made of several sizes, and used for the protection of
engravings, for wrapping fine and delicate articles.

Tra^'.7}(f paper is a good grade of ti.ssue, rendered
more trnu-'^parent by treatment with oil or varnish.

Ti-ta'ni-um. Equi\'alent, 25 ; synd.iol, Ti. ; fu-
sible under the blow-pipe. Has a deep blue color,
and is used in coloring porcelains and enamels. Dis-
covered by Gregor in 1791. Its ore is called vicna-
I'fiitnifey from Menacliau, in Cornwall, where it wa4
first found.



TITHONOMETER.



2582



TOBACCO-CUTTER.



Ti'tho-nom'e-ter. An instrument for noting
the tifhonic ur clieniical ellect of the rays of light.

St'C ACTlNdMETKi;.

Ti-thon'o-type. (Photogrnphi/.) A process iu
whiuli a 'ust is obtained from au original ])hototype-

Ti'tle. 1. {Bookbinding.) The panel between
bands, used for the book's name.
2. (Printing.) a. Thenameofaljookonthetirstpage.
b. Tlie running-title is at the liead of a page, and



"The mouud-builders were inveterate smokers."' — Squier ;
Davis.

r. When the Spaniarclsioinlei in Parjij;:uay. inloOS, thecbew-
iug natives " spurteii the juice toward tliein.''

I'izarro found tobacco-e hewers iu Peru.

Miisticatories were need anciently in Kurope. Plutarch sayg
that the chcwinji; of mallows is very wholesome, and tiie stalk
of asphddfl vpry lusciouif. See also Te\.

d. SnuOiuK was practiced by the Aztec? and by the Brazilians.
See Brazilian snutr-niill, Fig 5262, page 2232.

Roger Pane, in 1494, speaks of the iuhalationof snuff through
tubes.

The principal tobacco of commerce i*: derived from the *?iico-




Broiler or Toaster.



T-joint. The union of one pipe or plate rectan-
gularly with ;iiiotlier, rest-inbling tlie letter T.

Toast'er. A fork or cage to i)read or meat while
toasting. Fig. 6485 is a toaster or broiler.

Toast'ing-fork. A three or four pronged fork
to lioM ;i aVu-i- of bread while toasting.

Toast-rack. A small ruck of wire to hold toast
on edi^e on the table.

Toat. The handle of a bench-plane.

To-bac'co. A plant indigenous to America, and
used in various forms, — smoking, chewing, snuff-
ing, — from the northwest coast to Patagonia.

The name is probably derived from tabnco, a forked tube
thmugh wliich the fumes were inhaled into the nostrils. The
islaud of Tobago is said to have been so named by Colon from a
eupposeil resemblance to fhisshape,— " Y '' Tlie Caribs are said
to have called it kohiha. Roger Pane, the fri;ir who accompanied
Christopher Colon in liis second voyage, gives it as coi^inbn^ its
Hispaniolan name, otherwise spelt eoliihn. It was known as
petiin in Brazil; piecelt in Mexico, or, according to other au-
thorities, ijttl : yoli in other places.

All the present modes of using the tobacco plant originated
ID America

a Columbus noticed that the natives of the West India islands
used the leaves in rolls, — cigars. The Aztecs bad cigar tubes,
and also used nostril tubes of tortoise-shell for inhaling the
smoke. The Mexicans and North American Indians used pipes.

Ovideo speaks in 162t! of the inhaling of the smoke through
the forked no.<tril tube by the Indians of Hispauiola.

Lobel, in his '* History of Plants,*' 3576, gives an engravin{
f a ror ' ' ^ - .• , . , ......

mouths



consists of the name of the book or the subject of the ; "'«"« Hibncum, the American plant ; the Nicotinna pt-rfica, or

Persian tobacco, and N ritsiica, or Syrian, are Uf'ed in Europe
and Asia. It is also grown in Africa, and the native name in-
dicates that it is of the common stock. The genus yicoliana he-
I longs to the SolanacfO', which includes the nightshade, potato,
[ and tomato. The name Nicotiana is derived from Jean Nicot,
I the minister of France in Portugal, 16tJ0. who first made the
I plant known in France.

I It has been conjectured that the Asiatic variety is derived
from China, which has been regarded as another center of pro-
duction. The probabilities are against the supposition

It was introduced into England by Sir John' Hawkins inl565,
and by Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Francis Drake in 15Srj. The
practice was made the butt of the wits, the object of denuncia-
tion by the clergy, and the subject of a panu»hlet by the silly
King Jauies I., who published his " Counterblaste to Tobacco."
Its use was condenmed by kings, popes, and sultans, and
smokers were condemned to various cruel punishments.

The manufacture of tobacco depends upon the kind of tobacco
and the articli; required. Cigars are made of the best, which is
grown ou soils peculiarly adapted to produce the delicate tlavor ;
a portion of the northwest of the island of Cuba is the best of
all. The Connecticut Valley, some parts of Virginia, a few coun-
ties in Ohio and Kentucky, near Cincinnati and Maysville, re-
spectively, are noted regions. Of the foreign regions we are nut
well informed. The Manilla and Hungarian are noted To-
bacco is packed in hogsheads for sale and shipment, ynd the
different proce.s.«e3 conmieuce when it readies the factory.

Chewing-tobacco is put up in ropes, plugs, knots, and vari-
ous other forms. The shapes and tJavors are matters of taste,
and the latter becomes a fashion; comparatively little of the
leaf is used in its natural state. Plug-tobacco is steamed to
soften it, stenuned, bundled, dii)ped in a hot solution of licorice
and molasses, snnued. dried, flavored, and then made up into
bundles of the required weight, — pound, half-pound, or two-
ounce, at. the case may he. Each bundle is wrapped in a leaf:
pressed in sheet-iron shapes ; turned, and again pressed ; then
packed in boxes or tuh.s, in which they are finally pres.sed.

For smoking, the tobacco is granulated in a mill or shaved in
a fine-cutting machine: stems are ground up with the leaves in
the poorer qualities, but these are usually made into suuff.
SeeCiG.\R; Snuff; Tobacco-pipe; etc.
The culture of the poppy at Patua is under license from the
English, the whole produce being contracted for in advance, ;;t
rates varying with the quality- It flowers iu January and Feb-
ruary, and the capsule is hacked by a serrated tool in Februnry
and March. The opium is rolled info balls, wrapped in poppy-
petals, packed in 'â– bests, carried to Calcutta, and exported to
poison the Chinese — and others.

It has been known to the Chinese only about two centuries,
even as a medical prescription.

To-bac'co-book'ing Ma-chine'. (Tobacco.)

„ , A machine which arranges the smoothed leaves of

of a rolled tube of tobacco (a cigar) as seen by Colon in the tobacco into symmetrical piles.

! of the natives of .^an Salvador. He describes it as a i * '



funnel of palm-leaf with a filling of tobacco leaves. The
pipe is shown in the engravings to He Bry, " Ilistoria
Braziliana."' 1-590.
6. Cortez found smoking the pipe to be an established



In patent No- 133,420, the leaf is fed in upon a pointed con-
vex plate, and stemmed by two shear-cutting disks attached to
the bases of two conical rollers, one of which isailjustable. The
leaf is then carried by an endless apron down around and
pres.>;ed upon the bonking-roller, which
is suspended by the said elastic apron and
held up against !iu adjustable roller. The
apron is strained properly by a weighted
concave roller. A suspended guard-plate
insures the passage of the leaf to the
booking-roller, and a knife-cleaner removes
the gum from the cutting-disks. See also

T0B\CC0 SUKeriNG-MACMINE.

To-bac'co-cur'iug. Done, in
tlu^ Hrst ]ilace, in shetls or tohaeco-
barns. The leaf is very succulent,
and requires care and favorable
weather. Tlie fine flavor is devel-
oped in curing ; mildew sjioils it,
Bernal Diaz relates that Montezuma ' ainl unfavorable conditions spot and discolor, im-

Artifieial heat is




had his pipe brought iu great state by the hidies of hi;
court after he had dined, and washed bis mouth with
scented water.

In the city of Mexico, tobacco-pipes of various forms
and grotesque shapes, are dug up from time to time.



]i;iirnig (juality and appearance.
ap))Ued in some stages.

To-bac'co-cut'ter. 1. A machine for shaving
tobacco-leaves into shreds for chewing or smoking :



TOBACCO GRANULATING-MACHIXE. 2583



TOBACCO-PIPE.



the former is known ns^fine-ciU in this countiy ; the
latter is the usual form of siuoUing-tobacc-o in Kurope,
where the granulated tobacco is (or was) not preferreil.

Fig. 6486 is njin€-cut machine, in which the leaves are driven
along a sfjuare trough by a plunger, which is moved by ascrevf,
a certain distance between each cut of the knife.

In Spencer's machine, patent To.J^i'S, the stock i? carried for-
ward upon an en'lless apron, and compressed between theupper
and lower cylindrical rollers and the inclined, smooth, metallic
sides. The knives are carried in contact with an emery-wheel
at each revolution. The emery-wheel rotates at high speed
within a case which is filled with steam, and ha? a longitudinal
aperture allowing the contact of the knives and wheel , and nlm
the passage of steam to moisten the knives and prevent the
accumulation of hard gum thereou.

2. A knife for cutting phTg-tobacco iuto smaller
pieces. See Tobacco-knife.

To-bac'co Gran'u-lat-ing-ma-chine'. A nia-
cliine for giinding tobacco-leaves, to lit them for
smoking or making into cigarettes.

Fig. &1S7 is a machine to facilitate the manufacture of kinui-
kiuick and cigiirette tobacco. The tobacco-scraps from which
such tobacco is manufacturedare thrown into a hopper, whence
they pass into the upper sieve, through which the tobacco
which is broken up by the spiral brush is forced, while that
portion which is not broken up is carried out at the end of the
sieve, together with whatever pieces of wood and other hard
substances may have been introduced with tlie scraps. The
fine particles of tobacco and dust pass iuto aud are separated
by a lower sieve containing an agitating screw.



In the figure, the knife has a draw cut, being pivoted to the
side arm of the lever at one end, aud directed
by the iaclioed slot at the other.



Fig. 64S9.




Fig. 6487.




f


^


hi ■ —^- ^




Tobacco GrnnuUtlina-Mndiint:.



In patent No- 62,811, the circular closed box contains a sieve
revolving by a cnink above the box-lid This sieve has tri-
angular holej. and has teeth projecting upward between pins on
the lower side of the cross-bar of the yielding head.
- Patent Xo. 4S,<>S0 describes a corrugated beater- roller, which
is made to revolve within a vibrating vessel whose sides are
composed' of wire-cloth on a nie^h of like character, .so that the
tobacco is broken up and delivered in small pieces through the
meshes nf the wire-ctoth into a bo.x below.

Patent Xo. ISS.IS*} has rotary shear-blades, spirally arranged,
which work against stationary shear-blades.cutting the tobacco
in shreds, after which a vibrating sieve separates the granu-
lated from the uncut portion.

To-bac'co-grat'er. A machine for grinding to-
bacco into small pit^ces suitable for smoking in iiipes.

In one form, the circular closed box contains a sieve revolv-
ing by a crank above the box-lid. This sieve has triangular
holes, and has teeth projecting upward between pins on the
lower side of the cross-bar of the yielding head.

See also ToBAOCO-GRA^Lâ– LATl^G SIachise,

To-bac 'co-knife. A knifes for cutting plug-
tobaceo into pieces convenient for the pocket. It is
usually a sort of guillotine knife woiked by a lever,
and cutting downward on to a wooden bed.




Tobacco- Knife.



Tobacco- Culler.

2. Fig. 64S9 is adapted for cutting leafrtobacco
for smoking.

To-bac'co-pack'iug Ma-chine'. One for mak-
ing up tobacco into packages, or into sliape for packing.

In patent Xo. 143,545, the material is fed into an endless
band-carrying trough, passing under two rollers, which leave
the tobacco of a uniform depth- Two knives or combs are
pressed down into the tobacco. One holds back the layer of
tobacco, the other divides and drives forward a chiirge," forces
it beneath a plate, and leaves it there. A piunger now descends
aud pushes forward the charge of measured tobacco into a re-
ceiver, which has already been automati<-ally provided with a
sheet of printed foil and a wrapper from a printing-press ar-
ranged at one si'it. One set of folding-knives then folds one
end of the package, which is repressed and completed in an-
other receiver by an additional plunger and another set of fold-
ing-knives.

To-bao'co-pa'per. Paper made for envelopes
for cigarettes, to avoid the Havorof burning cotton
or linen. Corn-husk is better than either. Rice-
pa]ier is also used.

To-bac'co-pipe. The materials which have
been employed lor making pipes are numerous, from
the primitive corn^col\ which is deservedly a iavorite,
u]>tothepreciousandhigbly ornamented meerschaum.
Tbe invention of the pipe, if of notbing else, must
be conceded to the Indians. Ancient specimens,
buried in the soil, have been found in most parts of
Korth America. So highly was the pipe prized by
tbem, that the red pipe-stone quarry of the Cotenii
ties Prairies was esteemed a sort of sacred neutral
ground, where men of all tribes and kimlreds might
unmolested supply themselves with the preciocs
deposit.

Clay, in its various forms still maintains a pre-eminence, and
is used nearly all over the globe for making pipes, thecommouer
kinds varying in price from 50 cents to S 1.20 per gross. Those
of porcelain are manufactured in Germany, the finer kinds be-
ing ornamented by painting, which is in some cases of a very
artistic order, commanding a high price.

Red-clay pipes, with wide mouths, are made in Turkey and
Algeria. Some are ornamented by stamping, and others are
giltjed with arabesque designs. The stems are of cherry or
je-^saminc, with oniber mouth-pieces, and the whole affair is
often elaborately ornamented.

The hookah, or nargileh, has a very large bowl, generally
provided with a water-chamber, and may have several long
tle.\ible tubes, so as to accommodate a number of smokers at
the same time.

These are made in Turkey and Algeria, and oflen have richly
carved bowls of solid silver.

The so-called " brier-root â– ' pipes should be, as their name
imports, made from the root of the brier, which is peculiarly
incombustible and euduring, but in fact many other species of
wood are employeii These are manufactured in Germany and
France, particularly in the latter country, where St. Claude, in
the .lura, has a moncpolv of the commoner kinds. The more
expensive carved varieties are made in Paris, a^id sometimes
have a lining of meerschaum.

Meerschaum {which see) is found in Moravia and Spain, but
the best is found in Asia Minor, which is the principal i^ource
of supply. In 1869, over 3,000 boxes of this material, valued at
3i5,l-*00 florins, were, imported into Trieste from Asia Minor.
The manufacture and carving of meerschaum-pipes is princi-
jially carried on at Viennp. and at Kubla in Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha.
The value of the product at these two places has been estimated
at S2,CHM),000 annually. I«arge numbers are now made in
France, conspicuous for the taste and elegance di-played in
their carving Those made of magnesite from the department
De Gard are highly esteemed.



TOBACCO-PLUG MACHINE.



2584 TOBACCO-SHEETING MACHINE.



The bowls of uieerpchaums are prepared by first soakinj; in i
tallow, then in wa.\, and flnallv ciirvini; and polishing. I/arse
quaiUities— it is said, about half of those now sold — are made
from the waste. This is ground to a fine powder and boded
with linseed oil and alum, and when the ma.ss is sufiieiently co-
hesive it is cast in molds, carefully dried, carved, and polished,
in the same manner as is the original material.

Amber which has become ,so favorite a material for moutli-
pieres, was brought from the Baltic in the lime of Herodotus,

The ordinary elav tobacco-pipe — which, by the by, has so
loiv a stem tiiat it is called in the slang of the pothouse, a
" yard of clay " — is made by band by a series of processes. Ihe
clay is reduced to a plastic condition by pounding with a heavy,
wooden bar. A workman takes two lumps of clay, of the .size
of an average apple, and after kneading, rolls them on a table
with the palms of his hands till they assume proximately the
Bhnlie of a pipe, — two clay tadpoles with large heads and very
Ion" tails. These are placed in a row and arc taken in hand by
amrtber workman, who takes a fine steel rod in bis lett hand,
and seizing a " Udpole,'' draws its long slender tail on to the
rod the fine touch of the right-hand fingers indicating the po-
sition of the rod and preventing the protrusion of the wire on
either side The spitted " tadpole" is then laid in the lower
half of the metallic pipe-mold ; the upper part is then brought ,
down and pressed. - . i

The pipe, being removed, goes to the hands of the finisher,
who with a sharp steel instrument smoo{||S the rough clay
about thebowl, and cuts away the fins or slifirp edges of clay that
entered in the parting crack of the mold. The stem is then •
smoothed ami the mouthpiece cut even. The steel wire being
withdrawn, the stem is blown through, to insure that it shall
not be a 'â–  blind" passage.

Thence to the kiln. One set of bauds will piake ii gross per
dav.

The pipes arc baked in a peculiar kiln, being arranged iii
crucibles or seggars, each of which has six buriziuital ledges
running around its interior. Upon these ledges rest the bowls
of the pipes, while the stems lean against the central pillar.
The top is covered in with a dome, aud the crucible contains
about .oO gross.

Broseley , in Shropshire, on the banks of the Severn , has been
for centuries a chief seat of tlie dav pipe manulacture in Eng-
land, pilies still extant bearing the date 1687, and the names of
Richard Legg and .lohn Legg on the bowls. Many of this family
still follow the profession of pipe-makers in the (|uict little old
town Thecollcctionof " broseleys" has been pursued by some
ardent spirits with all the zeal which numismatists devote to j
their liivorite subject, and the progre.sSiive altcnilions in lorni,
and the various marks placed upon them by the old manufac-
turers, have been noted with a fidelity which might have brought
renown to the observers bad their talents been devoted to the
examination of pabeozoic remains.

The celebrated French Marshal Oudinot was a great collector
of pipes : not bv any means, however, of " bro.seleys,'' of which
it is ]>robable be never heard, but of rich and rare specinieiis.

Jiaiiv ilevices have been contrived for collecting the oily mat-
ter, coutaiiiing nicotine, by which pipes become fouled alter
being sonic time in use, and enabling them to be
Fig 6490. readily cleaned. A few of these are illustrated.
^ The pipe (Fig. C4a0) has a receptacle for oil be-

' ""â–  Death the stem, the latter being so divided by

a partition that the smoke from the tobacco
must pass from one portion of the stem into
the receptacle before again entering the
stem ; the moisture from the upper end
collects in the receptacle and is not
periliitted to enter the bowl.
In Fig. 0-191, the stem is a metallic
tube ; the lower :
part screws into
the bottom of
the bowl, and is
provided with a
cap; by un^
screwing this
and the mouth-
piece, it may be
cleansed.



Fig G401.



Fig. 6492.





Metallic-Sh'tn Pipe.



Plu^-Tobacco Machine,



Pipe Willi Nicotine Oip.



To-bac'co-plug Ma-chine'. One for adjust-
ill" iuul comiiactiiif; the leaves into layers uf tlie re-
quircil Ibriii and tliickne.ss.

In Fig. 6492, the tobacco is pressed between scries of rollers
into trou"hs running on liange-rollers. A large wheel rotating
in a transverse direction shifts the troughs on to a series of
rollers rotating in the opposite direction, by which they are
carried back to the starting end. An inclined knile removes
the tobacco from the troughs when suflii-iently pressed.

In patent No. 141,5152, the tobacco-leaves are laid in a trough,
which is placed between two ailjustable guide-bars, the leaves
rcstin" upon a plate having slots, and beneath another plale
having knives, which sink through the layer of tobacco into the
said slots, dividing it into plugs. A traversing roller, having
shoulders to rest upon the sides of the box, gives the desired



pressure, being placeil in vertically movable bearings in a hori-
zontally moving carviasre.
See also patent No. 92,402.
To-bac'co-preas. These are of several kinds :

1. For jiressing granulated tobacco into bap;s,
iiockets, or boxes, for convenience of jiackage.

2. For pres.singpliig-tobaeeo into shape; theleaves,
having been booked and wrapped, are pressed flat, .so
as to lie compactly in the
box or tub (Figs. 6493, ^'e- C493.
6494).

3. For pressing plug-
tobacco in the box or tub,
to compact the rolls, cuts,
plugs, or twists (Fig. 6495).

In Fig. 649.3, the bed T recip-
rocates on the roller D, and car-
ries the removable troughs f;, in
which the tobacco is laid
to be pressed into the
shape of Hat plugs by
)iassing under the rollers
K K.

Fig. 6494 is for making
up the leaf-lobacco into plugs,
which are pressed into shape
and cut ofi' to a leegtb. The
sheeted tobacco is fed between
revolving aprons, formed of
transverse strips of wood, run-
ning over corrugated pulleys
and slides. A pieiver is auto-
maticallv forced into the plug

cud at the time it is cut bv a gnillotine-knlfe. The rest is
then tilted, which raises the edge of the tobacco for removal.
The counting is done by revolving numbered disks operated by
the main shaft. ...,,,.

Fig 049r) is for packing boxes or tubs. The box receives a
charceof tobacco and a follower at each stroke of the recipro-
catinl! plunger ; the wad is delivered at the open bottom of the
trunk being pressed by the frictional contact with the sides
thereof. The trunk has damp-bnn.ls, and either of two trunks
may be brought in counection with the plunger.

To-bac'co-roU'iug Ma-chine'. One for roU-
j ing into shape a bundle of leaves to form a filling for
I a ci"ar. See patent No. 103,255.
i To-bac'co -sheet'ing Ma-chine'. Sheeting
tobacco coiisi.sts ill laving Ihe leaves otit smoothly
I in .sheets. This is done' by passing the leaves between
rollers whicli flatten them, devices acting in concert
' with the rollei-s to diaw out the wrinkles. Some^
times the shape of the i-oUers has this efiVct ; revolv-
ing bru.shes are used, acting oblicinely to the direction
of motion of the leaf.
I In sheeting tobacco it is sometimes laid in .symmetrical piles
I known as bnoki: the Ojieration being known as .â– i/irelins and
bookiiiic- Tobacco is also slirtlnl and $lripi,r,l, the opi-ration
laying the broad portions of the leaf Hat, and separating them
from or Hnttening the stem, as the case may be. _

I .Such a machine is one (United States patent, No. 137,1 lO) m
I which the elastic portion of the rolls presses the leaf without




Tobacco Press.



TOBACCO-SHEETING MACHINE.



258;



TOGGLE.



Fig W9t.




Plug-Tobacco Pt<ssime-3IticJline.

injury to it. while a middle metallic portion flattens the stem.
The stem i.-* afterward sheared off.
See ai.so Tobacco-steippog Machine : Tobacco-bookixc Ma-

CBINE.

Another application of the sheeting-machine is in laying the
leaves in layers to form flat plugs ; or in laying them of an

Kg. M9o.




eren thickues-s to be carried to a device which makes them up
into t^v^sts or twisted plugs.

Another form of tohacco-sheeting machine smooths the leaf,
and then cuts it into strips for cigar-wiappers. Such is Fig
6J9i

It smooths out tobacco-leaves into flat sheets for cutting into
strips, or piling symnietrically. In the example, the tobacco is
carrietl between the endle-ss metallic belt-s and p^.sse-s between
the cutter roller and grooved roller. The side belts run on
horizontal pulleys, anil serve to limit
the side extension of the sheet




Toi/acco Shffting and Pressing Machine.

The tobacco-leaves are fed in at the left of the m.ichine. as
shown : are carried along p.ast the puide-edse £.. and P.1SS b^
tween the en'lle=s metallic belts which run over the rollers C D
and C- D- respectively. These belts con.«ist of endle;^ parallel
brass ribbons, and the roller C has circular knives which cut
the leaves into strips for cigar-wrappers.



To-bac'co-stem'ming Ma-chine'.

A niaohine for n-movina tlie 'teius of to-
bacco-leaves. See ToBAtCO-STKII'l'IXG

Machise.
Other machines depend upon cnishing
the stem. See also jKiteiit No.
68,597, maeliiiie for breaking
steins of toli.icco.

To-bac'co-stop'per. A