing a
rope round a spar, log,
or cask, so that a jiull
upon the rope will roll
the same.
Not to be confounded
' with the Paiibucki.b,
which .see.
RoU'ing Met'als.
{Mdal-wurking.) The
pro<;ess of forming met-
al into rods, bars, or
plates by drawing it between cylindrical rollei's,
which are either plane or grooved to suit the shape
to be imparted.
The grooved rolls are the invention of Henry Cort,
in 1783. Iron, steel, and copper are rolled wlii e
red-hot, but most other metals and alloys are rolled
cold ; in most iust vnees requiring frequent anneal-
ing during the [irocess of their gi'adual reduction to
the required dimensiuns. With the e.xception of
iron and steel, the metal is cast into slabs prepara-
tory to being drawn into sheets.
In some instances, as in the case of plating silver
with gold, one metal is united with another by roll-
ing. .See Hol.LING-.MILL.
Roiring-mill. In the rolling-mill, the iron,
wlurli is heated and balled in the puddling-furnace,
is made into bars or sheets. The rolls are journaled
in p-urs in metallic boxes in the iron standanls or
cliei'ks, and are capable of being set toward or from
eai'li other by means of set-screws. The grooves in
the rolls are so made as to be coactive in giving the
required form to the heated iron passing between
them. Somethnes, as in the larger description of
rolls, the grooves are counterparts, each forming one
half of the bar of iron ; and sometimes a ridge or
rib on one roll projects into a groove in the roll be-
neath and forms one side only of the bar. The face
of each roll has a series of grooves gradually decreas-
ing in size toward one end. The iron is passed
through each in succession, being thus gradually
reduceil in size and increased in length. Laeh time
through is known as a pass, — a term which is also
applied to the groove in a roll or the o]q)osite groove,
forming the s|)ace through which the bar passes.
The liall of iron from the squeezer is dragged along
a traek of iron plates on the floor of the mill and
jerked on to a platform in front of the train of roll-
ers. It is here directed by the operator into the
larger of the grooves, is nipped by tlie rolls and
drawn through. If the mass be large it is received
on the other side of the rolls by two men, one of
whom rai.ses it by a bar which is suspended by a
chain, the other man seizing the end of the bar with
his tongs, aiul directing it so as to rest upon the np-
1»T surface of the upper roll which carries it over
and allows it to drop again on to the platform. The
head operator then again seizes it w'ith his tongs, and
directs its end into the ne.xt of the series of grooves,
when the operation is repeated again and again till