To'rus Bead-plane. A
certain form of plane for
making the semicircular con-
vex molding known as a
torits.
Toss'ing. (Mining.) Tot-
ing. The operation of agitat-
ing ore in a kiere : a tub in
which it is rotated in water
b_v a stirrer on a vertical axis.
See Keeve; Jigging. The
_ . „. „ «* are respectively longitudinal and trans- ' oDeration is ako railed fre
Torticollis Bract. Terse vertical sections of a car-spring, show I Vi'"'*"°" "^ ^^™ callea trC'
ing how the bent rod is packed in the chamber
so as to utilize the tortional stillness of the rod
loobing.
Toiioh.
1. {Shipbuilding.)
ODVof?ts'be\rin''^f- fi? f '°r'°°V, 'P""' toacarri.,ge-bed. \ The broadest part" of a ship's
uoe ot Its bearings is firmly and rigidly secured to the bolster ' > > , . \ , . t^ •"
Fig. 6368.
or other bed-piece,
and its other bear-
ing, to which the
lateral lever arm is
attached, is so ar-
ranged as to allow
of a pirtial revolu-
tion or a vibratory
movement at tha't
point, securing the
plank worked top and but
2. A plan of assaying by
color. See Touch-needle.
Touch-box. A box with
lighted tiuder, formerly used
by cannoneers to light their matches.
Touch-hole. The priming-hole or rent of a gun
Touch-nee'dle. {Assaying.) A small bar com
TbriM Bead-Plane.
proper twistiu°g of po»etl of an alloy of gold and silver, gold and
cop-
therod to develop per, or of gold "alloyed with a proportion of both
Its torsions ai'. _.i , ,.' ..*, ^
ToTtionai Springs.
torsional
tion.
d has rods be-
neath the spring-
boards, which are
pressed fiat by the
weight imposed,
twisting the rods
in so doing.
e e' are two views
of a somewhat sim-
ilar an-angement.
See also g. Fig.
1142.
Tor'toise.
Tile tcstudo, or
ancient il.fense, by the soldiers holding their shields
over their heads, resembling the carapace of the
tortoise.
Tor'toise-shelL The use of it in inlaying is j ^re each rubbed on the stone and 'the color of their
metals, employed in assaying by the touchstone.
.â– V number are employed ; one being of pure gold, a second
composed of 23 gold and 1 copper, a third of 22 gold and 2 cop-
per, and so on ; these are rubbed upon the stone, and the color
of the streak compared with that made by the metal to be
tested. A farther nieiins of comparison is attorded by moisten-
ing the streaks with nitric acid, or by heating the stone.
Silver is similarly tested by touch-needles composed of lead
and silver. See Torca-stONE.
Touch-pa'per. Paper saturated with a solution
of nitrate of potash.
. Touch-stone. {Assmjing.) A velvet-black,
silicious stone, basalt or flinty jasper, used on ac-
count of its blackness and hardness for testing the
relative qualities of gold and silver in alloys of the
precious metals. A touch-needle, composed of an
alloy of known fineness, and the piece to be tested.
mentioned by Pliny.
The plates forming the covering of the Testuito imbricata a
species of turtle inhabiting the se,xs of the torrid zone The
plates are sometimes detached from the living animal by niacin.^
It on Its back over a fire and applying suflirient ' heat to
soften them, when they are pried off, and the creature is allowed
to escape to mature another crop. The material is translucent
mottled with brown, yellow, and reddish hues, and is used fnr
making combs, boxes, and various ornamental objects It is
softened by boiling water, and may then be pressed by molds
mto various shapes It may also be welded while soft by thin-
ning the edges, overlapping and pressing them. When a slit is
made and the piece .softened by heat, it may be formed into a
nng by stretching. When dry and cold it may be divided with
a flue saw, smoothed with a single cut file, technically known as
a V'""""", and then by a scraper. The work is polished on a
Duff-wheel with rotten-stone and oil.
Fragnients, such .xs cuttings, shavings, and filings, are ag.'lu-
tmated by treating with hot water and pressing : the mass may
then be molded to any desired shape. This method is much
prjcticej in France.
Tortoi.«e-shell is frequently applied to wood by gluing, fom-
ing a veneer. It is also inlaid with the precious m?tals or
mo her-of-pearl forced into its substance by pressure while the
shell IS softened by heat. "
It was much used among the Romans for decoratino- furni-
ture, and is said by Pliny to have been first applied to this pur-
pose by Carvillus Pollio. r"' ,
Half a century ago it was much' employed for ladies' combs """"'^ ""'^ *"°'°'"=-
which were then made of enormous size. ' '
Artificial tortoLse-shell is made by melting gelatine with vari-
oua metallic ,^alts.
Horn may be made to imitate tortoise-shell by brushin" it
over with a paste compcscl of two parts lime, litharse, and a
little soda lye. The sulphide of lead i^ formed by the combina-
tion of the lead of the litharge with the sulphur cont;iined
Streaks coin]iaied. See TorcH-XEEDLE.
Tour-bill 'ion. A paper case filled with inflamma-
ble composition, and having holes for the escape of
the flame disposed around it so as to cause the case
to rise vertically and rotate on its axis at the same
time. It has wings to direct its motion.
Tour'ists' In'di-cat'or. A Waysiap.kee, Pe-
DoiiETEP,, or other instrument for measiuing or au-
tomatically mapping a route.
Tour'ma-line. 1. A prism of schorl used in
polarizing apparatus.
2. raibcllite and green tourmaline are used as gems.
Tour'na-sin. (Pottenj.) A knife for the re-
moval of superfluous slip from the baked ware which
has been ornamented bytlieBLo\viN-G-POT(whichsee).
Tour'nay. A printed woi-sted material for fur-
niture upholster}'. Tournai iu Belgium (Fl. Door-
VI iel:).
Tour'ni-qnet (Surgical.) An instrument for
compressing an artery in amputations. The inven-
tion of Morelli, 1674, modified by otlier distin-
guished surgeons. Also used in compressing aneu-
See Fig. 212, page 10-3.
The screw-tourniquet was invented by Petit of France. 1718.
The form now in eouinion use. an improvement on that of
Petit, was patented by Savigny of London iu ISOO. Improve-
ments have also been made by Xuck. Verduc, Monro, and
others.
The heroes before Troy had one field physician but in ffen,
.1 fl — .^..11: — _*...,. .' ...... '- •. ' . .°.
ue ugnter color ot other parts. Roman army each cohort had a physician. The first trace of
TOW.
2(304
TOWING.
field-hospitals is in the sixth century. The convention of RAtis-
bon, 742, ordereil that every army should have a corps of chap-
hiius, and every colonel a. confessor, but docs not refer to a
medical staff.
Gustavus Adolphus appointed four surgeons to a repiment.
The essential parts of a tourniquet ai'e a pad, which is com-
pressed upon the severed artery ahove the point of divi-sion, and
a band, by which it is tightly held to the limb.
a (Fig. 6570) is Tiemauu's direct-pressure tourniquet. Both
sides of the pad are free from pressure, so as not to stop the
circulation of the venous blood.
6, l*etit's spiral tourniquet.
c, United States Army field-tourniquet.
rf, Valentine Motfs tourniquet.
J', Lawrence's eye-tournic|uet.
e, tourniquet by Professor Esmarch of Kiel, particularly
adapted for operations, as necrotomy, in which a great effusion
of blood is to be apprehended.
The lower portion of the limb is enveloped in oiled silk, to
prevent soiling the bandige, and aa elastic rubber bandage
is then tightly wrapped around the lower part of the Huil),
forcing the blood out of the vessels. Above the termination
of the bandage, an india-rubber cord is wound four or five times
around the limb, and its two ends are joined by a hook upon
one entering a link of the chain attacheil to the other. In
order to perform the operation, the oiled silk and bandage
are removed; when completed, the rubber cord is slowly un-
wound, and any small arteries which may have remained un-
Fig. 6570.
Tourniquets.
noticed, tied. This tourniquet can be adjusted to any portion
of the limb, and the location of the principal arteries need not
be considered. The compression of the soft parts and arteries
by the rubber tubing is so complete that no blood can enter the
bandaged portion of the limb.
Tow. Tlie coarse part of hemp or flax separated
frem the finer hy the hatchet ov swinr/lc. The longer
and fine tihi-r is called line.
Tow-boat. A steam-tug,
Tow'el-ing. Coarse linen fabric, such as huck-
a-hark, diiipi-r, etc.
Tov^r'el-rack. A frame or rod on which to hang
towels to dry. Fig. 6571 shows two kinds ; one has
a strap clamped to the stove-pipe ; the n^^xt is an
enlarged view of the same ; the lower one has a
phitc screwed to a wall or piece of furniture, and
sevfial jnintt'd rods projecting from it.
Tow'er. {Architecture.) A structure, lofty in
proportinu to its base, and circular or polygonal
in plan, fre- Fig 6571.
(]^uontly consist-
ing of several
stories. In a
church, that
part which con-
tains the bells
and from which
the steei)le rises.
Towers, beginning
with that of Babel,
have been erected
from the earliest
ages as memorials,
and lor purposes
of religion and de-
fense. In latter
years, as shot-tow-
ers and chimneys of
manufactuiing es-
tablishments, they
have been built of
great bight for pur-
poses of practical
utility.
To w'er-
clock. A large
clock designed
for chur(;li tur-
rets and simihir
situations.
That shown in Fig. 6572 has the works arranged ia an iroa
case having legs which
are bolted to the tloor ; Fig. 6572.
the pendulum - rod
passes through an
elongated opening iu
the floor. Wooden
boxes filled with stones
are used as weights.
See also Fig. 13^2,
page 570.
Tow-hook. An
artillery man's honk,
used in unpacking
animunition-cliests.
Tow'ing. {Nau-
tical.) A mode of
propulsion of a
vessel througli tlie '^
water by a rope
from another ves-
sel, or from tin-
Hoioard*s Tower- Clock.
shore, or by a rope laid along a canal or river and
passed over a drum on board the vessel.
In harbors tow-boats, or tu^s, are specially devoted to this
purpose. On canals horses or mules are generally employed.
The substitution of other motors for animal power has of late
years engaged much attention, and various other means have
been either tested or proposed. Prominent among these is the
svstom introduced into li<'lgium, and employed on the Erie
Canal, between Albany and Trov. In t'li^ a snbmrvged wire
rope is employed resembling a telegrap'a cable, and passing
TOWIXG-BRIDLE.
2605
TOY.
over a drum, rotated by the engine on the tow-boat. This
drum has pivoted clips which cla^p the rope as it presses upon
their feet and lt:t it go after passing over the drum ; a roller
then presses upon the cable, causing it to descend in a nearly
perpendicular direction to the bottom, so that its slack may not
act as a drag on the boat. The tug is designed to tow six
canal-boa:s, at a speed of three miles an hour.
The " Nythia " tug is operated by this means on the Danube
This boat has a length of 13S feet, beam 24i feet, depth of hold
7^ feet, two false keels, and a rudder at the bow and stern
worked by separate wheels placed nearly amidships. She is
propelled by twin screws, 4^ feet in diameter, worked by two
Tertical engines near the bow, and supplied with steam by the
same boilers which work the clip-drum machinery.
The clip-drum has a diameter of 10 feet 6 inches, it is keyed
to the emi of the main shafl, overhanging the boat on the port
side. Two swiveled guiie-pulleys, of the same diameter as the
drum, are employed to conduct the rope, which passes above
the first and beneath the second, to the c!ip-drum; a third
similar pulley behind the drum directs the rope downward.
The bow of the boat slope-^ downward to the water's edge,
permitting the rope to pass freely over it at any angle. With
eight barges in tow, this boat has attained,a speed of oj miles
an hour, making a progress of nearly 3 miles an hour against a
current of over 2} miles.
Chain towage is also used on the river St. Lawrence, for pro-
pelling the tugs which bring the vessels ap the rapids below
Montreal. The cable of 7,000 length was laid in July, 1873.
The power is obtained from a pair of long-stroke en^nes,
22-inch cylinder, 5 feet stroke. The chain barrels are 2 feet in
dLimeter, and carry 9 tons of Ij-inch short-link chxun. The
engineer was Mr. A. G. Nish-
Tow'ing-bri'dle. (Xaufiral.) A chain with a
hook at *M<.h end lor attaching a towing-rope to.
To-wing-path. The track on the bernie of a
canal for the draft animals.
To'w'ins-post. A stout post on the deck of a
tug-boat to fasten the towing-line to.
To'w-line. {NaiUicuL) A hawser or rope used
in towing a sliip or o^inal-boat; a tow-rope.
Toy. Among the more serious historical matters
disinterred from the Eg>-ptian tombs are a number
of dolls and toys.
Fig. 6573. The cut illustrates two of the latter.
One of them Ls the figure of a man
washing or kneading dough, and has
joints at the hips and arms, .so that
the block in the hand is caused to re-
ciprocate on the inclined plane as the
figure is moved by the string. The
other figure represent*
a crocodile having its
upper jaw hinged, as in
nature.
The game of thimble-
rig occurs in a paint*
ing, and the illustration
Egyptian Tot/s {Museum of Leyden). is from the work of Pro-
fessor Rosellini.
Toys have been disinterred by General di Cfc^nola from the
tombs of Golgoi auj Idalium in Cyprus, — painted dolls of clay
modeled with the fingers : mounted cavaliers armed with
shields, or horses attached four abreast to cars. One, a horse
a foot in length, rolling on movable wheels, was found in a di-
minutive grave, older probably than Hector and .\ndromache.
Th^ toys of tile Rom^n children were of various kinds : some
found at Pesaro were little leaden gods and goddesses, with al-
tars and sacrificial instruments ( Lnrarium piwri'e). They had
also pup(iets, gt.'ometrical figures of ivory to be fitted together,
dolls, terracottii figures with arms and legs moved bv a string,
like the moderu jtatins and marioneltts; popguns, blow^uns,
bows and arrows, tops.
â– looker, the naturalist, states that he wa.<3 amused at the
Monastery of Doobdi, in Sikkim, which is on the flank of the
Himalayas, by watching a child playing with a popgun, made
of biimboo, similar to thit of cjuill, with which most English
chil'iren are familiar, wliich propels pellets by means of a
spring-trigger ma.le of t le upper part of the quill. *' It is
easy."' he says, " Co co.iciude such resemblances between the
familiar toys of different countries to be accidental, but I ques-
tion their being really so. On the plains of India men may
often be seen, for hours together, flying what with us are
children's kites; anj 1 procured a jews-harp from Thibet
These are no; the toy: of savages, but the amu.^ments of
people more than h-ilf civilized, and with whom we have had
indirect communication from the earliest ages The Lepchas
play at quoits, using slate for the purpose, and at the Highland
games of putting the stone ' and 'dmwing the stone ' Chess,
dice, drm^hti!. Punch, hocky, and battleiloor and shuttlecock,
are all Inilo-Chinese or T.irtarian."
Woo<len carvfd toys are almost exclusively producel in the
hilly wooded regions of Germany and Switzerland, where they
are generally carved by the peasants, when not employed in
farm labors, the whole family, even to the smaller children,
taking a part in the work.
The L-hea|K?r kinds, as Noah's arks, soldiers, tea-sets, etc.,
are principally produced in the vicinity of the Black Forest,
Nuremberg being the principal depot.
Sonneburg, in Thuringia, exportii about 25,000 cwt. of the
belter class of wooden tojs, made in the town and vicinity.
Switzerland excels in wooden cottages, models, etc , and
France in mechanical or clotk-work toys.
Rocking-horses, carts, velociiiedes, drums, doll's houses, and
a variety of other articles, arc made in large quaniiiies in Lon-
don. The United Stales makes its own toys of the laig'erkind,
riding-horses, Tolocipedcs, etc., but the small ware is yet largely
imported .
" France and Genuany are the chief competitors in the toy
market, — the first for taste, and the second for cheapness.
The peasants of Suxon Switzerland ^iH-nd their winter evt^iiings
in cutting out the immense .=upply of furuijards and their :ip-
propriate animals, soldiers of every nation, and household im-
plements of every kind, which, di.-^i«atched to Paris from Oll>er-
nau, in fragile wooden boxes, are sold for two or three francs.
Beasts, covered with velvety coats, colored according to the
animal, are made at Rodach, toys in porcelain at Ohrdruff;
whilst the baby dolls, simply attired, cnnie from Sonnenberg,
Neustadt, and Wallerhausen. Men made in pla.<ter are dis-
patched to us from Prussia, whilst leaden soldiers, measuring
about an inch in bight, painted and heavily armed, come
from Bavaria, Nuremberg, and Furth. Household utensils
in china — such as pipkins, saucepans, cups and saucers, dolls'
heads in china, games of lotto, penny watches, wooden wheel-
barrows, spades, and rakes — are made in t\ie defiartnients.
" The Quarlier du Temple, in Pari>, produces all other toys.
The population of that curious old quartier are novv wholly
occupied by toy-making, and each workman ha-< his speciality.
For in^^tance, the man who makes rabbits striking on a drum
with their fore-paws makes no other toy. Of these there are
annually 43,200 sold, prime cost, at four and sixpence a dozen.
" There are six manufactories of brass trumpets in Paris
alone. 2011.000 are monthly made in this city Their prime
cost is l,* 3rf. per dozen, and the supply never equals the de-
mand They are made of oak or beech ; the wood employed is
sent from Villers Catteress ; the parchment from Coutances
and Ifsoudun.
" Of dolls the number is legion. One manufacturer alone
supplies the children of this capital with 50,(KX> per annum ;
and it would be impossible to detail the scores made cf scraps
of indefinite materials, put together by poor seamstress*-? living
in garrets, to be sold by women still poorer crouched beneath
a pOTir-cochere ^ now shivered by the bitter blast, and a few
months hence scorche^l by the blazing sun. These dolls for the
humble are made by no rule, but the btbes for the rich employ
several separate trades. There are workmen who stretch the
Hesh-tinted leather with which they are covered, and nail it on
boards, that it may acquire the requisite suppleness : others
cut the skin into the shape required to cover legs, arms, etc. ;
others line the.-e detached pieces with calico ; others, again, fill
the sewn skin with bran. A separate branch of the trade is
that of adapting heads and arms to the bran-filled bodies.
These heads, when in porcelain and paste, come from Germany,
whereas waxen occiputs are melded and tinted in Paris. Wig-
making for dolls employs three separate trades, namely, makers
of human hair wigs, of wigs manufactured from the Thibet
goat, and those of lamb skin. Dolls' shoes have a trade to
themselves. It appears that combs for these inanimate co-
quettes are only to be found in the Rue Acunaire, where is a
jabrique of dolls' combs." — London Star.
â– ' The tin toys used in this countr}" are now nearly all made
in Meriden, Connecticut, where laige quantities of tin house-
hold goods are also manufactured.
•' Wooden toys, of the less fragile kind, are largely manufac-
tured in several Connecticut towns, aud in New York and Phila-
delphia. These consist of children's wheelbarrows, drums, rock-
ing-horses, carriages, carts, blocks, rail-cars, hoops, sleds, etc.
â– â– The patentees of the new sensation toys, as the dancing
negro, the returning ball, and Quaker poi^un,are said to have
made fortunes. The railway train, and several other new toys,
have also had great temporary success. Red india-rubber bal-
loons are m^de in France, and filled here with gas.
" Pewter toys, comprising soldiers, landscapes, trees, etc., are
now largely inade in this country, though many are yet im-
ported from Germany.
" The stuffed bodies of dolls are made in New York, Boston,
and Philadelphia, as al.«o the arms : but Germany still sends
many. The anus of stuffed dolls are an especial article of
commerce. They are not, like the legs, attached to the bodies,
but are sold separately. The heads are Ukewise purchased,
and are either of French porcelain and finely featured, of Ger-
man china or papier-mach^, of English wax, of American
india-rubber, or of an imitation of papier-mach^. This latter
is of thin layers of muslin, coated with oil paint, which has
the adrantage of washing without injury, and is exceedingly
strong, though by no mean-> of fine finish.
" India-ruViber'hollow toys of every description, except balls,
grotesque m&'iksand binis.and men that squeak when squeezed,
are among our own productions-
T-PLATE.
2606
TRACHEOTOMY-TUBE.
" Mechanical toys, such as imitation steam-engines, steamers,
etc., are made here ; as also kaU'iiloscopes. A negro ji;j;-daucer,
propelled by steam, is the latest Yankee notion. A kerosene
lamp heats a small brass vessel full of water and shaped like a
top. It revolves in its socket, and moves a wire which com-
municates with the figure.
" Clay marbles come exclusively from Saxony, and are pre-
pared in molds by machinery, from a clay not found in other
countries. The material for agate marbles is obtained in the
Hartz Mountains of Germany.
" A Japanese top has been lately in vogue, and several
Chinese toys have been for years iu use.
" Croquet instruments are made in Pawtucket and Provi-
dence, Rhode Island, and in Bostou and Springfield. Massachu-
setts. Maple is the wood principally used, though liguum-vitic
is sometimes employed. For more expensive kinds boxwood is
the material. Small balls, for parlor use during the winter
months, are also made. The new game of martelle employs
the same woods. The parlor balls are o*" ivory." — Commercial
Advertiser.
A
Fig. 6574.
T-plate. 1. An angle-iron of
T-t'oi'in, having two brandies.
2. A carriagoiron for strengthen-
ing a joint, s\ich as at the intersection
of the tongue and cross-bar ; the coup-
ling-pole, or reach, and the hind axle.
T-Iron. Trace. 1. (Saddlery.) A strap,
chain, or rope, attached to the hanies,
collar, or breast-band of a harness, and to the sin-
gh'-tree or other part of a vehicle, and by which the
vehicle is drawn.
Traces were not common in ancient Egypt, or among other
contcmporarv nations. The animals, whetlier horses, asses,
or cattlf, were yolied to the tongue. Sometimes one trace
passed bacii from the yoke along the tongue. No such thing
in old Kgypt as a breast-band or collar combined
Fig. 6575. with a pair of traces
There were no draft or pack animals in Mexico of
any kind. They appear to have had no beef or
mutton, and so ate each other and dogs.
Traces are shown in Froissart and 1>U Cange.
2. {FuHification.) The ground plan of
a work.
Trace-buck'le. (Saddlery.) A long
heavy buckle u.>»ed in attaching a trace to
a tug.
Trace-chain. (Saddlery.) A wire
chain used as a trace.
Trace-fas'ten-er. A hook or catch
to attach the hind end of a trace to a
single-tree or splinter-bar.
In Fig. 6575, the spring, acting upon the fastening
pin through the pivoted lever, retains the pin se-
curely iu the position in which it holds the trace.
Trace-hook. A hook on the end of
a single-tree or splinter-bar, to which is
attaeiied the harness-trace. When the
trace has a cock-eye, it is looped over a
stud driven into the end of the single-
tree.
There are, however, many modes of attaching.
Fig. 6576 shows several.
Trace- a has an iron loop which is passed through the
Fastener, loop at the end of the trace, then slipped upon the
single-tree, and held by a spring-latch.
6 h' are detached and in situ views of a trace-hoolt, with a
spring-latch to form a mousing.
c c' are views of a trace-hook with a hinged latch-piece, which
Fig. 6576.
7
is kept closed hy pulling on the trace, but is readily detached
by a specific movement.
d is a hold-back hook for the strap of the breeching.
Trace-loop. (Saddlery.) A square metallic
loop used to attach a coach-trace to the trace-post or
end of the evener-bar or
single-tree. Fig. 6577.
Tra'oer. A kind of
silhouette instrument for
transcriljiug on a difl'er-
ent scale, or marking on
a surface at a the out-