are cut into rectangular pieces of the required sizes.
The proces.«es are as follows : —
,' Scaling. The plate is bent so as to enable it to stand when
placed on edge, and is then pickled in a trough containing di-
lute hydrochloric acid. The bent plates being laid on the tioor
in a row, a rod is placed under them, and thev are thus lifted
and placed in a furnace, where they are heated'to r»*dness The
scale then drops off; after removal and cooling, the plate is
beaten smooth on a cx^t-iron anvil. Cold rolling between hard,
polished rollers confers smoothness and elasticity.
Pickling. The plates are immersed in a bath of acidulated
bran-water, at about 100'' Fah., for 12 hours, standing half the
time on one edge and half on the opposite one. Thev are then
transferred to a bath of dilute sulphuric acid (100= Fah. ). wliich
makes them bright. This is followed by a bath of clean water
aud scouring with hemp and saud.
Tinning. The series of pots in which the dipping is per-
formed is placed in a brick structure which rises above the floor
of the factory, and at which the workmen stand. This struc-
ture is called the s/njc, and contains the furnace which heats the
pots These cast-iron pots are arranged in a row, and are five in
number, — the//«-/*o/, wash-pot . greasr-poi, pan, and list-pot.
The tin-pot contains about 500 pounds of block and gruin
tin, on which floats 4 inches of tallow, to prevent oxidation.
Alongside it is a grease-pot.
The washpot is nearly full of the best grain-tin, and has a
partition to prevent the dross from gathering at that part where
the last dip is given to the plates.
The grens€-ppt contains lard or t^low firee from salt.
The pan has a grating at bottom, and no fire under it.
The list-pot has only i inch depth of tin in it.
The operation is as follows : —
SitO plates previously dipped in a grease-pot are placed one by
one in the tin-pot (No. 1), in a vertical position, and left tor an
hour or two, the heat being as great as possible without burn-
ing the grease- They are then taken out by tongs and plaied
on an iron rack to drain.
The plates are then placed in the larger division of the wash-
pnt (No. 2). which melts off the superfluous tin acquired in
Xo 1 ; being taken out, a few at a time, from No. 2, thev are
taken up singly by a pair of tonga, swept on each side'by a
hempen brush, to make the layer equable and remove drip,
and receive a final dip in the clean side of the wash-pot bv
which the marks of the brush are erased. ' "
Each plate, after its final dip in metallic bath, is ])lunged in
the grms'-poi (No, 3), which is so hot as to remove superfluous
metal, allowing it to drain off and collect in the bottoui of the
pot. The plates stand singly in the grease-pot, being separated
by pins, and as the pot holds but five, a boy is continually re-
moving the one which has been longest in the grease.
As the boy takes the phtes from the grtase-pot (No. 3), be
places them on edge in the cold pans (No. 4) to drain ofl" the
grease and cool
Tlie list-pot (No 5) is employed for melting off the list or sel-
v;ige of tin which has accumuiated at the edge of each plate a.s
it stood vertically in the wash-pot aud grease-pot (Nos. 2 aud
3). The li^t, being thus melted, is detached by a smart tap with
a stick.
The grease is cleaned from the warm plates by rubbing with
dry bnin. The plates are then boxed. Trade custom has pre-
>cribed the grades, weights, and sizes, which are indicated by
certain marks on the boxes, as shown in the following table; —
Names.
Common, No. 1
Common, No. 2
Common, No. 3
Cross, No. 1
Two cross. No. 1
Three cross, No. 1
Four cross, No. 1
Common doubles
Cross doubles
Two-cross doubles
Three-cross doubles. . . .
Four-cross doubles
Common small doubles.
Cross small doubles
Two-cross doubles
Three-cross doubles....
Four-cross doubles
Walters, common, No. 1
Wasters, cross, No. 1 ..
Sizes
No. in
Wciglit
' Box- j
Inches.
a Box.
in a Box
1 Marlis. â–
Pounds
1
13JX10
225
112
CI
131 X a
225
105
CII
123 X 9;
i25
lOO
i cm
13!XI0
: 225
140
IXI
lyixlO
j 225
161
XXI
131X10
! 225
182
XXXI
ISjxin
; 225
203
XXXXI
]«}xl2i
ino
1 J
CD
16jxl-iJ
100
126
XD
ltijxl21
100
147
XXI)
lH3xl2i
100
168
XXXD
16jxl2{
100
â– 189
XXXXD
15 xll
200
IBS
CSD
15 xU
2(X)
1S9
X.«D
15 xll
200
210
XXSD 1
15 XU
200
231
XXXSD 1
15 xll
200
252
XXXXSD ,
135x10
225
112
\vc\
13JX10
225
140
WXl 1
TIN-POT.
2578
TIP.
The process iii Pittsburg is as follows : —
Tlie sheets, cut into the desired sizes, are " pickled " by im-
niersiou iu a bath of dilute sulphuric acid for 10 to 20 minutes.
'I'lu'V lire then annealed for from i3 to 7 hours : then rolled cold,
to ijive them a. surface polish, 'J'his operation hardens the ;
iron, m that the plates are a.cain annealed, with greater care i
and Jit a lower temperature, for (j or 7 hours. The plate-s are
then Ji-iain pickled in an acid bath for some 10 minutes, to re- j
move the .scale of oxide, washed in watijr to remove the acid, ,
and then plunged for a few nionieuts into a bath of palm-oil or
melted tallow. The plates are then put, 40 or 50 at a time, in
a tin bath, where they remain about 15 minutes. Ou leaving
tliis, the plates are prunged into a second tin bath, on leaving
which thev have thfr dross brushed olf, and go to the third tin 'â–
bath : froiu that they go into a tallow or oil bath, from which
they are drawn by passing between rolls, which smooths them. ;
Thev are then rubbed with shorts, or bran and leather, to clean
them, sorted and boxed, each box of I- C plate, containing 112
pounds, or 112 plates, the plates having a gage of about No. 30, ;
and weighing one pound each ; I. X. brand weighs 140 pounds i
to the 112 sheets.
Tin-pot. The fir.st of the set of baths in which â–
slu'ft-irun is tlijipeil for tinning. |
It is a rectangiUar cast-iron vessel hokling about !
500 jiyunds of block and grain tin, and heated by a ,
furnace, which envelops tlie sides and bottom. The
molten tin is covered with a layer of tallow four
Indies thick, to prevent oxidation. I
The otlier baths or pans are the wash-potj grease- |
pot, pan, and list-pot. See TlX-PLATE. ]
Tin-saw. {Brickhn/iiuj.) A saw used by brick- :
layers Ibr cutting kerfs in bricks in order to render j
them more readily dressed by the axe which hews |
them into shape for the skew or gaged work, dome,
ox niclie fur whicli they are destined. I
Tin-scrap. Clippings or scraps made in the
manufacture of tin-ware. It consists of iron plate,
partially alloyed, and also coated, with tin, the
amount of the latter varying from three to five per
cent. In inferior wares the tin is itself debased with
lead.
In the manufacture of tin-ware it is said that 6 percent of the
whole of the plates employed disappears iu the form of scraps.
Tlu- tnide in sardine-boxes produced at Nantes, in 1S69, nearly
400 tons of scrap; Birmingham produces about 20 tons per
week, and Paris 50 to 60 tons per month. The tin-scrap of New
York is estimated at 30 tons per day. A small quantity of these
scraps has always been used in various w.iys, such as tluxing
lead ores, and the addition of a small proportion to the pig-iroa
intended for steam-cylinders
The following plans for the recovery of the tin have been
proposed : —
a. Edward Schunk (English) patented, hi 1848, three pro-
cesses: the first involving the use of sulphide of sodium ; the i
second, of soda, lye, and litharge; and the third, of a solu- [
tion of chromate of pot.ash and caustic soda. He preferred
the first, as most pinf»?ctly liberating the tin, and for other j
reasons. The alkaline process is said not to extract the tin' i
completely.
b. James Iliggin, in 1854. patented a treatment of the scraps j
with muriatic acid and water, mixed with a substjince, such as ^
nitrate of soda, to liberate chlorine, and facilitate the solution, I
from which the tin was subsequently precipitated with pow- !
dered chalk ; ammonia is stated to be obtained as a by-product. |
c. Charles Frederick Claus patented in 1859 the use of a so- ,
lution of sulphide of calcium, containing sulphur in excess. \
He recommended alkali waste and gas waste. From the solu-
tion bisulphide of tin is precipitated by means of muriatic acid,
and converted to oxide, and finally to metallic tin.
ft. Alexander Parkes, in the same year, employed mercury,
forming a tin amalgam, which was subsequently retorted. The
use of mercury is prejudicial to health.
e. The same person, in 1858, recommended concentrated oil
of vitriol. I
/. J. M. Patterson, of New Jersey, patented, in 18f>3, the use ,
of a bath of melted lead, to form an alloy with the tin, which,
suitable proportions of tin being added, may he used as solder.
g. Mr. Everett, of New York, iu 1865, proposed to use tin-
scraps in smelting galena.
h. Sturdevant and Harmon, New York, propose to melt otf
the tin from the scmps by means of hot air and steam in a
cylindrical retort with a perforated, inverted conical bottom.
i. Ott's method consists in the solution of the tin and lead of
the scraps in muriatic, with a slight admixture of nitric acid,
the precipitation of the lead from this solution by means of sul-
phuric acid, and the final precipitation of the metallic tin by
means of spelter. The iron scraps are washed first in water,
then in a weak alkaline solution, then again in water, after
which thev are barrelcii and .sent to the puddling furnaces
The subject has been treated byM. Kueuzel in the" Bergund
The mode employed by him com-
: 1. Treat-
Fig. 6460.
Uttannannische Zeitung."
prises four chief operations
ment of the scraps by means of boiling
in water acidulated with hydrochloric
and nitric acid, until all the tin is dis-
solved. 2. Precipitiition by means of
zinc of the tin contained in the above
solution and washing of the precipi-
tate. 3. Solution of the precipitated
solution in hydrochloric acid, and crys-
tJillizalion of the chloride of tin. 4.
Utilization of the iron scraps when
despoiled of the tin.
Most inventions for this purpose
have failed in one of the re(|uiremonts.
Either the iron is not left pure enough
to be marketable (less than one per
cent of tin makes it cold-short and
worthless), or the tin-product itself is
not in salable form, or, finally, the
process is not cheap.
A process pursued in New York is
about !is follows : A cylinder of copper,
glass lined, is provided, some 6 feet in
diameter and 5 feet long, capable
of holding 1,000 pounds of the
scrap. This is arranged upon a ,
shaft so that it can be revolved in
a gla^s-lined tank filled almost to
the brim with hydrochloric acid-
When the acid has dissolved the
tin, the cylinder is lifted out of
the tank and lowered into a cis-
tern of water, where it is revulved
a few minutes and then trans-
ferred to a second tank of water, Harmon and StiirrlevanVs
and turned a few times to wash Apparatus for Rijuoving Tin
away all the acid ; after this it is from Slieet-Mf-taL
rotated for a little while in a
fourth tank, containing a weak solution of silicate of soda, to
remove traces of acid and prevent the iron from rusting The
tin is dissolved in the first tank of acid, which soon becomes
satunited. It is now drawn off into another tank, and the tin
is separated by putting iu zinc, for which the acid has a greater
affinity than for tin. The chloride of zinc thus formed is use-
ful for other purposes, and the tin remains pure. The whole
time thus required to treat a charge is but little over an hoiir.
Tiu'sel. 1. A shining thin metallii' plate. Foil.
Somewhat allied to tinsel is the metallic dust, the in-
vention of John Hautsch, of Nuremberg, 1595-1670.
2. (Fiibric.) A cloth composed of silk and silver.
A material with a superficial sheen and but little
sterling value.
Clotli overlaid with foil.
Tin-tack. A tack dipped in melted tin.
Tint'ed Fa'per. Paper with moderate depth of
color.
Tints are grades of color, and are made by the
addition of white ])igment to all color, or of water to
a water color, subiluing the energy of the color.
Tin'tin-nab'u-lum. A musical instrument of
percusyiun, consisting of a number of bells suspended
in a frame.
Tint-tool. {Enf/raviiiff.)
A graver for cutting the
lines employed in form-
ing tints. They are of ^'^- ' ^ „
rious .sizes, acoording to the ^ ? 9 7" "^
character of the Avork and ^ ^ ^ J 9
the deptli of tint to he pro-
duced.
Fig. 6407.
\l
Gravers' atvi Tint Tools
a, round-edge gi-aver.
b, square-edge graver,
f , knife-edge graver,
rf, round graver.
p, graver.
/, flat graver.
f, half-round graver.
, square' graver.
/, lozenge-graver.
k. tint-tool.
' Tip. 1. {Gildiurf.) A tool made of cancel's hair,
and used by the gilder in transfei-ring gold-leaf from
I the CHshioii to the sized surface of the work. The
ends of a number of camel's hairs are secured by
their bnts between two cards, which are glued to-
gether, thus making a broad, flat, and very elastic
brush. This is laid upon a piece of gohl-leaf, which
adheres to it slightly, and is thereby removed. See
, Gilding.
TIP-BATTERY.
2579
TIRE-BEXDER.
Fig. 6468.
Tip-Batltry.
2. (Hal-makiiifi.) A circular piece of scale or paste
board pasted on the inside of a hat crown to stiffen it.
3. (.'ihocmakiiig.) A protecting cap at tin
end of a shoe.
The star upon which the hat-body is placed is conrjL-ited with
the treadle, and is raised up when the treadle is dep^e^:^L'd. This
star is screwed upon the slidint; spindle, and may he exchanged
for another star of a dilTerent size. .\boTe the star are the ad-
justable .â– 'lrelchiH^-/iii^frXt which can be set by a hand-wheel to
stretch the hat-body more or less. The stretching-fingers are
attached to another slidins: spindle, which is cau-'ed to move up
and down in rapid succession by the walking-beaxn on the up-
per end of the frame, which receives its motion from a crank on
the short shaft of the machine. A loo^e and tight pulley on
Fig G171.
Tip- Sled.
4. The nozzle of a gas-burner.
5. A ferrule ; as the tip of a bayonet scabbard.
6. The rubbish of a quarry.
Tip-bat'ter-y. (Eledro-Maijnelism.) A batteiy
in which the ve.ssel turns on a horizontal pivot, so
that the pairs of plates may be immersed in or raised
clear of the liquid in the trough by tilting.
Tip-pa'per. A variety of paper of a rigid qual- t
itv, male fur lining the tips or iiisides of hat-crowns.
Tip'pet. 1. (frcar.) j
Fig. 6470. A fur or cloth covering
forthe neck and shoul-
ders, worn over the
dress. I
2. (Fishing.) A
length of twisted hair ,
or gut in a line. I
3. A Iiandful of straw-
bound together at one
end and usedin thatch- ;
ing. I
Tip-sled. A dump- ;
ing-.^^ll•d. The bo.x is
support edon trunnions
and on a front post, to
wliich it is con-
nected bv a hook.
Tip-stretch'-
er. Eickemeyer's
power tip-stretch-
er is shown in
Fig. 6470.
the same shaft are driven from any suitable pulley, and give
motion to the reciprocating stretching-fingers.
The hat-body is kept as hot as steam will make it, and placed
upon the star while the machine is in motion, and by the de-
pression of the treadle is brought up in contact with the stretch-
ing-fingers. Every time these fingers come down the hat-body
is stretched a certain amount ; and as the fingers retreat, the
body is slightly turned on the star by the operator, who pushes
the hat-body up and turns it a little every time the finirers leave
it, and the bat is stretched itoxn 1C>0 to 120 times a minute.
Tire. 1. (Vehicle.) An iron band around the
fellies of a wheel.
The circular continuous tire is of American origin.
In Europe tires were, until lately, generally made in
sections arranged to break joint with the fellies.
The rim-tire is expandeil by heating, and then
shrunk on so as to tightly conqness the wlieel, and
bolted ; in the sectional tire, bolts only are relied on
to hold the parts together. Steel raihvay-tires are
always of the former kind.
Theocritus, the Greek poet, describes the chariot-maker bend-
ing a slat rived from the limb of a wild fig-tree and rendered
pliable by roasting in the fire, " in order to form the circumfer-
ence of a wheel.'' The same agent, fire, was used in early
times to supple the planks of vessels. See Wood-benmng.
India-rubber wheel-tires are used for the purpose of decreas-
ing the jnr on the vehicle, and as a means of increasing the
tractive adherence.
In the Thomson road steamer a thick rubber tire, capable of
yielding to the inequaUties of the ground, and protected by an
endless band of steel slats, is employed.
In 1852, a patent was granted to .Marcus Davis in England,
for forming locomotive tires of a soft material, covered with
india-rubber protected by an exterior sheet of steel, la
the same year Thomas Allan obtained a patent for encircling
wheels with an outer tire of vulcanized india-rubber, solid or
tubular, or other elastic substance. The advantages of this
arrangement for road locomotives were particularly set forth. At
the same time .Mr. Dunlop patented a tire of annealed cast-iron,
grooved to receive an india-rubber baud. Various other patents
followed, embracing india-rubber as a material to be used in
constructing tires.
.\ source of trquhle with continuous tires on wooden wheels is
the shrinkage of the timber, particularly when green, render-
ing cutting and resetting the tires necessary. To otiviate this
it is recommended to n.se only seasoned timbers for the fellies,
and soak them in boiling linseed-oil. See also Tire-be>der ;
TlRE-SHRCtEER.
2. (Railway.) The rim of a driNing-wheel, shrunk
on to the other portion.
Tire'balle. (Suir/ical.) The bullet-forceps.
Tire-bend'er. A device for bending tires to a
j uniform circular curve.
That illustrated (Fig. 6471) has two lower rollers, which may
be placed at various distances apart, in a bed-plate having
semicircular grooves to receive their journals, and an upper
1 roller journaled in a swing-frame, adjustable by a screw-thread-
TIRE-DRILL.
2580
TIRE-ROLLER.
Fig. 6472.
Getlemy^s Tire-B?nding and Shrinking Machine.
ed ."itrap-rod. The rollers are adjusted to the curve of the par-
ticular tire to be formed, and .are turned by levers or cranks,
drawing the bar of metal between theui.
In Fig 6472, the joui-nal-blocks of the end rollers slide in in-
clined guides, being actuated by links connecting them to crank-
pins on the central ratchet-wheel, which is turned by a lever.
Fig. 6473.
An index-linger
of this wheel indicates the
diameter of the tire which is
being passed through the
machine.
In Fig. 647.S, the wheel is
revolved by a lever which
engages the ratchet-teeth,
and the tire is wound on the
lower roller
Bailouts Tire-Bending Machine.
periphery, the
pressing it
against the
wheel.
Tire-drill.
A lU'vicf I'lir
drilling tlie
bolt-lioles ill tire.s. It is secured to the liench, anil
has a ratohct-clamp for lioUling one side of the tire,
the other being passed over a suitable post or stud.
The drill-holder has a screw-thread on its periphery,
works in a box, and is advanced by turning a crank.
Fig. 6474.
tire-circle in having a supplementary hand b attached
to the pointer a, which is fixed, while the hand b
Tire/ond.
may be set so as to allow for the dc-siicd lap in weld-
ing.
Tire-press. A machine for driving the wrought-
iron or steel tire on to the rim of a driving-wheel.
Fig. 6479 shows an application of the hydraulic press to this
purpose. The tire is turned to a tight fit ; the bars o a are tit-
Fig. 6476.
Fig. 6477.
Stroud^s Tire-Heater.
Piercers Tire-Heater.
Tire-Drill.
Tire'fond. (l^urgical.) An instrument used to
elevate the piece of bone sawed off by the trejihine.
Tire-heat'er. A furnace in which a tire is ex-
pandeil by heat so as to tightly embrace the circle of
fellies, or the rim of the wheel on which it shrinks in
cooling.
In Fig 6476, the tires are Laid horizontally
in an annular fire-space, and a cover con-
taining escape-flues may be let down upon
it to preserve the workmen from the heat
and carry off the smoke.
In Fig. 6477. the tires are placed upon
edge in the annular case, which is turned
upon rollers above the fire.
Tire-meas'ur-er. An instru-
ment for measuring the circumfer-
ence of wheels and the length of the
developed tires, invented by Wray of
Springfield, Ohio, are shown in Fig.
6478. It differs from the ordinary
ted with slots or openings, that they may be brought nearer or
put farther from the center, and the pieces b b h b can be
changed for the larger wheels. There is an opening iu the plate
r to admit the axle,
and by short tern- Fig, 0478.
porary rails the
wheels can be rolled
into position,
Tire-roll'er.
Aformofrolling-
mill for tires in
which the rolls
between which
the work is per-
formed are made
to overhang their
bearings and
b e movable
from or to each other, so as to allow the endless
tire to be introduced between them and the parts
then brought together, so that the pass is complete.
Fig. 6479.
Tire-Measurer.
Tire-Press.
TIRE-SHRINKER.
2581
TITANIUM.
The parts are shown open in the figure. A is the roU to operate ]
on the inner side of the tire, and has a flange A''. B is tlie roll '
to operate on the outside
Fig. C4S0. of the tiro, nud has a Hange [
B' When the tire has '
been introduced between
the roll?. edge iip,.tbe lower
roll B and its carriage C >
are raised by means of the
hydraulic ram G, bringing
the flange B'' against the
>////.
w
^w^
Tire-tete, {Surgical.) An instrument for ex-
tracting the head of the fetus. A croclict.
Tire-up -set 'ting Ma-chine'. A machine for
shrinking tires without cutting. Tlie tire is heated
and then forcibly comiuessed endwise, so as to
tliicken it in one part and shorten it. It is then,
while yet hot, placed on the wheel and slmmk in
position.
^^ ' ' ' * Fig 6484 is a machine for up-
setlhts:, cntti)>g, and punching
tirt'S. The upper figure shows the
upsetter ; the heater tire is placed be-
tween the clamps, one of which is on a sliding head : aa
the heads are brought tngether the tire is shortened. The
shears and punch are shown beneath, being operated by an
oscillating cam, moved by rack, pinion, and lever.
Fig. 6483.
VickcTS^s Mill for Rolling Railway- Tires.
end of the roll, and the flange A ' against the end of the roll B,
confining the tire, and bringing the reciuired pressure to bear
upon it.
Tire-shrink' er. A device for sliortening tires
whon they have become loose from the shrinkage of
the whcfl.
By depressing the treadle a, the cams b b' are drawn away
from the blocks c c' ; the heated part of the tire is then inserted,
Fig. 04S1.
Tire-Shri7tker.
and the treadle released, when the springs ^///'act to throw out
the cams clamping the tire between tliem and the blocks. By
depressing a lever, inserted in the socket e. the two ends of the
table are caused to approach each other, thus condensing the
heated portion of the tire.
Fig. 6482 ha.s a lever,
hook, and chain so ar-
ranged that tires for
wheels, orother metallic
bands, may be contract-
ed in diameter while
heated, wifhiuit cutting
and rewelding them.
In Fig 64S3. the tire
is clamped to the mov-
ing end blocks of the
frame by corruirared cams, with its convex side resting xipon
the curved central plate. The end blocks are then approached,
to reduce the tire in length.
Weitmnn's Tire-Shrinker.
Jackson's Tire-Slirinker.
T-ir'on. A kind of angle-iron having a flat
flange and a web like the letter T, by which it is
called. See Angle-ihon.
Ti'sar. {Gl(iss.) The fireplace at the side of :ind
lieating the carquaisc or annealing arch of the plate-
glass manufacture.
Tis'sue. {Fabric.) a. A very fine transparent
silk stuff used for veils ; white or colored.
It was formerly interwoven with gold or silver threads and
embossed with figures.
" In their glittering tissues bear imblazed
Holy memorials."' — MitiON.
" A robeof f/«w€ stiff with golden wire.*' — Bryden.
Fig. 6484.
Machine for Upsetting, Punching, and Cutting Tires
h. Cloth interwoven with gold.
Tis'sue-pa'per. A very thin gauze-like paper